重金属土壤微生物的生态效应

通过分析重金属对土壤微生物生化过程与数量、种群及群落的影响、影响重金属对土壤微生物毒性的因素、重对土壤微生物毒性的评价指标、微生物对重金属的耐性与适应性以及重金属毒性的差异,综合评述了重金属对土壤微生物生态效应。     

重金属污染土壤中微生物的多样性

<正>土壤重金属污染是指人类活动将重金属混入到土壤中,致使土壤中重金属含量明显高于原有含量,并造成生态环境质量恶化的现象[1]。污染土壤的重金属主要包括汞(Hg)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)和类金属砷(As)等生物毒性显著的元素,以及有一定毒性的锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、镍(Ni)等元素。除了来自农药、废水、污泥和     

解磷微生物修复土壤重金属污染研究进展

土壤重金属污染问题日益严重,具有普遍性、隐蔽性、表聚性、不可逆性等特点,已经成为环境污染治理中的热点、难点问题。解磷微生物能够依靠自身的代谢产物或通过与其他生物的协同作用,将土壤中的难溶性磷转化为可供植物吸收利用的磷,具有多重植物促生长功能和重金属解毒能力,可在重金属毒害水平下,促进植物生长、提高植物抗病能力、克服重金属对植物生长的不利影响,从而增强重金属修复植物的生存竞争力。从解磷微生物的研究现状入手,介绍了解磷微生物对土壤重金属污染的修复能力,综述了解磷微生物对土壤重金属污染修复的作用机制,分析了目前解磷微生物在重金属修复过程中存在的问题,并提出了今后研究的方向,为重金属污染土壤的修复提供了新思路。     

重金属对土壤微生物的生态效应

通过分析重金属对土壤微生物生化过程与数量、种群及群落的影响、影响重金属对土壤微生物毒性的因素、重金属对土壤微生物毒性的评价指标、微生物对重金属的耐性与适应性以及重金属毒性的差异 ,综合评述了重金属对土壤微生物的生态效应 .     

重金属污染土壤植物修复中的微生物功能研究进展

综述了国内外在重金属污染土壤植物-微生物联合修复领域的研究报道,总结了近5年的研究实例。植物-微生物联合修复体系具有生物固定与生物去除土壤重金属的两种功能,根际微生物可以菌根、内生菌等方式与根系形成联合体,通过增强植物抗性和优化根际环境,促进根系发展,增强植物吸收和向上转运重金属的能力。建立植物-微生物联合修复体系,可充分发挥植物与微生物作用功能的优势,提高污染土壤的修复效率。增强植物修复体系中微生物功能的重点是深入研究根际微生物、根系和介质载体三者之间复合功能,结合污染土壤类型与植物群落配置的特点筛选扩繁高效菌种与菌群。     

微生物修复农田土壤重金属污染技术分析

文章通过了解微生物修复的基本定义与特征,结合农田土壤整体重金属污染情况,有针对性地引入了微生物修复技术,并观察其修复实况,分析微生物修复农田土壤重金属污染的效果,并基于此不断调整与优化修复方案,希望最大程度地发挥微生物修复技术的作用。这对于农田土壤的可持续、高效利用具有基本的保障意义,并能为后续相关研究提供可参考数据。     

五节芒对重金属污染土壤微生物生物量和呼吸的影响

选择3个五节芒在重金属污染地的定居点作为研究样地,其中两个为Pb/Zn矿尾矿砂堆积地（W：黄岩铅锌尾矿;Y：三门铅锌尾矿）,一个为冶炼厂附近污染农田（N）,分别测定其根围与根际土壤微生物基础呼吸、微生物量碳、微生物量氮、土壤理化特性和土壤重金属含量.结果表明：根际土壤微生物基础呼吸和微生物量氮均显著地高于根围土壤（P<0.05）,除了N样地外,微生物量碳在根围与根际之间差异不显著（P>0.05）.根际土壤有机碳、总氮（Y样地除外）和离子交换量（N样地除外）低于根围土壤.根际重金属（Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd）总量与DTPA（二乙三胺五乙酸）可提取量普遍低于根围土壤.冗余分析（RDA）表明,根围和根际土壤微生物与土壤理化特性呈不同程度的正相关,而与土壤重金属含量呈现不同程度的负相关.主分量及回归分析同样证明土壤微生物总体变化与土壤理化特性呈正相关（根围R²=0.653;根际R²=0.690）,而与重金属含量呈负相关（根围R²=0.610;根际R²=0.662）.     

镍污染对土壤微生物的生态效应

镍是高等植物和某些微生物必需的微量营养元素之一,在它们的生命活动中起着重要作用;但浓度较高时,也是一种极毒元素。大量的研究表明,镍污染土壤中微生物的生长、代谢、群落结构和种群多样性会受到不同程度的影响;微生物在长期受重金属威迫的环境中形成其适应性。利用微生物形成的这种适应机制,采用微生物技术治理重金属污染的土壤是可能的。本文还对镍污染土壤的微生物评价指标体系、土壤环境容量、微生物技术开发和综合治理技术开发等的进一步研究作了展望。     

重金属污染土壤的植物-微生物联合修复研究进展

重金属污染土壤的生物修复技术是土壤污染整治的重要手段之一,是近几年来国内外研究的热点,同时也是现今土壤污染治理中环境友好、成本低廉的技术.本文主要论述了重金属污染土壤的植物-微生物联合修复的原理与形式,介绍了此技术中土壤重金属污染物特性、植物本身生理生化特性及植物根际环境等影响因素的研究进展,并讨论了植物-微生物联合修复今后的研究重点.

Abstract：

Bioremediation is one of the important means in controlling soil heavy metals pollu-tion, which has the advantages of environmentally friendly and cost-effective, and attracted much attention around the world. This paper discussed the principles and forms of plant-microorganism combined remediation, and introduced the research progress on the behaviors of heavy metals in soils, the physiological and biochemical characteristics of plants, and the changes in rhizosphere environment under the remediation. Some perspectives for future research were proposed.     

重金属复合污染对土壤—植物系统的生态效应I.对作物,微生物,芷…

研究Ｃｄ、ｐｂ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ａｓ复合污染对土壤－植物系统的生态效应,供试污染物浓度以接近国内外土壤环境质量标准值作为高剂量处理,结果表明,该５种元素间可产生加和与协同作用,对生态系统造成危害,低剂量时,妈阿使土壤微生物活性受到抑制,高剂量时可使农作物减产１０％,在酸性土壤上减产达５０％以上,对苜蓿及树木产引起减产。     

Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Agricultural Soil of Southwestern Nile Delta,Egypt

The spatial and vertical distributions of heavy metals were quantitatively determined for organic-rich agricultural soils in the Southwestern Nile Delta. This study aims to undertake an assessment of heavy metals contamination in the soils of Quessna district using the inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, remote sensing, and geographic information system techniques. In this study, 24 soil samples were collected at 12 sites representing the main suburbs in the Quessna district. The concentrations of the studied metals decreased in the order of Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu > Ni > Co. The contamination degree and ecological risk assessment for metals in soil samples were evaluated using the enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index, improved Nemerow's pollution index, Pollution load index, and potential ecological risk index. The spatial and vertical distribution of heavy metals concentrations were affected by soil properties such as clay and organic matter content and scavenger metals (Fe and Mn). The intensive urbanization, industrial activity, and agricultural practices are thought to be the main anthropogenic sources of heavy metals contamination. Further studies especially human health risk assessment are recommended to investigate possible risks for humans from heavy metals in this area.     

富营养化与污染物间的相互作用及其生态效应

1　引　言进入 90年代 ,为了改善水环境条件 ,越来越多的国家认识到必须减少养分、稳定的有机物和金属元素的输入。富营养化和持续污染物 (Ｃｈｒｏｎｉｃｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓ)是当前全球水生态系统的两个主要问题[1 ,2 ]。尽管对富营养化和污染物已有很多研究 ,但很少调查二者之间的相互关系。有证据表明两者之间可能存在相互作用过程[5～ 7],但在自然的水生态系统中其作用的大小和关系尚不清楚。滇池是我国典型的遭受富营养化和重金属污染双重胁迫的高原湖泊 ,本研究以滇池富营养化和重金属污染为背景 ,通过室内模拟 ,初步探索富营养化和…     

Plant Communities in Multi-Metal Contaminated Soils: A Case Study in the National Park of Alta Murgia (Apulia Region - Southern Italy)

A phytosociological study was conducted in the National Park of Alta Murgia in the Apulia region (Southern Italy) to determine the adverse effects of metal contamination of soils on the distribution of plant communities. The phytosociological analyses have shown a remarkable biodiversity of vegetation on non-contaminated soils, while biodiversity appeared strongly reduced on metal-contaminated soils. The area is naturally covered by a wide steppic grassland dominated by Stipa austroitalica Martinovský subsp. austroitalica. Brassicaceae such as Sinapis arvensis L. are the dominating species on moderated contaminated soils, whereas spiny species of Asteraceae such as Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. and Carduus pycnocephalus L. subsp. pycnocephalus are the dominating vegetation on heavily metal-contaminated soils. The presence of these spontaneous species on contaminated soils suggest their potential for restoration of degraded lands by phytostabilization strategy.     

Behavior of Enzyme Activities Exposed to Contamination by Heavy Metals and Dissolved Organic Carbon in Calcareous Agricultural Soils

To investigate the relevance of biochemical parameters in biogeochemical mechanisms of the soil, it is important to gather data related to different soil types under different pedogeoclimatic conditions. In this study, we investigated on the calcareous agricultural soils in the Saiss plain (North Morocco). Four agricultural soils exposed to multi-metal (Cr, Cu, Zn, and Ni) and organic matter (OM) contamination as a result of irrigation with Oued Fez and Oued Sebou waters that are affected by urban and industrial activities around the city of Fez were studied and compared to a reference site irrigated with uncontaminated water. The study concerned soil physicochemical properties and the activity of a range of enzymes [phosphatase (PHOS), arylsulfatase (SULF), urease (UREA), arylamidase (AMID), β-galactosidase (GALA), glucosidase (GLUC), and laccase (LACA)] related to nutrients cycles. Pearson's correlations between these parameters showed that soil enzymatic activities (PHOS, SULF, UREA, GALA, GLUC, and LACA) were correlated positively with heavy metals (Cu, Zn, and Cr) concentrations in the soil and also with dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and negatively with the aromaticity (AROM) of these compounds. Interestingly, analysis of intra-site correlations showed strong relationships among enzyme activities in the reference soil, while in contaminated soils, these activities were largely unrelated to each other. It was concluded that soil irrigation with heavy-metal- and OM-contaminated watercourses over decades has resulted in soils with high enzymatic activities function and nutrient turnover but altered relationships among geochemical cycles.     

Geochemical behavior of lead in an alfisol and an ultisol at high leveis of contamination

The behavior of Pb in the A and B horizons of an Alfisol from Michigan and an Ultisol from Virginia was studied to determine the effects of “shock”; loading. Combined sequential extraction‐sorption isotherm analysis (CSSA), a relatively new and little tested method, was used in the study. After spiking to simulate severe contamination (～3000 to 60,000 mg/kg), CSSA revealed unexpectedly high levels of exchangeable Pb in the A horizon of the Alfisol and in both horizons of the Ultisol, and showed that the sorption capacities of the phases commonly responsible for fixation of Pb at low to moderate levels of contamination were exceeded. Carbonate sorbed the bulk of the Pb in the Alfisol B horizon and has a high sorption capacity in both soils, despite the presence of other phases with a strong affinity for Pb. Thus, when shock loading occurs (e.g., at a shooting range or dump sites), the highly contaminated A horizons of both soils are expected to pose a serious toxic hazard to humans, and groundwater contamination is possible in association with the Ultisol. CSSA proved useful for determining the sorption capacities of the individual phases while together in a natural soil system and therefore is a valuable method for predicting the attenuation capabilities of soils.     

Pb~(2+)、Cr~(6+)、Hg~(2+)和Cu~(2+)对碱蓬幼苗生长及生理生化指标的影响

以水培法及分光光度法培养、测定碱蓬幼苗在重金属胁迫下的株高、鲜重及根数,叶绿素、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛含量等各项生长指标以及过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶的活性变化.结果表明:Pb2+、Cr6+、Hg2+和Cu2+使碱蓬植株生长出现明显抑制效果的临界浓度分别为:45 mg/kg、15 mg/kg、10 mg/kg和5 mg/kg。此浓度胁迫下,碱蓬植株鲜重降低25%~30%、根数减少12%~34%。重金属处理后,碱蓬的叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量下降、丙二醛含量上升,且处理与对照间差异显著。Pb2+、Cr6+、Hg2+、Cu2+处理的叶绿素总量分别是对照的61%、59%、55%和67%,可溶性蛋白含量分别是对照的66.7%、58.3%、41.7%和75%,而丙二醛含量分别是对照的167%、147%、114%和131%。4种重金属胁迫下的碱蓬植株体内过氧化物酶活性均高于对照,而过氧化氢酶活性低于对照。     

Distribution of Heavy Metals and Arsenic in Soils of Belgrade (Serbia and Montenegro) 1

Soils of the urban and suburban area of Belgrade have been hardly studied, especially concerning their concentrations of potentially toxic metals. The present paper is aimed at determining the possible pollution in soils. The total acid soluble concentrations of heavy metals and As in the samples were determined. It was found that they were arranged in the order Zn > Ni > Pb > Cr > Cu > As > Hg > Cd in samples collected in the examined area (the order of the elements is based on their arithmetic mean concentrations). In all the samples collected at 0–10 and 40–50 cm depths from 46 selected sites, the contents of Pb and Zn were lower at the depth 40-50 cm. Using target values given by the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment, it may be concluded that Belgrade soil can, for the most part, be regarded as unpolluted. Traffic seems to be one of the main sources of these metals, but the influence of other factors cannot be excluded.     

Effect of bacterial inoculation of strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa,alcaligenes feacalis and bacillus subtilis on germination,growth and heavy metal (cd,cr, and ni) uptake of brassica juncea

Bacterial inoculation may influence Brassica juncea growth and heavy metal (Ni, Cr, and Cd) accumulation. Three metal tolerant bacterial isolates (BCr3, BCd33, and BNi11) recovered from mine tailings, identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa KP717554, Alcaligenes feacalis KP717561, and Bacillus subtilis KP717559 were used. The isolates exhibited multiple plant growth beneficial characteristics including the production of indole-3-acetic acid, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, insoluble phosphate solubilization together with the potential to protect plants against fungal pathogens. Bacterial inoculation improved seeds germination of B. juncea plant in the presence of 0.1 mM Cr, Cd, and Ni, as compared to the control treatment. Compared with control treatment, soil inoculation with bacterial isolates significantly increased the amount of soluble heavy metals in soil by 51% (Cr), 50% (Cd), and 44% (Ni) respectively. Pot experiment of B. juncea grown in soil spiked with 100 mg kg^?1 of NiCl₂, 100 mg kg^?1 of CdCl₂, and 150 mg kg^?1 of K₂Cr₂O₇, revealed that inoculation with metal tolerant bacteria not only protected plants against the toxic effects of heavy metals, but also increased growth and metal accumulation of plants significantly. These findings suggest that such metal tolerant, plant growth promoting bacteria are valuable tools which could be used to develop bio-inoculants for enhancing the efficiency of phytoextraction.