芦荟大黄素对人膀胱癌细胞FasL基因表达和侵袭能力的影响

目的:在体外通过细胞培养,初步研究芦荟大黄素对人膀胱癌细胞系T24细胞FasLmRNA表达及对其侵袭能力的影响,为中药抗肿瘤提供实验依据.方法:根据MTT法得到芦荟大黄素对T24细胞的半数有效抑制浓度(IC50),确定药物作用浓度.T24细胞分别经芦荟大黄素不同浓度(0.5IC50、IC50)作用后,应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法检测芦荟大黄素作用前后人膀胱癌细胞系T24细胞FasL mRNA的变化;应用Transwell细胞侵袭试验检测芦荟大黄素对T24细胞侵袭能力的影响.结果:芦荟大黄素处理后较处理前T24细胞FasL mRNA表达水平均明显低于对照组(P＜0.05);而且FasL mRNA表达水平随芦荟大黄素作用浓度增加显著下调,芦荟大黄素不同浓度组比较均有显著性差异(P＜0.05);随芦荟大黄素作用浓度升高,T24细胞侵袭能力明显减弱,不同浓度组比较均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论:芦荟大黄素在一定时间内均可下调人膀胱癌细胞系T24细胞FasL mRNA的表达,而且这种下调作用在一定范围内呈剂量依赖性,可使膀胱癌细胞的侵袭能力降低.     

细胞信号分子Tiaml和Racl在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达及意义

目的 探讨细胞信号分子Tiaml和Racl在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达及临床意义.方法 收集武汉大学人民医院病理科2006-2010年有完整临床和病理资料的膀胱尿路上皮癌存档蜡块50例和5例癌旁组织,采用免疫组织化学S-P法检测50例膀胱尿路上皮癌和5例癌旁组织中Tiaml和Racl的表达水平.应用彩色病理图文报告管理系统,对Tiaml和Racl的表达进行定量分析,并用SPSS13.0 软件对各组免疫组织化学反应阳性颗粒的平均光密度、阳性面积率做单因素方差分析和SNK（q）检验.结果 （1）Tiaml的表达 Tiaml在膀胱尿路上皮癌中呈高表达,而在癌旁组织中呈低表达.膀胱尿路上皮癌与癌旁组织相比,差异有显著性 （P〈0.05 ）;（2）Racl的表达 Racl在膀胱尿路上皮癌中呈高表达,而在癌旁组织中呈低表达.膀胱尿路上皮癌与癌旁组织相比,差异有显著性 （P〈0.05 ）;（3）膀胱尿路上皮癌中Tiaml与Racl的表达呈正相关,它们相互作用、相互调控.结论 Tiaml和Racl在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达异常可能是膀胱尿路上皮癌的早期分子事件,在膀胱尿路上皮癌的发生和发展中发挥了重要作用,并Tiaml与Racl的表达呈正相关,它们相互作用、相互调控,在膀胱尿路上皮癌的发生、发展过程中,两者起协同作用.     

Prognostic Value of Beta-Tubulin-3 and c-Myc in Muscle Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder

Background

To date, putative prognostic biomarkers have shown limited utility from the clinical perspective for bladder urothelial carcinoma. Herein, the expression of beta-tubulin-3 and c-Myc was evaluated to determine their prognostic potential.

Methods

In formalin fixed-paraffin embedded blocks, immunohistochemical expression of c-Myc and beta-tubulin-3 was evaluated. H score ranging from 0 to 300 was obtained by multiplying the percentage of positive cells by intensity (0–3); c-Myc and beta-tubulin-3 expression was defined: 0: negative, 1: weakly positive, 2: strongly positive.

Results

beta-tubulin-3 and c-Myc immunoexpression was available for 46 cases. At the univariate analysis, node-involvement, beta-tubulin-3 and c-Myc overexpression discriminate shorter DFS (HR 2.19, p = 0.043; HR 3.10, p = 0.24 and HR 3.05, p = 0.011, respectively); 2-yrs DFS log-rank analysis according to low versus high level of immunoexpression were statistically significant; beta-tubulin-3, 53% low vs 12.7% high (p = value 0.02) and c-Myc 28 low vs 8 high (p-value 0.007). Patients displaying negative beta-tubulin-3/c-Myc had statistically significant better 2-yrs DFS than those with mixed expression or double positivity (54.5% versus 18.7% versus 0%, log-rank p = 0.006).

Conclusions

c-Myc and beta-tubulin-3 show improvement for prognostic risk stratification in patients with muscle invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma. These molecular pathways may also be candidate to improve predictiveness to targeted therapies.     

抑癌基因WWOX和FHIT在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨抑癌基因包含WW域的氧化还原酶(WWOX)和脆性组氨酸三联体(FHIT)在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达及临床意义。方法收集武汉大学人民医院病理科2006-2009年有完整临床和病理资料的膀胱尿路上皮癌存档蜡块50例和5例癌旁组织,采用免疫组织化学S-P法检测50例膀胱尿路上皮癌和5例癌旁组织中WWOX和FHIT的表达水平。采用HPIAS-1000高清晰度彩色病理图文报告管理系统,对WWOX和FHIT的表达进行定量分析,并用SPSS13.0软件对各组免疫组织化学反应阳性颗粒的平均光密度、阳性面积率做单因素方差分析和SNK(q)检验。结果 WWOX和FHIT的表达在膀胱尿路上皮癌中呈低表达,癌旁组织中呈高表达。膀胱尿路上皮癌与癌旁组织相比,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论 WWOX和FHIT在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的低表达是膀胱尿路上皮癌发生过程中的早期表现,通过联合检测可预测膀胱尿路上皮癌的预后。     

中药夏枯草对人膀胱癌细胞FasL基因表达和侵袭能力的影响

目的:研究中药夏枯草对人膀胱癌细胞系T24细胞FasLmRNA表达及对其侵袭能力的影响.方法:根据MTT法得到中药夏枯草对T24细胞的半数有效抑制浓度(IC50),确定药物作用浓度.T24细胞分别经中药夏枯草不同浓度(0.5IC50、IC50)作用后,应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法检测中药夏枯草作用前后人膀胱癌细胞系T24细胞FasL mRNA的变化;应用Transwell细胞侵袭试验检测中药夏枯草对T24细胞侵袭能力的影响.结果:中药夏枯草处理后较处理前T24细胞FasL mRNA表达水平均明显高于对照组(P<0.05);而且FasL mRNA表达水平随中药夏枯草作用浓度增加显著上调,中药夏枯草不同浓度组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05);随中药夏枯草作用浓度升高,T24细胞侵袭能力明显增强,不同浓度组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论:中药夏枯草在一定时间内均可上调人膀胱癌细胞系T24细胞FasL mRNA的表达,而且这种上调作用在一定范围内呈剂量依赖性,可使膀胱癌细胞的侵袭能力增强.     

Side Population in Human Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Enriches for Cancer Stem Cells That Are Maintained by MAPK Signalling

Side population (SP) and ABC transporter expression enrich for stem cells in numerous tissues. We explored if this phenotype characterised human bladder cancer stem cells (CSCs) and attempted to identify regulatory mechanisms. Focusing on non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), multiple human cell lines were used to characterise SP and ABC transporter expression. In vitro and in vivo phenotypic and functional assessments of CSC behaviour were undertaken. Expression of putative CSC marker ABCG2 was assessed in clinical NMIBC samples (n = 148), and a role for MAPK signalling, a central mechanism of bladder tumourigenesis, was investigated. Results showed that the ABCG2 transporter was predominantly expressed and was up-regulated in the SP fraction by 3-fold (ABCG2^hi) relative to the non-SP (NSP) fraction (ABCG2^low). ABCG2^hi SP cells displayed enrichment of stem cell markers (Nanog, Notch1 and SOX2) and a three-fold increase in colony forming efficiency (CFE) in comparison to ABCG2^low NSP cells. In vivo, ABCG2^hi SP cells enriched for tumour growth compared with ABCG2^low NSP cells, consistent with CSCs. pERK was constitutively active in ABCG2^hi SP cells and MEK inhibition also inhibited the ABCG2^hi SP phenotype and significantly suppressed CFE. Furthermore, on examining clinical NMIBC samples, ABCG2 expression correlated with increased recurrence and decreased progression free survival. Additionally, pERK expression also correlated with decreased progression free survival, whilst a positive correlation was further demonstrated between ABCG2 and pERK expression. In conclusion, we confirm ABCG2^hi SP enriches for CSCs in human NMIBC and MAPK/ERK pathway is a suitable therapeutic target.     

CD82／KA11在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达

目的探讨膀胱尿路上皮癌中CD82／KA11的表达及临床意义。方法收集武汉大学人民医院痫理科20062010年有完整临床和病理资料的膀胱尿路上皮癌存档蜡块50例和5例癌旁组织,采用免疫组织化学S-P法检测50例膀胱尿路上皮癌和5例癌旁组织中CD82／KA11的表达水平。采用HPIAS-1000高清晰度彩色病理图文报告管理系统,对（D82／KA11的表达进行定量分析,并帽SPSS13．0软件对各组免疫组织化学反应阳性颗粒的平均光密度、阳性面积率做单㈨素方差分析和SNK（q）检验。结果CD82／KA11在膀胱尿路上皮癌中呈低表达,癌旁组织中呈高表达。膀胱尿路上皮癌与癌旁组织相比,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论CD82／KA11在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达异常可能在膀胱尿路上皮癌的发生和发展中发挥了重要作用。     

Lack of Decorin Expression by Human Bladder Cancer Cells Offers New Tools in the Therapy of Urothelial Malignancies

Decorin, a multifunctional small leucine-rich extracellular matrix proteoglycan, has been shown to possess potent antitumour activity. However, there is some uncertainty whether different cancer cells express decorin in addition to non-malignant stromal cells. In this study we clarified decorin expression by human bladder cancer cells both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, the effect of adenovirus-mediated decorin expression on human bladder cancer cells in vitro was examined. We first demonstrated using the publicly available GeneSapiens databank that decorin gene expression is present in both normal and malignant human bladder tissues. However, when we applied in situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled RNA probes for decorin on human bladder carcinoma tissue samples derived from a large radical cystectomy patient cohort (n = 199), we unambiguously demonstrated that invasive and non-invasive bladder carcinoma cells completely lack decorin mRNA. The cancer cells were also negative for decorin immunoreactivity. Instead, decorin expression was localized solely to original non-malignant stromal areas of bladder tissue. In accordance with the aforementioned results, human bladder cancer cells in vitro were also negative for decorin expression as shown by RT-qPCR analyses. The lack of decorin expression by bladder cancer cells was shown not to be due to the methylation of the proximal promoter region of the decorin gene. When bladder cancer cells were transfected with a decorin adenoviral vector, their proliferation was significantly decreased. In conclusion, we have shown that human bladder cancer cells are totally devoid of decorin expression. We have also shown that adenovirus-mediated decorin gene transduction of human bladder cancer cell lines markedly inhibits their proliferation. Thus, decorin gene delivery offers new potential therapeutic tools in urothelial malignancies.     

Expression of Claudins and Their Prognostic Significance in Noninvasive Urothelial Neoplasms of the Human Urinary Bladder

The members of the claudin family are major integral transmembrane protein constituents of tight junctions. Normal and neoplastic tissues can be characterized by unique qualitative and quantitative distribution of claudin subtypes, which may be related to clinicopathological features. Differential diagnosis and prognosis of nonmuscle invasive tumor entities of urinary bladder epithelium are often challenging. The aim was to investigate the expression profile of claudins in inverted urothelial papillomas (IUPs), urothelial papillomas (UPs), papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential (PUNLMPs), and intraepithelial (Ta), low-grade urothelial cell carcinomas (LG-UCCs) in order to reveal potential prognostic and differential diagnostic values of certain claudins. Claudin-1, -2, -4, and -7 protein expressions detected by immunohistochemistry and clinical data were analyzed in 15 IUPs, 20 UPs, 20 PUNLMPs, and 20 LG-UCCs. UPs, PUNLMPs, and LG-UCCs showed significantly decreased claudin-1 expression in comparison to IUPs. LG-UCCs expressing claudin-4 over the median were associated with significantly shorter recurrence-free survival. PUNLMPs expressing claudin-1 over the median revealed significantly longer recurrence-free survival. High claudin-1 protein expression might help to differentiate IUP from UPs, PUNLMPs, and LG-UCCs. High claudin-4 expression may determine an unfavorable clinical course of LG-UCCs, while high claudin-1 expression in PUNLMP was associated with markedly better clinical outcome.     

Prognostic Value of Molecular Breast Cancer Subtypes based on Her2, ESR1, PGR and Ki67 mRNA-Expression in Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

INTRODUCTION: Gene expression analyses have identified similarities between bladder and breast cancer, where clinical risk stratification is based on Her2, ESR1, PGR and Ki67 expression. The aim of the study was to assess the respective marker gene expression in patients treated with radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and to evaluate the applicability of breast cancer subtypes for MIBC risk stratification. MATERIALS & METHODS: 102 patients treated with radical cystectomy for MIBC were assessed. Using routine FFPE tissue and an IVD validated kit, mRNA expression was measured by single step RT-qPCR. Partition test were employed to define cut-off values for high or low marker gene expression. Association of expression with outcome was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariate cox regression analysis. Finally, we performed validation of our results in the MD-Anderson cohort (n = 57). RESULTS: Cancer specific survival (CSS) was impaired in patients with high gene expression of Her2 (P = 0.0009) and ESR1 (P = 0.04). In the multivariate regression model Her2 expression remained significant for the prediction of CSS (HR = 2.11, CI 1.11-4.21, P = 0.024). Furthermore, molecular stratification by breast cancer subgroups was significant (P = 0.023) for CSS prediction. Especially the differentiation between Her2-positive and Luminal A (HR = 4.41, CI 1.53-18.71, P = 0.004) and Luminal B (HR = 1.96, CI 0.99-4.08, P = 0.053) respectively was an independent prognostic parameter for CSS. External validation resulted in comparable risk stratification with differences in fractional subgroups distribution. CONCLUSION: Gene expression of Her2, ESR1, PGR, Ki67 and corresponding breast cancer subtypes allow a risk-stratification in MIBC, whereby Her2 overexpressing tumors reveal a particularly poor prognosis.     

CTNNBIP1和ICMT基因共表达在膀胱尿路上皮癌中作用和功能分析

为了研究CTNNBIP1和ICMT基因共表达在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的作用及对患者预后的诊断价值,本研究选取癌症基因组图谱(TCGA)数据库中412例膀胱尿路上皮癌数据资料,利用cBioPortal数据库对膀胱尿路上皮癌CTNNBIP1基因、ICMT基因及其共表达基因作生存分析,将Pearson和Spearman相关系数均大于0.3的基因定义为中等程度以上共表达相关的基因。通过String数据库获取这些基因共表达的互作关系组。采用DAVID数据库、GO数据库、KEGG数据库分别对其进行信号通路和功能分析,生物学过程聚类分析,信号通路聚类分析。结果显示:TCGA数据库中的膀胱尿路上皮癌患者CTNNBIP1和ICMT存在共表达(Pearson相关系数=0.46和Spearman相关系数=0.47)。String数据库显示基因共表达有38组具有互作关系。KEGG数据库显示CTNNBIP1-ICMT基因共表达所富集的信号通路集中在细胞周期(p<0.05)。DAVID数据库分析其功能主要为调节细胞生长和有丝分裂、负性调控Wnt信号通路、蛋白激酶结合等。生存分析证实CTNNBIPI1和ICMT基因共表达与患者总生存率显著相关(p=0.002 72),CTNNBIPI1和ICMT共表达阳性患者的预后最差。由此得出结论:CTNNBIP1和ICMT在膀胱尿路上皮癌中存在共表达,对CTNNBIP1-ICMT基因共表达网络和生物信息学分析,可找到其在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的作用及信号通路,为深入研究膀胱尿路上皮癌的发病机制提供了理论基础,可提高膀胱尿路上皮癌患者的预后。     

人甲状腺髓样癌TT细胞胃动素基因表达的调控

目的:研究人甲状腺髓样癌TT细胞系中胃动素基因表达调控.方法:通过人甲状腺髓样癌TT细胞体外培养,观察经cAMP,生长激素或甲状腺雌激素诱导后,胃动素表达的改变以及胃动素对TT细胞生长、侵袭和转移的影响.结果:甲状腺髓样癌TT细胞表达胃动素mRNA,胃动素可抑制TT细胞的生长.当胃动素基因沉默后,TT细胞转移和侵袭能力增加.当TT细胞分别经cAMP、胃动素、生长激素或甲状腺刺激素孵育48小时后,胃动素基因转录增加,降钙素基因相关肽与胃动素mRNA比值持续下降.环磷酸腺苷可降低TT细胞增殖和c-myc基因的表达.结论:人甲状腺髓样癌细胞生长活性可能与甲状腺C细胞(低的降钙素基因相关肽与胃动素比率)分化的表型有关.     

Gene Expression Profiling of Ampullary Carcinomas Classifies Ampullary Carcinomas into Biliary-Like and Intestinal-Like Subtypes That Are Prognostic of Outcome

Background

Adenocarcinomas of the ampulla of Vater are classified as biliary cancers, though the exact epithelium of origin for these cancers is not known. We sought to molecularly classify ampullary adenocarcinomas in comparison to known adenocarcinomas of the pancreas, bile duct, and duodenum by gene expression analysis.

Methods

We analyzed 32 fresh-frozen resected, untreated periampullary adenocarcinomas (8 pancreatic, 2 extrahepatic biliary, 8 duodenal, and 14 ampullary) using the Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 genome array. Unsupervised and supervised hierarchical clustering identified two subtypes of ampullary carcinomas that were molecularly and histologically characterized.

Results

Hierarchical clustering of periampullary carcinomas segregated ampullary carcinomas into two subgroups, which were distinctly different from pancreatic carcinomas. Non-pancreatic periampullary adenocarcinomas were segregated into two subgroups with differing prognoses: 5 year RFS (77% vs. 0%, p = 0.007) and 5 year OS (100% vs. 35%, p = 0.005). Unsupervised clustering analysis of the 14 ampullary samples also identified two subgroups: a good prognosis intestinal-like subgroup and a poor prognosis biliary-like subgroup with 5 year OS of 70% vs. 28%, P = 0.09. Expression of CK7+/CK20- but not CDX-2 correlated with these two subgroups. Activation of the AKT and MAPK pathways were both increased in the poor prognostic biliary-like subgroup. In an independent 80 patient ampullary validation dataset only histological subtype (intestinal vs. pancreaticobiliary) was significantly associated with OS in both univariate (p = 0.006) and multivariate analysis (P = 0.04).

Conclusions

Gene expression analysis discriminated pancreatic adenocarcinomas from other periampullary carcinomas and identified two prognostically relevant subgroups of ampullary adenocarcinomas. Histological subtype was an independent prognostic factor in ampullary adenocarcinomas.     

人甲状腺髓样癌TT细胞胃动素基因表达的调控(英文)

目的:研究人甲状腺髓样癌TT细胞系中胃动素基因表达调控。方法:通过人甲状腺髓样癌TT细胞体外培养,观察经cAMP,生长激素或甲状腺雌激素诱导后,胃动素表达的改变以及胃动素对TT细胞生长、侵袭和转移的影响。结果:甲状腺髓样癌TT细胞表达胃动素mRNA,胃动素可抑制TT细胞的生长。当胃动素基因沉默后,TT细胞转移和侵袭能力增加。当TT细胞分别经cAMP、胃动素、生长激素或甲状腺刺激素孵育48小时后,胃动素基因转录增加,降钙素基因相关肽与胃动素mRNA比值持续下降。环磷酸腺苷可降低TT细胞增殖和c-myc基因的表达。结论:人甲状腺髓样癌细胞生长活性可能与甲状腺C细胞(低的降钙素基因相关肽与胃动素比率)分化的表型有关。     

Effects of the Missense Mutations in Canine BRCA2 on BRC Repeat 3 Functions and Comparative Analyses between Canine and Human BRC Repeat 3

Mammary tumors are the most common tumor type in both human and canine females. Mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA2, have been found in most cases of inherited human breast cancer. Similarly, the canine BRCA2 gene locus has been associated with mammary tumors in female dogs. However, deleterious mutations in canine BRCA2 have not been reported, thus far. The BRCA2 protein is involved in homologous recombination repair via its interaction with RAD51 recombinase, an interaction mediated by 8 BRC repeats. These repeats are 26-amino acid, conserved motifs in mammalian BRCA2. Previous structural analyses of cancer-associated mutations affecting the BRC repeats have shown that the weakening of RAD51''s affinity for even 1 repeat is sufficient to increase breast cancer susceptibility. In this study, we focused on 2 previously reported canine BRCA2 mutations (T1425P and K1435R) in BRC repeat 3 (BRC3), derived from mammary tumor samples. These mutations affected the interaction of canine BRC3 with RAD51, and were considered deleterious. Two BRC3 mutations (K1440R and K1440E), reported in human breast cancer patients, occur at amino acids corresponding to those of the K1435R mutation in dogs. These mutations affected the interaction of canine BRC3 with RAD51, and may also be considered deleterious. The two BRC3 mutations and a substitution (T1430P), corresponding to T1425P in canine BRCA2, were examined for their effects on human BRC3 function and the results were compared between species. The corresponding mutations and the substitution showed similar results in both human and canine BRC3. Therefore, canine BRCA2 may be a good model for studying human breast cancer caused by BRCA2 mutations.     

Detection of BRAF Mutation in Urine DNA as a Molecular Diagnostic for Canine Urothelial and Prostatic Carcinoma

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the lower urinary tract and prostatic carcinoma (PC) are aggressive genitourinary cancers in dogs, characterized by invasion to surrounding tissues and high metastatic potential. Current diagnosis of canine UC and PC requires histopathological examination of a biopsy. Such specimens require specialized medical equipment and are invasive procedures, limiting the availability of diagnosis by histopathology for many canine patients. Access to a non-invasive means to confirm diagnosis is currently an unmet need. Recently, the canine BRAF V595E mutation was detected in ~80% of canine UCs and PCs. In this study, we developed a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay for detection of the canine BRAF V595E mutation in canine urogenital tumors. The assay was evaluated in DNA samples prepared from biopsy specimens of UC (n = 48) and PC (n = 27), as well and non-neoplastic bladder epithelium (n = 38). In addition the assay was assessed for use with DNA isolated from free catch urine samples derived from canine patients with UC (n = 23), PC (n = 3), as well as from dogs with cystitis and healthy controls (n = 37). In all cases the sensitivity to detect the mutant allele was compared with conventional Sanger sequencing. ddPCR had superior sensitivity for detection of the V595E mutation: 75% of UC, 85% of PC, and 0% of control samples were mutation positive, respectively, and the V595E mutation was detected at a level as low as just 1 in 10,000 alleles (~0.01%). Furthermore, the ddPCR assay identified the mutation in free catch urine samples from 83% of canine UC and PC patients, demonstrating its utility as a non-invasive means of diagnosis. We have shown that ddPCR is a sensitive molecular technique with the potential to facilitate accurate and non-invasive means of canine UC and PC diagnosis.