蛇足石杉生态适应性研究Ⅰ茎叶解剖特征的比较

利用解剖学方法对湘西地区蛇足石杉5个野生居群个体(S1,S2,S3,S4,S5)的茎叶进行了解剖学比较和分析,结果表明:不同居群蛇足石杉解剖结构的性状存在明显的差异性,其中维管柱厚度、皮层厚度、海绵组织厚度、叶片厚度这4个性状是造成居群间蛇足石杉解剖学性状差异的主要因子;茎叶解剖结构也表现出对阴湿环境适应的的形态特征,但是,S1居群的蛇足石杉具有适应旱生生境的趋势。这些解剖学性状除受遗传因子控制外,环境因子(主要为光照和水分)起着重要的作用,因此,蛇足石杉形态解剖学上的差异性或可塑性是其赖以适应环境和生存的基础。     

近70年黄土高原3种植物叶片气孔特征参数比较

以黄土高原地区3种典型植物辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.)、虎榛子(Ostryopsis davidiana Decne.)和酸枣[Ziziphusjujuba Mill.var.spinosa(Bunge)Hu ex H.F.Chow]标本为材料,利用数码图像显微处理系统,研究了从20世纪30年代至2002年近70 a中植物叶片气孔长度、宽度、面积与密度的变化状况及其相关性.结果表明,气候变化对3种植物气孔性状并无一致的影响.辽东栎叶片气孔长度、宽度、面积和密度变化总体上均呈上升趋势,升高率分别为11.62%、3.17%、18.01%和1.32%.酸枣叶片气孔长度、宽度和面积呈上升趋势,升高率分别为21.90%、13.60%和35.61%;而气孔密度下降,降低率为-27.86%.虎榛子叶片气孔长度、面积和密度均呈下降趋势,降低率分别为-7.91%、-1.43%和-9.73%;而气孔宽度升高率为2.56%.酸枣叶片气孔4个特征参数的变化率均明显大于辽东栎和虎榛子,虎榛子叶片气孔性状的3个参数(除密度外)变化率最小.3种植物叶片气孔长度的变幅均大于气孔宽度,证实气孔宽度是相对比较稳定的性状.     

外源脯氨酸对自然干旱下白刺叶片气孔的影响

以大田环境内多年生荒漠植物白刺（Nitraria tangutorum）为研究对象,采用扫描电子显微镜对不同外源脯氨酸质量浓度处理下白刺叶片气孔进行微观结构观察并测定叶片表皮气孔器长度、宽度、面积和密度,比较同一指标在不同脯氨酸质量浓度处理下的差异。采用室外试验研究自然干旱胁迫下喷施质量浓度为50、100、150、200、250 mg·L^-1的外源脯氨酸（Proline,缩写为Pro或P）研究白刺的耐旱性。观察结果显示,白刺叶片气孔保卫细胞为肾形,气孔在叶片表皮随机分布,气孔器多为无规则型,气孔呈椭圆形且叶片表面蜡质较少,并且叶片细胞出现褶皱和下陷。与对照相比,在不同质量浓度处理和不同采样时间时,气孔长度、宽度及面积下降,气孔密度增大,随着浓度的升高以及采样时间的变化,气孔长度整体呈现下降趋势,当浓度达到200 mg·L^-1时,下降幅度增大,宽度和面积整体呈现先降低后升高再降低的趋势,而气孔密度则整体呈现上升趋势,其中,气孔长度、宽度和面积在质量浓度为50 mg·L^-1、采样第1天时达到最大值,气孔密度在质量浓度为150 mg·L^-1、采样第9天时达到最大值。此外,气孔长度在不同浓度脯氨酸处理下第1、6和9天存在显著差异,而气孔宽度和面积差异不显著,除第0天外,气孔密度因脯氨酸质量浓度不同均差异显著（P<0.05）。研究结果表明,自然干旱胁迫下对白刺叶片喷施不同质量浓度的外源脯氨酸,可减小气孔长度、宽度和面积,而增加气孔密度,以期为白刺抗旱提供理论依据。     

不同产地华中五味子叶表皮结构和导管分子的解剖学特征及其与环境因子的关系

在光学显微镜下观察了不同产地华中五味子(Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd.et Wils．)叶表皮结构和导管分子特征,应用多元回归方法对不同产地华中五味子的叶表皮特征及导管分子特征与环境因子的关系进行了分析。观察的指标有叶表皮特征(气孔器密度、气孔器指数、气孔器长宽、气孔器面积、气孔极区角质加厚、气孔器类型、表皮细胞垂周壁形状、分泌细胞密度及叶表面角质条纹)和导管分子特征(导管分子长度、直径、长／直径比值及穿孔板类型)。观察结果：上表皮有极少量气孔器和分泌细胞分布。在下表皮,气孔器类型为平列型和侧列型,气孔器指数为15．05％-22．53％,气孔器长59．2—74．2μm,气孔器宽37．9—46．8μm,分泌细胞密度为1．45／mm^2-3．99／mm^2。导管分子以具缘纹孔导管为主,穿孔板包含单穿孔和梯状穿孔板。导管分子长957．8—1270．2μm,导管分子直径85．0—136．7μm。随着产地的不同,华中五味子叶下表皮结构和导管分子的解剖特征有明显的差异。分析结果显示：年均气温与气孔器面积和气孔器长度,年降水量与气孔器宽度以及相对湿度与分泌细胞密度之间关系密切。随着年平均气温的升高,气孔器面积、气孔器长度呈减少的趋势,R^2值分别为0．74、0．71。随着年降水量的增加,气孔器宽呈减小的趋势,R^2值为0．64;导管分子长／直径比值增加,R^2值为0．46。相对湿度与分泌细胞密度呈正相关,R^2为0．63。     

青藏高原矮火绒草(Leontopodium nanum)叶片性状对海拔高度变化的响应

植物叶片对环境变化十分敏感,能反映植物适应环境所形成的生存策略。为揭示高寒植物叶片性状对海拔高度变化的响应,对位于青藏高原东北部的冷龙岭3400—4200 m之间5个不同海拔高度的矮火绒草(Leontopodium nanum)叶片进行取样,采用常规石蜡制片技术和显微观察方法测定叶片外部形态、表皮气孔特征和解剖结构,探讨其叶片性状随海拔的变化,结果表明：（1）随海拔高度升高,叶面积呈减小的趋势,而比叶重和叶干物质含量增加;（2）叶片下表皮气孔密度随海拔升高呈先增加后下降的趋势,且气孔密度、气孔器面积、长度、宽度和潜在气孔导度指数等气孔特征之间存在显著相关性;（3）叶厚、栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度随海拔升高呈显著增厚的趋势;（4）叶片解剖结构可塑性和相关性分析显示,上、下角质层厚度的可塑性指数最大,而部分解剖结构指标间存在极显著的相关性。研究表明,矮火绒草为适应沿海拔上升温度降低的环境,主要采取叶片变小、变厚的对策,使植物趋于保温、保水和抗机械损伤的方向发展,并将资源最大化地投入到自身生长发育中。     

基于组合模型预测蛇足石杉在中国的适生区北大核心CSCD

蛇足石杉是国家二级重点保护野生植物,目前面临生物资源骤减的威胁。该研究基于蛇足石杉在中国的分布数据和气候数据构建组合模型,预测蛇足石杉当前和未来(2070)气候情景下在中国的适生区,通过ERDAS和ArcGIS计算适生区面积及质心变化,探究气候变化对蛇足石杉适生区的影响,为蛇足石杉的保护提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)组合模型AUC值大于0.9,预测结果极好。(2)影响蛇足石杉适生区的主要生物气候变量是最湿月降水量、温度季节性、最冷季均温和最暖月最高温。(3)蛇足石杉当前总适生面积226.99×10^(4) km^(2),中、高适生区面积154.51×10^(4) km^(2),质心均位于湖南省西部。(4)蛇足石杉未来总适生面积变化不大,中、高适生区面积剧烈收缩,在RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP6.0及RCP8.5情景下分别净收缩14.34%、23.31%、31.63%和47.08%,总适生区质心和中、高适生区质心均向西北方向转移。研究表明,蛇足石杉中、高适生区受气候变化影响很大,未来随着排放水平升高将逐渐转变为低适生区和非适生区。     

石杉科植物石杉总碱含量的测定及基于紫外光谱的除趋势对应分析

对来自浙江、福建境内石杉科植物蛇足石杉（Huperzia serrata）、柳叶马尾杉（Phlegmariurus cryptomerianus）10个不同地理居群的石杉总碱含量进行了测定．并基于紫外光谱,对它们的表型分化进行了除趋势对应分析。结果表明：①石杉科这两种植物叶片的石杉总碱含量普遍高于茎中的含量;②来自浙江磐安的蛇足石杉居群的叶、茎石杉总碱含量都明显高于其它居群。可以选择该居群作为栽培蛇足石杉的种源;③DCA排序发现,产自磐安的蛇足石杉样品,特别是叶的提取液,其紫外光谱明显不同于其它样品．表明紫外光谱法能够用于鉴别石杉总碱含量较高的蛇足石杉药材。     

施氮对不同品种夏玉米冠层叶片气孔特性的影响

盆栽条件下研究不同施氮水平[0、0.15和0.30 g(N).kg-1(土)]对不同株型夏玉米冠层叶片气孔特性影响的结果表明,施氮后叶片气孔密度显著下降,但增加施氮量的气孔密度有所增大;与不施氮的相比,施氮的气孔长度、宽度和面积均下降.不同株型品种的气孔密度、气孔的长度、宽度和面积均以紧凑型'陕单902'显著高于其他株型品种.不同施氮水平下不同叶层叶的气孔密度均表现为上层大于中下层,而气孔的长度、宽度和面积的差异缺乏规律性.     

蛇足石杉中的新内生真菌及其代谢产物的分离与鉴定

从蛇足石杉内生菌的次级代谢产物中寻找活性成分,为进一步开发利用蛇足石杉药用植物资源提供了新途径,但至今其内生菌代谢产物的系统性研究较为少见。种类丰富的内生真菌普遍存在于各种植物中,但蕨类植物中内生真菌的研究较少。为了寻找蛇足石杉内生菌中的细胞毒活性成分,该研究从蛇足石杉根部分离得到一株球毛壳属(Chaetomium sp.)真菌M336,对其化学成分进行了研究。对蛇足石杉内生真菌M336采用PDA固体培养基扩大发酵,发酵物经提取及乙酸乙酯萃取后,通过正相硅胶柱色谱法、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱法、薄层制备、高效液相色谱等色谱手段对其发酵物中的化学成分进行分离纯化,利用理化性质、质谱、核磁等波谱分析技术,并结合相关文献数据鉴定化合物的结构。结果表明：从内生真菌M336发酵提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取部分分离并鉴定出8个化合物,分别为chaetoviridines F、chaetoviridines E、5′-epichaetoviridin A、5′-epichaetoviridin A、xanthoquinodins Al、xanthoquinodins A2、xanthoquinodins B1和毛壳菌素。从M336中分离得到8个化合物,化合物3有一定的抑菌作用,其余化合物有一定的细胞毒活性。该研究结果丰富了蛇足石杉内生真菌球毛壳属中的天然细胞毒活性的化合物。     

西藏东达山3种嵩草属植物气孔特征沿海拔的变化

嵩草属(Kobresia)植物是藏东南高山草甸的优势种和建群种,对该区畜牧业发展和维持生态系统平衡起着重要作用。选择西藏左贡县东达山为研究地点,从林线开始,海拔每升高约100m设置1个样带直至高山草甸分布边缘,共8个样带,调查各样带中物种的组成及盖度,并依据相对盖度和相对频度计算3种嵩草植物矮生嵩草(K.humilis)、线叶嵩草(K.capillifolia)和大花嵩草(K.macrantha)在群落中的重要值,同时取样观察它们叶片远、近轴面表皮细胞形态,测量气孔长度及保卫细胞宽度,计算气孔密度,探讨嵩草属植物对海拔梯度的适应性。结果表明:(1)3种嵩草属植物叶表皮细胞均呈波浪状,气孔器仅分布于远轴面,近轴面无气孔器分布。(2)3种嵩草属植物气孔密度沿海拔梯度的变化均呈单峰曲线分布格局,且在海拔4 537m样带处达到最大值,并表现为矮生嵩草(777.6个/mm2)线叶嵩草(476.4个/mm2)大花嵩草(414.3个/mm2)。(3)随海拔的增加,矮生嵩草和线叶嵩草气孔长度显著增大(P0.05),而保卫细胞宽度显著减小;但大花嵩草气孔长度随海拔的升高而显著减小,保卫细胞宽度基本保持不变。(4)矮生嵩草和线叶嵩草气孔密度、长度和保卫细胞宽度与海拔梯度均显著相关,气孔特征对海拔梯度变化的敏感程度高,与其在群落中重要值高的分布特征一致;而大花嵩草仅气孔密度和长度与海拔梯度显著相关,气孔特征对海拔梯度变化的敏感性低,与其在群落中重要值低的分布特征一致;嵩草属植物气孔密度、长度和保护细胞宽度与海拔梯度之间的相关性,反映出它们在海拔梯度上对生境的适应程度。可见,3种嵩草属植物气孔特征对海拔梯度上生境变化的适应性不同,从而影响它们在群落中的分布范围和物种优势度,其中矮生嵩草和线叶嵩草对环境变化敏感,而大花嵩草对环境变化相对不敏感;保卫细胞宽度与气孔长度同样对植物适应环境变化起重要作用。     

Some new observations and interpretations on the vital staining of leaf epidermal tissue by neutral red

Summary The lower leaf epidermis from 5 plant species was stained with neutral red at 2 pH's (7.1 and 5.6) in the light and dark when the stomata were open or closed. At pH 5.6 no globule (= droplet) formation was observed in the guard cells whether the stomata were open or closed and cell walls possessed a high affinity for the stain. At pH 7.1 globules appeared in guard cells of open stomata, but not closed stomata, within 15 minutes. Anaerobic conditions prevented this globule formation. InZea mays, globules also appeared in subsidiary cells when the stomata were closed and in certain epidermal cells. Where globule formation did not occur increased diffuse staining of certain epidermal cells was considered to be the indication of cell integrity. In old leaf material very large numbers of dark blue globules appeared in epidermal cells ofCommelina diffusa, C. communis andSenecio odoris and this was associated with cell senescence.The staining characteristics were discussed in terms of cellular K⁺, Cl^–, tannin and flavonoid content and vacuolar pH.     

Diurnal Expansion and Contraction of Leaves and Fruits of English Morello Cherry

Changes in leaf thickness and fruit diameter were measured ingrowth chambers under varying conditions of light, humidity,temperature, and soil moisture for potted trees of English Morellocherry (Prunus cerasus L. grafted on Prunus mahaleb root stock).Decrease in leaf thickness of well-watered plants was inducedby illumination following a period of darkness. In the light,leaf thickness decreased when vapour-pressure deficit (VPD)was rising or high. The magnitude of diurnal change in leafthickness was related to amount of change in VPD of the air.Leaf thickness increased in the dark when stomata were closed.When changes in VPD were minimized, leaves under 8-h days and16-h nights still decreased in thickness during the day andexpanded at night, but the degree of change was not as greatas when VPD also fluctuated diurnally. When severe internal water deficits developed in trees duringprolonged droughts the correlations of changes in leaf thicknesswith VPD and light intensity were low. Marked decline in leafthickness resulted with little re-expansion in the dark at lowVPD. Soil irrigation resulted in rapid hydration and expansionof leaves. Changes in fruit diameter in contrast were positivelycorrelated with VPD fluctuations and were not influenced byphotoperiod.     

The Relation between Photosynthesis and Stomatal Resistance of Each Leaf Surface in Cotton Leaves

The relation between photosynthesis and stomatal resistance of each leaf surface in cotton leaves (Gossypium hirsutum) was studied during ageing and with increase in light intensity. During ageing of leaves the stomatal resistance of the upper surface increases before that of the lower surface. This observation would suggest that the stomata of the upper leaf surface commence to age before those of the lower leaf surface. The earlier commencement of the increase in upper stomatal resistance results in the decline in photosynthesis at an early stage of ageing being negatively correlated with the upper stomatal resistance and not related to the lower stomatal resistance. The results indicate that in this initial phase of ageing the decrease in photosynthesis and increase in stomatal resistance of the upper surface are not causally related but occur simultaneously. At a more advanced stage of ageing the lower stomatal resistance also increases and then the decline in photosynthesis becomes related to the increase in stomatal resistance of both leaf surfaces. When illumination of leaves is increased stepwise, the resultant increase in photosynthesis is related to the reduction in stomatal resistance of each leaf surface. At low light intensities the stomatal resistance of the lower surface is low while that of the upper surface is relatively high. The difference between them decreases with increase in light intensity. This would indicate that the upper stomata require a higher light intensity to open than the lower stomata. The stormatal resistance of the two leaf surfaces is not related to the stomatal frequencey.     

水淹导致皇冠草光合机构发生变化并加剧其出水后光抑制

通过气体交换和叶绿素荧光等方法研究了水淹及胁迫解除后皇冠草不同功能叶的光合特性及光抑制的变化.结果表明:与对照相比,气生叶(全淹组淹水前形成的功能叶)在水淹条件下叶片大小和气孔没有明显变化,但沉水叶(全淹组淹水后新生的功能叶)的叶面积增加,气孔变小,上表皮气孔密度增加.水淹导致气生叶碳同化能力、光化学效率和叶绿素含量下降.沉水叶在发育过程中碳同化能力、光化学效率和叶绿素逐渐升高.气生叶和沉水叶出水后其活体叶片在强光下的相对含水量急剧下降,发生明显的光抑制;而弱光下无明显光抑制发生.出水后离体叶片强光照射下6h后两种功能叶均发生严重光抑制,且弱光下不能恢复.因此,可以认为淹水条件下,沉水叶上表皮气孔密度的增加使其蒸腾速率提高;沉水叶较强的碳同化能力和增加的叶面积是确保其植株水下生存的重要因素;强光使气生叶和沉水叶出水后均发生严重光抑制,导度和蒸腾速率提高导致的叶片失水则加剧了这一过程,两者共同作用导致自然条件下两种功能叶的出水死亡.     

Growth of Spirulina platensis enhanced under intermittent illumination

The growth characteristics of microalgae under different light conditions (continuous or intermittent) are essential information for photobioreactor design and operation. In this study, we constructed a thin-layer (10 mm) flat plate photobioreactor device with a light/dark (L/D) alternation system to investigate the growth of Spirulina platensis under two different light regimes: (1) continuous illumination in a wide range of light intensities (1.00-77.16 mW cm⁻²); (2) intermittent illumination in medium frequency (0.01-20 Hz). Specific growth rate and light efficiency based on biomass production were determined for each round of experiment. Four regions (light limited region, intermediate region, light saturated region and light inhibition region) were recognized according to the results under continuous illumination. Under intermittent illumination, when L/D frequency increased from 0.01 Hz to 20 Hz, specific growth rate and light efficiency were enhanced. However, the enhancement was different, depending on the applied light intensity and light fraction. The higher the light intensity, the greater the enhancement would be when L/D frequency increased from 0.01 Hz to 20 Hz; and the higher the light intensity, the lower the light fractions is needed to maintain light efficiency as high as that under continuous illumination in light limited region.     

Distinct light responses of the adaxial and abaxial stomata in intact leaves of Helianthus annuus L

Using a laboratory-constructed system that can measure the gas exchange rates of two leaf surfaces separately, the light responses of the adaxial and abaxial stomata in intact leaves of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) were investigated, keeping the intercellular CO₂ concentration ( C _i) at 300  µ L L⁻¹. When evenly illuminating both sides of the leaf, the stomatal conductance ( g _s) of the abaxial surface was higher than that of the adaxial surface at any light intensity. When each surface of the leaf was illuminated separately, both the adaxial and abaxial stomata were more sensitive to the light transmitted through the leaf (self-transmitted light) than to direct illumination. Relationships between the whole leaf photosynthetic rate ( A _n) and the g _s for each side highlighted a strong dependence of stomatal opening on mesophyll photosynthesis. Light transmitted through another leaf was more effective than the direct white light for the abaxial stomata, but not for the adaxial stomata. Moreover, green monochromatic light induced an opening of the abaxial stomata, but not of the adaxial stomata. As the proportion of blue light in the transmitted light is less than that in the white light, there may be some uncharacterized light responses, which are responsible for the opening of the abaxial stomata by the transmitted, green light.     

Stomatal Diffusion Resistance of Snap Beans. II. Effect of Light

The effect of light on the stomatal resistance of abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was studied in the growth chamber and in the field. The adaxial stomata required more light to open than the abaxial stomata; the abaxial stomatal apertures were still about 50% open at 1% full sunlight and light-induced closure was never observed under daytime field conditions. A given value of abaxial stomatal resistance was obtained at a given illumination of the abaxial guard cells whether illumination was adaxial or abaxial.     

Effect of total illumination upon continuous Chlorella production in a high intensity light system

A high intensity light system (HILIS) was designed and constructed to define the environmental parameters affecting production of algae. The HILIS incorporates the basic concepts of an aerobic fermenter for heterotrophic cells with high intensity illumination for photosynthetic studies. Of nine parameters considered, temperature and light intensity studies using Chlorella 71105 have been completed. Total illumination was varied from 25,000 to 300,000 lumens (30 times intensity of sunlight as measured at earth's surface) in 7.7–1, culture. The effect of illumination upon growth was measured as cell concentration and total daily algal production when operating the HILIS as a continuous system at a dilution rate of 0.91 per day. Growth may be expressed as a long function of illumination. A maximum algal concentration of 25.5g/l., dry weight basis, was attained at 300,000 lumens.     

Blue light regulation of stomata in wheat seedlings. II. Action spectrum and search for action dichroism

The stomatal conductance response to low intensity blue light was studied in wheat seedlings ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Starke II, Weibull) under red background illumination. Reciprocity was shown to be valid for illumination times from 10 s up to about 2 min. The action spectrum, constructed from fluence rate response curves, showed a maximum peak at 445–450 nm, another peak at 470 nm, a slight shoulder at 420 nm and a plateau between 370–400 nm. The relationship with action spectra for other blue light responses is discussed. The blue light response of wheat stomata did not exhibit action dichroism (the direction of the electrical vector of polarized blue light did not influence the response of the guard cells).     

Photosynthesis, Transpiration, Leaf Temperature, and Stomatal Activity of Cotton Plants under Varying Water Potentials

Cotton plants, Gossypium hirsutum L. were grown in a growth room under incident radiation levels of 65, 35, and 17 Langleys per hour to determine the effects of vapor pressure deficits (VPD's) of 2, 9, and 17 mm Hg at high soil water potential, and the effects of decreasing soil water potential and reirrigation on transpiration, leaf temperature, stomatal activity, photosynthesis, and respiration at a VPD of 9 mm Hg.

Transpiration was positively correlated with radiation level, air VPD and soil water potential. Reirrigation following stress led to slow recovery, which may be related to root damage occurring during stress. Leaf water potential decreased with, but not as fast as, soil water potential.

Leaf temperature was usually positively correlated with light intensity and negatively correlated with transpiration, air VPD, and soil water. At high soil water, leaf temperatures ranged from a fraction of 1 to a few degrees above ambient, except at medium and low light and a VPD of 19 mm Hg when they were slightly below ambient, probably because of increased transpirational cooling. During low soil water leaf temperatures as high as 3.4° above ambient were recorded. Reirrigation reduced leaf temperature before appreciably increasing transpiration. The upper leaf surface tended to be warmer than the lower at the beginning of the day and when soil water was adequate; otherwise there was little difference or the lower surface was warmer. This pattern seemed to reflect transpiration cooling and leaf position effects.

Although stomata were more numerous in the lower than the upper epidermis, most of the time a greater percentage of the upper were open. With sufficient soil water present, stomata opened with light and closed with darkness. Fewer stomata opened under low than high light intensity and under even moderate, as compared with high soil water. It required several days following reirrigation for stomata to regain original activity levels.

Apparent photosynthesis of cotton leaves occasionally oscillated with variable amplitude and frequency. When soil water was adequate, photosynthesis was nearly proportional to light intensity, with some indication of higher rates at higher VPD's. As soil water decreased, photosynthesis first increased and then markedly decreased. Following reirrigation, photosynthesis rapidly recovered.

Respiration was slowed moderately by decreasing soil water but increased before watering. Respiration slowed with increasing leaf age only on leaves that were previously under high light intensity.