城市生态系统适宜度的时空对比分析

本文将生态位适宜度理论引入城市生态系统的研究,在前人研究的基础上改进了城市生态位适宜度的数学模型,考虑了权重的影响。选取GDP增长率、人均住房使用面积、每平方千米SO₂排放量、每万人拥有医生数、每万人拥有高等学校在校学生数等21项经济、社会、环境、生态、健康、教育因子构建城市生态适宜度的指标体系,并以我国35个省级和副省级城市为例,计算出各个从1996年到2000年5种生态位适宜度值,分析探讨其时空变化规律,得出以下结论;(1)城市生态位适宜度既有空间差异、时间差异,又有因侧重的生态因子不同而导致的差异。(2)在五种生态位适宜度中,32个城市的基础设施生态位最低,27个城市的环境生态位最高。经济和收入、生态环境、基础设施、健康和教育、平均生态位最高的城市均是深圳,环境生态位最低的是石家庄,基础设施生态位最低的是银川,经济和收入生态位、健康和教育生态位、平均生态位最低的都是贵阳。     

大连市城市生态系统发展趋势研究

在对大连市城市生态系统进行系统分析的基础上,用系统动力学和灰色系统等方法探讨了大连市城市生态系统在3种不同策略下的发展趋势,为大连市城市规划和发展提供了科学依据和对策.     

大连市城市生态系统发展趋势研究

在对大连市城市生态系统进行系统分析的基础上,用系统动力学和灰色系统等方法探讨了大连市城市生态系统在３种不同策略下的发展趋势,为大连市城市规划和发展提供了科学依据和对策．     

利用廊道网络构建城市绿地生态系统——以东营市西城区为例

阐述了城市绿色廊道系统在城市绿地系统中的应用及生态价值,并在分析东营市西城区绿地系统现状的基础上,提出了建设西城区绿地廊道系统的方法,以加强城市孤立绿地斑块之间以及城市绿地与城郊外围自然环境的联系,优化城市绿地系统的结构,提高城市生态系统的稳定性.通过合理构建绿色廊道网络系统,西城区将新增绿地面积1400hm²,人均绿地面积将达到66m²,城市与郊区的绿地生态系统将贯通为一体,绿地生态系统的服务范围将扩展到整个城区,为提高西城区居民的生活质量,增强西城区生态敏感区的生态稳定性提供有力支持.     

Stormflow Dynamics of Dissolved Organic Carbon and Total Dissolved Nitrogen in a Small Urban Watershed

We examined patterns of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) loading to a small urban stream during baseflow and stormflow. We hypothesized that lower DOC and TDN contributions from impervious surfaces would dilute natural hydrologic flowpath (i.e., riparian) contributions during storm events in an urban watershed, resulting in lower concentrations of DOC and TDN during storms. We tested these hypotheses in a small urban watershed in Portland, Oregon, over a 3-month period during the spring of 2003. We compared baseflow and stormflow chemistry using Mann–Whitney tests (significant at p<0.05). We also applied a mass balance to the stream to compare the relative significance of impervious surface contributions versus riparian contributions of DOC and TDN. Results showed a significant increase in stream DOC concentrations during stormflows (median baseflow DOC = 2.00 mg l⁻¹ vs. median stormflow DOC = 3.46 mg l⁻¹). TDN streamwater concentrations, however, significantly decreased with stormflow (median baseflow TDN = 0.75 mg l⁻¹ vs. median stormflow TDN = 0.56 mg l⁻¹). During storms, remnant riparian areas contributed 70–74% of DOC export and 38–35% of TDN export to the stream. The observed pattern of increased DOC concentrations during stormflows in this urban watershed was similar to patterns found in previous studies of forested watersheds. Results for TDN indicated that there were relatively high baseflow nitrogen concentrations in the lower watershed that may have partially masked the remnant riparian signal during stormflows. Remnant riparian areas were a major source of DOC and TDN to the stream during storms. These results suggest the importance of preserving near-stream riparian areas in cities to maintain ambient carbon and nitrogen source contributions to urban streams.     

The role of urban greenspaces in fauna conservation: the case of the iguana Ctenosaura similis in the ‘patios’ of León city, Nicaragua

Private urban greenspaces, called ‘patios’ in Latin America, can act as important refuges for wildlife in scattered growing cities of the tropics. We studied the presence and abundance of the black spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura similis) in patios of León city (Nicaragua). Forty patios were structurally characterized and abundances of iguanas were determined through surveys of inhabitants supported by observations of specimens and burrows. Patio area and maximum tree height were variables positively related with presence and abundance of iguanas and presence of burrows. The permeability of fences for iguana movements and the presence of preferred trees for food were also related to presence and abundance of iguanas. Stepwise selection model for abundance of iguanas included number of preferred trees, maximum tree height and permeability of fences. The presence of iguanas was only explained by maximum tree height. Our results show that the indigenous-root types of patios offer the most adequate conditions for the establishment and maintenance of iguana populations among the studied cases. In the light of these results, management practices to preserve the Ctenosaura similis populations in urban patios are suggested.     

Applications of biotope mapping for spatial environmental planning and policy: case studies in urban ecosystems in Korea

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the current status and method of biotope mapping for practical use for landscape planning and environmental policy in urban ecosystem in Korea. We examine current ecological mapping of Seoul, Seongnam, Daegu, and Yongin. Ecological mapping is examined closely in terms of investigation methodology, investigation subject, classification of urban landscape, and the present condition of application. Biotope mapping in Seoul and Seongnam were carried out by the city governments concerned with the pre-set budgets earmarked for mapping. In order to promote the utilization of biotope maps for city planning in Korea, the following actions should be considered. First, the survey method should be standardized by introducing a uniform standard with respect to the scope of survey, the quality of primary data used, the survey method, and the level of the survey. Second, it is necessary to identify a basic category of biotope for each area by consolidating the outcome of the previous surveys. Third, it is highly desirable to minimize the differences between the evaluation criteria and the assessment factors. Fourth, it is ideal to apply the results of the biotope evaluation to city planning in an indirect manner through reflecting the results first in the landscape plans. In order to facilitate this alternative utilization, it is necessary to strengthen the control provisions contained in the ordinances of the city concerned or to enact a set of new provisions in the ordinances so that biotope mapping could be used more widely as a criterion for the spatial environmental impact assessment.     

黄河流域资源型城市土地利用转型及其对生态系统服务价值的影响

分析快速城镇化背景下黄河流域资源型城市土地利用转型趋势,探讨该区域土地利用转型对生态系统服务价值的影响,为资源型城市实现绿色转型发展提供科学依据。运用ArcGIS空间分析方法探索研究区土地利用结构与时空转型格局,构建黄河流域资源型城市生态系统服务价值评估方法,分析不同类型和不同区域资源型城市生态系统服务价值变化情况,并进一步探究不同土地利用转型类型对生态系统服务价值的影响程度。研究结果表明：（1）20年来,伴随着快速的城镇化过程,黄河流域资源型城市发生了明显的土地利用转型,草地、耕地和林地相互转换规模较大,建设用地不断扩张,耕地则持续减少;（2）2020年,研究区生态系统服务价值总量为1.222万亿元,呈增长趋势,且形成\"中部高-东西低\"的空间格局;（3）各资源型城市生态系统服务价值量表现出北高南低、中高东低的空间格局,成熟型和再生型资源型城市以及中游地区资源型城市的单位面积生态系统服务价值较大;（4）草地、耕地和林地之间的相互转换是导致生态系统服务价值变化的主要转型类型。为提升黄河流域资源型城市生态系统服务价值,有效发挥生态系统功能,构建区域生态安全体系,首先,应严格落实国土空间用途管制制度,保持林地、草地和耕地的稳定性;其次,从严控制建设用地扩张趋势,减缓因建设占用耕地或生态用地导致生态系统服务价值损失;再次,稳步提高对未利用地的生态化利用效率;最后,积极探索提升资源型城市生态系统服务价值的差异化管理方案。     

山地多中心城市公园绿地生态系统文化服务供需匹配特征

城市公园绿地为居民提供了重要的生态系统文化服务,在促进居民身心健康和提高社会福祉方面发挥着关键作用。以典型山地城市重庆中心城区为例,构建供需匹配评估体系,利用多源数据量化供给与需求,识别供需平衡与协调发展关系。结果表明:①重庆市中心城区城市公园绿地生态系统文化服务供需具有显著空间异质性,供给呈北高南低、分散布局的格局,需求呈中心高、外围低的格局;②生态系统文化服务供需失衡特征显著,其中52.38%的组团文化服务供给滞后,33.33%的组团属于供给超前状态;供需耦合协调指数平均值为0.50,协调发展程度空间分布呈\"中心高、外围低\"格局;③综合分析供需均衡与耦合协调结果发现,由于供给超前导致了外围城市组团的失调发展,而城市中心区域组团在供给滞后状态下维持了中等水平协调发展程度。总体来看,重庆市中心城区各组团存在不同程度的公园绿地生态系统文化服务供需错配,基于评估提出针对性的城市公园绿地优化策略,可为公园绿地的合理配置与规划提供重要支持。     

自然资本科学和决策实践:宜居城市和可持续发展——2018年自然资本项目年会述评

2018年自然资本项目年会(Natural Capital Project Symposium)于3月19日至22日在美国斯坦福大学举行。自然资本项目由美国斯坦福大学、世界自然基金会和大自然保护协会发起,旨在推进将科学和融入自然多元价值的实践纳入管理决策过程。本次会议正式邀请并宣布中国科学院生态环境研究中心为项目伙伴。会议吸引了来自33个国家363名政府工作人员、非政府组织成员、企业家和专家学者参加。本届年会的两大主题是宜居城市和可持续发展。会议包含9个大会主题报告和3个平行分会场,平行分会场归纳为宜居城市、可持续发展、淡水和流域管理、海岸带恢复力、投资标准化制定、模型培训和探索等六个方面;会议同时设有专题讨论和小组研讨、InVEST模型培训和讨论、墙报展示等。会议推进了生态系统服务的科学发展和实践应用,将自然资本纳入科学决策体系,在全球范围内推动科学和决策的融合、促进可持续发展。     

城市湖泊富营养化成因和特征*

城市湖泊的功能主要体现在旅游、如愿、洪涝调蓄排水、调节气候以及改善城市生态环境等方面。根据湖泊所处地理位置和湖泊水质退化现象,阐述了城市湖泊水体从贫营养到富营养转变的主要原因;从水质的理化指标、底质污染物含量和水生态系统等方面初步时论了城市型浅水湖泊富营养化的特征。同非城市湖泊相比:大部分城市湖泊的水体透明度下降,污染严重的湖泊还会出现水体发黑或出现水华;水质和底质的氮磷及其它污染物含量较高,水生态系统急剧退化,水生植物以浮游植物为主,藻类大量繁殖,高等水生植物不断消亡。根据综合营养度指数对我国主要城市湖泊进行分级评价的结果表明,我国城市湖泊均达到了富营养化或严重富营养化程度。     

基于RS和GIS的长沙市生态功能分区

提出了基于城市、城郊生态过渡区及其周围自然生态支持系统为统一体的城市生态功能分区思想,并建立了长沙市生态 社会 经济信息系统数据库.通过参数选取与权重确定,进行生态适宜度、生态环境敏感性、生态服务功能重要性与经济社会发展水平分区.依据生态功能的空间异质性和生态功能单元内部均质性,将长沙市划分为5类城市生态功能区：Ⅰ类区占总面积的29.47%;Ⅱ类区占总面积的32.5%;Ⅲ类区占总面积的25.95%;Ⅳ类区占总面积的9.63%;Ⅴ类区占总面积的2.45%.分区结果对长沙市发展有指导意义.该研究方法优点有：制图过程定量化、自动化;可在短期内产生最新专题图产品;结合GPS和RS,可以通过监测区域边界类型的变化,进行生态环境监控,为RS数据实时进入GIS系统提供了途径.     

城市绿地昆虫群落结构及多样性——以成都市为例

为研究成都城市绿地昆虫群落功能团结构及其多样性的变化,于2020年6-10月,采用扫网、网捕、搜寻、目测和振落等方法对成都3种功能绿地(公园绿地、生产绿地和道路绿地)昆虫进行调查。调查共采集昆虫29 382号,隶属15目130科747种。其中半翅目Hemiptera、膜翅目Hymenoptera、双翅目Diptera在3种功能绿地中均属于优势类群;在不同功能绿地,植食性昆虫的丰富度总体高于寄生性、捕食性和中性昆虫;不同功能集团在各功能绿地的α多样性指数均无显著差异,植食性-捕食性昆虫(Ph-Pr)、植食性-寄生性(Ph-Pa)昆虫个体数在生产绿地中呈显著正相关(P<0.05),公园绿地和生产绿地昆虫群落结构最为相似;S_s/S_i和S_n/S_p两个稳定性指标表明：3种生境昆虫群落最稳定的时期是9月。结果表明,成都城市绿地昆虫物种多样性较为丰富,3种绿地昆虫群落组成较相似,各绿地间功能团结构特征无显著差异;各绿地功能团丰富度时序变化趋势基本一致,9月是成都市绿地昆虫群落结构最稳定的时期。     

Assessment and illustration of cultural ecosystem services at the local scale – A retrospective trend analysis

There is a need to develop non-monetary methods for the assessment of cultural ecosystem services, in order to integrate them into the ES framework in a more balanced way. With this in mind, an adequate and comprehensive indicator base and mapping methods are required to communicate and discuss cultural ecosystem services, for it to be understood holistically. Referring to land use changes as an important driver for ES changes, we demonstrate the analysis of cultural ecosystem services trends, in a retrospective, as a supporting tool to better understand social and natural interactions as drivers behind land use changes, which are reflected in the landscape scene. There are two main outcomes of this study: (1) first, we developed and tested a catalogue of indicators as an approach to evaluate cultural ecosystem services trends at the local scale and (2) we established a mapping method for cultural ecosystem services trends in parallel with land use changes. This we did following the example of the afforestation processes which had taken place since the 19th century in the suburban area of Göttingen (Lower Saxony/Germany), called Hainberg. Our main conclusion is that cultural ecosystem services trends can indicate the reasons and drivers for land use changes that can be beneficial to forest/landscape management issues by means of the restoration of lost services. The proposed assessment method can be integrated into the development of future landscape plans, e.g. by providing information on historical guiding principles.