尿路上皮癌胚抗原1（UCA1）在人膀胱癌组织及膀胱癌细胞株中特异表达

UCA1（urothelial carcinoma antigen 1）为自主研发的1个尿路上皮癌基因.应用 实时荧光定量PCR检测UCA1 mRNA在2种膀胱癌细胞系、11种非膀胱癌细胞系、18对膀胱 癌组织和配对癌旁正常膀胱组织中的表达,对表达差异进行统计学分析.结果显示, UCA1在2种膀胱癌细胞系中显著高表达,而在其他11种非膀胱癌细胞系中表达水平很低 或者不表达,二者表达差异达14~24 812倍,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）;在18例膀 胱癌组织中,UCA1的平均表达水平是癌旁正常膀胱组织的12.4倍,表达差异有统计学意 义（P<0.001）. 实时荧光定量PCR使UCA1在膀胱癌细胞系及组织中的特异性高表达得以 量化.实验结果明确了UCA1作为潜在的肿瘤标记物在膀胱癌临床诊断中的意义,为定量 检测尿液UCA1表达并确定诊断膀胱癌的参考值打下基础.     

芦荟大黄素对人膀胱癌细胞FasL基因表达和侵袭能力的影响

目的:在体外通过细胞培养,初步研究芦荟大黄素对人膀胱癌细胞系T24细胞FasLmRNA表达及对其侵袭能力的影响,为中药抗肿瘤提供实验依据.方法:根据MTT法得到芦荟大黄素对T24细胞的半数有效抑制浓度(IC50),确定药物作用浓度.T24细胞分别经芦荟大黄素不同浓度(0.5IC50、IC50)作用后,应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法检测芦荟大黄素作用前后人膀胱癌细胞系T24细胞FasL mRNA的变化;应用Transwell细胞侵袭试验检测芦荟大黄素对T24细胞侵袭能力的影响.结果:芦荟大黄素处理后较处理前T24细胞FasL mRNA表达水平均明显低于对照组(P＜0.05);而且FasL mRNA表达水平随芦荟大黄素作用浓度增加显著下调,芦荟大黄素不同浓度组比较均有显著性差异(P＜0.05);随芦荟大黄素作用浓度升高,T24细胞侵袭能力明显减弱,不同浓度组比较均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论:芦荟大黄素在一定时间内均可下调人膀胱癌细胞系T24细胞FasL mRNA的表达,而且这种下调作用在一定范围内呈剂量依赖性,可使膀胱癌细胞的侵袭能力降低.     

细胞信号分子Tiaml和Racl在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达及意义

目的 探讨细胞信号分子Tiaml和Racl在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达及临床意义.方法 收集武汉大学人民医院病理科2006-2010年有完整临床和病理资料的膀胱尿路上皮癌存档蜡块50例和5例癌旁组织,采用免疫组织化学S-P法检测50例膀胱尿路上皮癌和5例癌旁组织中Tiaml和Racl的表达水平.应用彩色病理图文报告管理系统,对Tiaml和Racl的表达进行定量分析,并用SPSS13.0 软件对各组免疫组织化学反应阳性颗粒的平均光密度、阳性面积率做单因素方差分析和SNK（q）检验.结果 （1）Tiaml的表达 Tiaml在膀胱尿路上皮癌中呈高表达,而在癌旁组织中呈低表达.膀胱尿路上皮癌与癌旁组织相比,差异有显著性 （P〈0.05 ）;（2）Racl的表达 Racl在膀胱尿路上皮癌中呈高表达,而在癌旁组织中呈低表达.膀胱尿路上皮癌与癌旁组织相比,差异有显著性 （P〈0.05 ）;（3）膀胱尿路上皮癌中Tiaml与Racl的表达呈正相关,它们相互作用、相互调控.结论 Tiaml和Racl在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达异常可能是膀胱尿路上皮癌的早期分子事件,在膀胱尿路上皮癌的发生和发展中发挥了重要作用,并Tiaml与Racl的表达呈正相关,它们相互作用、相互调控,在膀胱尿路上皮癌的发生、发展过程中,两者起协同作用.     

Prognostic Value of Beta-Tubulin-3 and c-Myc in Muscle Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder

Background

To date, putative prognostic biomarkers have shown limited utility from the clinical perspective for bladder urothelial carcinoma. Herein, the expression of beta-tubulin-3 and c-Myc was evaluated to determine their prognostic potential.

Methods

In formalin fixed-paraffin embedded blocks, immunohistochemical expression of c-Myc and beta-tubulin-3 was evaluated. H score ranging from 0 to 300 was obtained by multiplying the percentage of positive cells by intensity (0–3); c-Myc and beta-tubulin-3 expression was defined: 0: negative, 1: weakly positive, 2: strongly positive.

Results

beta-tubulin-3 and c-Myc immunoexpression was available for 46 cases. At the univariate analysis, node-involvement, beta-tubulin-3 and c-Myc overexpression discriminate shorter DFS (HR 2.19, p = 0.043; HR 3.10, p = 0.24 and HR 3.05, p = 0.011, respectively); 2-yrs DFS log-rank analysis according to low versus high level of immunoexpression were statistically significant; beta-tubulin-3, 53% low vs 12.7% high (p = value 0.02) and c-Myc 28 low vs 8 high (p-value 0.007). Patients displaying negative beta-tubulin-3/c-Myc had statistically significant better 2-yrs DFS than those with mixed expression or double positivity (54.5% versus 18.7% versus 0%, log-rank p = 0.006).

Conclusions

c-Myc and beta-tubulin-3 show improvement for prognostic risk stratification in patients with muscle invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma. These molecular pathways may also be candidate to improve predictiveness to targeted therapies.     

抑癌基因WWOX和FHIT在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨抑癌基因包含WW域的氧化还原酶(WWOX)和脆性组氨酸三联体(FHIT)在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达及临床意义。方法收集武汉大学人民医院病理科2006-2009年有完整临床和病理资料的膀胱尿路上皮癌存档蜡块50例和5例癌旁组织,采用免疫组织化学S-P法检测50例膀胱尿路上皮癌和5例癌旁组织中WWOX和FHIT的表达水平。采用HPIAS-1000高清晰度彩色病理图文报告管理系统,对WWOX和FHIT的表达进行定量分析,并用SPSS13.0软件对各组免疫组织化学反应阳性颗粒的平均光密度、阳性面积率做单因素方差分析和SNK(q)检验。结果 WWOX和FHIT的表达在膀胱尿路上皮癌中呈低表达,癌旁组织中呈高表达。膀胱尿路上皮癌与癌旁组织相比,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论 WWOX和FHIT在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的低表达是膀胱尿路上皮癌发生过程中的早期表现,通过联合检测可预测膀胱尿路上皮癌的预后。     

中药夏枯草对人膀胱癌细胞FasL基因表达和侵袭能力的影响

目的:研究中药夏枯草对人膀胱癌细胞系T24细胞FasLmRNA表达及对其侵袭能力的影响.方法:根据MTT法得到中药夏枯草对T24细胞的半数有效抑制浓度(IC50),确定药物作用浓度.T24细胞分别经中药夏枯草不同浓度(0.5IC50、IC50)作用后,应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法检测中药夏枯草作用前后人膀胱癌细胞系T24细胞FasL mRNA的变化;应用Transwell细胞侵袭试验检测中药夏枯草对T24细胞侵袭能力的影响.结果:中药夏枯草处理后较处理前T24细胞FasL mRNA表达水平均明显高于对照组(P<0.05);而且FasL mRNA表达水平随中药夏枯草作用浓度增加显著上调,中药夏枯草不同浓度组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05);随中药夏枯草作用浓度升高,T24细胞侵袭能力明显增强,不同浓度组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论:中药夏枯草在一定时间内均可上调人膀胱癌细胞系T24细胞FasL mRNA的表达,而且这种上调作用在一定范围内呈剂量依赖性,可使膀胱癌细胞的侵袭能力增强.     

Side Population in Human Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Enriches for Cancer Stem Cells That Are Maintained by MAPK Signalling

Side population (SP) and ABC transporter expression enrich for stem cells in numerous tissues. We explored if this phenotype characterised human bladder cancer stem cells (CSCs) and attempted to identify regulatory mechanisms. Focusing on non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), multiple human cell lines were used to characterise SP and ABC transporter expression. In vitro and in vivo phenotypic and functional assessments of CSC behaviour were undertaken. Expression of putative CSC marker ABCG2 was assessed in clinical NMIBC samples (n = 148), and a role for MAPK signalling, a central mechanism of bladder tumourigenesis, was investigated. Results showed that the ABCG2 transporter was predominantly expressed and was up-regulated in the SP fraction by 3-fold (ABCG2^hi) relative to the non-SP (NSP) fraction (ABCG2^low). ABCG2^hi SP cells displayed enrichment of stem cell markers (Nanog, Notch1 and SOX2) and a three-fold increase in colony forming efficiency (CFE) in comparison to ABCG2^low NSP cells. In vivo, ABCG2^hi SP cells enriched for tumour growth compared with ABCG2^low NSP cells, consistent with CSCs. pERK was constitutively active in ABCG2^hi SP cells and MEK inhibition also inhibited the ABCG2^hi SP phenotype and significantly suppressed CFE. Furthermore, on examining clinical NMIBC samples, ABCG2 expression correlated with increased recurrence and decreased progression free survival. Additionally, pERK expression also correlated with decreased progression free survival, whilst a positive correlation was further demonstrated between ABCG2 and pERK expression. In conclusion, we confirm ABCG2^hi SP enriches for CSCs in human NMIBC and MAPK/ERK pathway is a suitable therapeutic target.     

CD82／KA11在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达

目的探讨膀胱尿路上皮癌中CD82／KA11的表达及临床意义。方法收集武汉大学人民医院痫理科20062010年有完整临床和病理资料的膀胱尿路上皮癌存档蜡块50例和5例癌旁组织,采用免疫组织化学S-P法检测50例膀胱尿路上皮癌和5例癌旁组织中CD82／KA11的表达水平。采用HPIAS-1000高清晰度彩色病理图文报告管理系统,对（D82／KA11的表达进行定量分析,并帽SPSS13．0软件对各组免疫组织化学反应阳性颗粒的平均光密度、阳性面积率做单㈨素方差分析和SNK（q）检验。结果CD82／KA11在膀胱尿路上皮癌中呈低表达,癌旁组织中呈高表达。膀胱尿路上皮癌与癌旁组织相比,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论CD82／KA11在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达异常可能在膀胱尿路上皮癌的发生和发展中发挥了重要作用。     

Lack of Decorin Expression by Human Bladder Cancer Cells Offers New Tools in the Therapy of Urothelial Malignancies

Decorin, a multifunctional small leucine-rich extracellular matrix proteoglycan, has been shown to possess potent antitumour activity. However, there is some uncertainty whether different cancer cells express decorin in addition to non-malignant stromal cells. In this study we clarified decorin expression by human bladder cancer cells both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, the effect of adenovirus-mediated decorin expression on human bladder cancer cells in vitro was examined. We first demonstrated using the publicly available GeneSapiens databank that decorin gene expression is present in both normal and malignant human bladder tissues. However, when we applied in situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled RNA probes for decorin on human bladder carcinoma tissue samples derived from a large radical cystectomy patient cohort (n = 199), we unambiguously demonstrated that invasive and non-invasive bladder carcinoma cells completely lack decorin mRNA. The cancer cells were also negative for decorin immunoreactivity. Instead, decorin expression was localized solely to original non-malignant stromal areas of bladder tissue. In accordance with the aforementioned results, human bladder cancer cells in vitro were also negative for decorin expression as shown by RT-qPCR analyses. The lack of decorin expression by bladder cancer cells was shown not to be due to the methylation of the proximal promoter region of the decorin gene. When bladder cancer cells were transfected with a decorin adenoviral vector, their proliferation was significantly decreased. In conclusion, we have shown that human bladder cancer cells are totally devoid of decorin expression. We have also shown that adenovirus-mediated decorin gene transduction of human bladder cancer cell lines markedly inhibits their proliferation. Thus, decorin gene delivery offers new potential therapeutic tools in urothelial malignancies.     

uPAR Expression Pattern in Patients with Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder – Possible Clinical Implications

The objective of the present study was to confirm the expression and localisation pattern of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) focusing on its possible clinical relevance in patients with urothelial neoplasia of the bladder. uPAR is a central molecule in tissue remodelling during cancer invasion and metastasis and is an established prognostic marker in various cancer diseases other than bladder cancer. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumour-tissue blocks from 186 patients treated with radical cystectomy were analysed. uPAR expression was scored as either negative or positive as well as by the actual score. Separate scores were obtained for cancer cells, macrophages and myofibroblasts at the invasive front and in tumour core. We were able to confirm, in an independent patient cohort, the tissue expression and localisation pattern of uPAR as investigated by Immunohistochemistry as well as a significant association between uPAR positivity and increasing tumour stage and tumour grade. This demonstrates the robustness of our previous and current findings. In addition the association between uPAR positive myofibroblasts and poor survival was reproduced. The highest hazard ratios for survival were seen for uPAR positive myofibroblasts both at the invasive front and in tumour core. Evaluating uPAR expression by the actual score showed a significant association between uPAR positive myofibroblasts in tumour core and an increased risk of cancer specific mortality. Our investigations have generated new and valuable biological information about the cell types being involved in tumour invasion and progression through the plasminogen activation system.     

人膀胱癌中某些癌基因的研究

本实验应用Northern和斑点印渍杂交技术探测了人膀胱癌细胞株中c-myc、c-fos、erbB等癌基因的表达,以及TPA对这些癌基因表达的调控,发现BIU-87细胞有这些癌基因的表达,并能被TPA所增强,同时也发现人膀胱癌组织有c-myc、c-fos、erbB、N-ras基因的高表达。提示蛋白激酶C的激活可以诱导某些癌基因的表达。多种癌基因的表达异常可能在膀胱癌中起重要作用。     

Expression of Claudins and Their Prognostic Significance in Noninvasive Urothelial Neoplasms of the Human Urinary Bladder

The members of the claudin family are major integral transmembrane protein constituents of tight junctions. Normal and neoplastic tissues can be characterized by unique qualitative and quantitative distribution of claudin subtypes, which may be related to clinicopathological features. Differential diagnosis and prognosis of nonmuscle invasive tumor entities of urinary bladder epithelium are often challenging. The aim was to investigate the expression profile of claudins in inverted urothelial papillomas (IUPs), urothelial papillomas (UPs), papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential (PUNLMPs), and intraepithelial (Ta), low-grade urothelial cell carcinomas (LG-UCCs) in order to reveal potential prognostic and differential diagnostic values of certain claudins. Claudin-1, -2, -4, and -7 protein expressions detected by immunohistochemistry and clinical data were analyzed in 15 IUPs, 20 UPs, 20 PUNLMPs, and 20 LG-UCCs. UPs, PUNLMPs, and LG-UCCs showed significantly decreased claudin-1 expression in comparison to IUPs. LG-UCCs expressing claudin-4 over the median were associated with significantly shorter recurrence-free survival. PUNLMPs expressing claudin-1 over the median revealed significantly longer recurrence-free survival. High claudin-1 protein expression might help to differentiate IUP from UPs, PUNLMPs, and LG-UCCs. High claudin-4 expression may determine an unfavorable clinical course of LG-UCCs, while high claudin-1 expression in PUNLMP was associated with markedly better clinical outcome.     

性激素受体在膀胱肿瘤生存预后中的临床价值

目的:观察性激素受体(雄激素受体和雌激素β受体,AR和ERβ)在膀胱癌中的表达,通过它们与临床病理特征和术后复发预后的相关分析来探讨性激素受体的临床意义与价值。方法:采用免疫组织化学SP法检测AR和ERβ蛋白在64例膀胱尿路上皮癌的表达。显微镜下随机选取5个400×高倍视野,每个视野计数100个癌细胞中的阳性细胞数,通过计算染色阳性的细胞率来评估受体蛋白的表达情况。结果:两种性激素受体蛋白均阳性定位于细胞核中。AR阳性表达率为26.6%,ERβ阳性率为81.2%。AR和ERβ的阳性表达率在男女性别方面均无统计学差别(P=0.1982,0.0669)。随着膀胱癌病理分级升高,AR和ERβ的阳性表达率均增高(P=0.0182,0.0360)。同时,AR和ERβ的表达与患病年龄,膀胱内肿瘤数目,肿瘤大小,肿瘤的临床分期均无统计学相关性(P均>0.05)。术后随访患者时间为2-81月,生存分析显示:AR与肿瘤的复发间隔期和5年复发率相关(P=0.0442)。ERβ则与肿瘤患者的总生存期相关(P=0.0001)。阳性表达AR的患者,复发间隔时间增长,5年复发率较低;ERβ阳性患者总生存期较长。结论:性激素受体AR和ERβ阳性表达于临床膀胱癌组织中,并且均与膀胱癌的分化密切相关。这提示AR和ERβ可能在膀胱癌的发生发展中起一定作用。同时,两种蛋白还能作为评估膀胱癌复发预后的预测指标。     

人支气管上皮不典型增生与浸润癌组织的比较蛋白质组学研究

为筛选支气管上皮鳞状不典型增生进展的分子标志物,采用改良的脱氧胆酸-三氯醋酸(deoxycholate-trichloroaetic acid, DOC-TCA)法提纯支气管上皮总蛋白质进行双向电泳（two-dimensional electrophoresis,2-DE）,应用ImageMaster 2D分析软件、Student’s t-检验识别差异蛋白质点,基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱（matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF-MS）得到相应的肽质指纹图（peptide mass fingerprint,PMF）,搜索数据库鉴定差异蛋白质.由此获得人支气管上皮不典型增生和浸润癌组织的2-DE图谱及其凝胶的平均蛋白质点数（1 273.00±43.31,1 326.00±66.63）,且两阶段间平均差异蛋白质点数为 56.00±8.96.取38个差异蛋白质点进行PMF分析,鉴定出一些与细胞生长、分化或肿瘤发生等有关的蛋白质,随即应用免疫组化检测差异蛋白质EGFR、c-Jun、Mdm2在两类组织中的表达,其结果也显示了类似的表达差异.支气管上皮不典型增生恶性转化过程中存在蛋白质的差异表达,这些差异蛋白质可能以不同的方式参与了癌变过程,且EGFR、c-Jun、Mdm2的免疫组化验证结果与质谱结果的一致性表明,比较蛋白质组学是一种筛选癌变相关分子标志物的可靠方法之一.     

Prognostic Value of Molecular Breast Cancer Subtypes based on Her2, ESR1, PGR and Ki67 mRNA-Expression in Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

INTRODUCTION: Gene expression analyses have identified similarities between bladder and breast cancer, where clinical risk stratification is based on Her2, ESR1, PGR and Ki67 expression. The aim of the study was to assess the respective marker gene expression in patients treated with radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and to evaluate the applicability of breast cancer subtypes for MIBC risk stratification. MATERIALS & METHODS: 102 patients treated with radical cystectomy for MIBC were assessed. Using routine FFPE tissue and an IVD validated kit, mRNA expression was measured by single step RT-qPCR. Partition test were employed to define cut-off values for high or low marker gene expression. Association of expression with outcome was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariate cox regression analysis. Finally, we performed validation of our results in the MD-Anderson cohort (n = 57). RESULTS: Cancer specific survival (CSS) was impaired in patients with high gene expression of Her2 (P = 0.0009) and ESR1 (P = 0.04). In the multivariate regression model Her2 expression remained significant for the prediction of CSS (HR = 2.11, CI 1.11-4.21, P = 0.024). Furthermore, molecular stratification by breast cancer subgroups was significant (P = 0.023) for CSS prediction. Especially the differentiation between Her2-positive and Luminal A (HR = 4.41, CI 1.53-18.71, P = 0.004) and Luminal B (HR = 1.96, CI 0.99-4.08, P = 0.053) respectively was an independent prognostic parameter for CSS. External validation resulted in comparable risk stratification with differences in fractional subgroups distribution. CONCLUSION: Gene expression of Her2, ESR1, PGR, Ki67 and corresponding breast cancer subtypes allow a risk-stratification in MIBC, whereby Her2 overexpressing tumors reveal a particularly poor prognosis.     

CTNNBIP1和ICMT基因共表达在膀胱尿路上皮癌中作用和功能分析

为了研究CTNNBIP1和ICMT基因共表达在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的作用及对患者预后的诊断价值,本研究选取癌症基因组图谱(TCGA)数据库中412例膀胱尿路上皮癌数据资料,利用cBioPortal数据库对膀胱尿路上皮癌CTNNBIP1基因、ICMT基因及其共表达基因作生存分析,将Pearson和Spearman相关系数均大于0.3的基因定义为中等程度以上共表达相关的基因。通过String数据库获取这些基因共表达的互作关系组。采用DAVID数据库、GO数据库、KEGG数据库分别对其进行信号通路和功能分析,生物学过程聚类分析,信号通路聚类分析。结果显示:TCGA数据库中的膀胱尿路上皮癌患者CTNNBIP1和ICMT存在共表达(Pearson相关系数=0.46和Spearman相关系数=0.47)。String数据库显示基因共表达有38组具有互作关系。KEGG数据库显示CTNNBIP1-ICMT基因共表达所富集的信号通路集中在细胞周期(p<0.05)。DAVID数据库分析其功能主要为调节细胞生长和有丝分裂、负性调控Wnt信号通路、蛋白激酶结合等。生存分析证实CTNNBIPI1和ICMT基因共表达与患者总生存率显著相关(p=0.002 72),CTNNBIPI1和ICMT共表达阳性患者的预后最差。由此得出结论:CTNNBIP1和ICMT在膀胱尿路上皮癌中存在共表达,对CTNNBIP1-ICMT基因共表达网络和生物信息学分析,可找到其在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的作用及信号通路,为深入研究膀胱尿路上皮癌的发病机制提供了理论基础,可提高膀胱尿路上皮癌患者的预后。     

甘薯盐胁迫响应基因IbMYB3的表达特征及生物信息学分析

MYB转录因子具有多种生物学功能,在植物响应生物和非生物胁迫中发挥重要作用。该文从盐胁迫后的甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)水培苗转录组数据(RNA-seq)中筛选出2个受盐胁迫显著上调表达的MYB基因,分别命名为IbMYB3和IbMYB4。多种非生物胁迫和植物生长物质处理下的基因表达分析显示,IbMYB3受逆境诱导显著上调表达,暗示其可能参与甘薯非生物胁迫响应。生物信息学分析表明,IbMYB3开放阅读框长度为1059 bp,编码353个氨基酸残基,蛋白分子量为39.41 kDa,理论等电点(PI)为5.26,为酸性带负电的亲水性蛋白。亚细胞定位结果表明,IbMYB3蛋白定位于细胞核,具有较强的转录激活活性。上述结果表明,IbMYB3转录因子可能在甘薯非生物胁迫响应过程中发挥重要调控作用,研究结果为进一步探明IbMYB3基因的功能奠定了基础。