等渗的盐分和水分胁迫对杠柳种子萌发的影响

通过等渗的NaCl和PEG溶液模拟盐分和水分胁迫,设置渗透梯度,在控制条件下对杠柳种子的萌发过程中总萌发率、幼苗鲜重、胚根生长、种子活力、发芽值等指标系统研究,对种子萌发率与渗透势之间关系进行回归分析,主要结果包括：（1）杠柳种子萌发过程中总萌发率、幼苗鲜重、活力指数和发芽值四项指标均随NaCl和PEG溶液的渗透势降低逐渐下降,综合研究活力指数和发芽值表明渗透势≥-0.5 MPa和≤-1.4 MPa时,PEG对种子萌发抑制作用大于NaCl,其他情况相反;（2）杠柳种子逐日萌发率和胚根日变化研究表明,与NaCl相比,PEG推迟杠柳种子萌发,并且对胚根增长抑制作用较大;（3）建立盐分和水分胁迫条件下种子萌发率与渗透势回归方程,发现杠柳种子在PEG胁迫下的萌发临界值和极限值为-1.0和-1.4 MPa,在NaCl胁迫下是-0.9和-1.3 MPa,解除胁迫条件,不同处理的杠柳种子复水萌发率均达到100%。说明杠柳具有良好的耐盐抗旱的特性。     

壳聚糖包衣对油菜种子萌发及幼苗耐盐性影响

以不同浓度的壳聚糖对油菜种子进行包衣处理,考察其对油菜种子萌发及幼苗耐盐性的影响,并在不同盐浓度胁迫条件下对种子萌发时的发芽势、发芽率、生物量（鲜重、干重、根长、芽长）等指标进行测定,同时分析油菜幼苗叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白及可溶性糖含量的变化。结果表明,一定浓度的壳聚糖包衣处理可提高油菜种子发芽率、发芽势、生物量、幼苗的耐盐指数、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白及可溶性糖的含量,其中浓度为0.25 g·L^-1壳聚糖包衣处理对油菜种子萌发的促进效果较好,而浓度为0.50 g·L^-1壳聚糖包衣处理对提高油菜幼苗耐盐性具有较好的促进作用。     

NaCI胁迫下不同南瓜幼苗耐盐性研究

研究了300mmol／L NaCl胁迫对19个不同类型南瓜品种幼苗盐害指数、电解质渗透率、脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量的影响。结果表明,随NaCl胁迫时间延长,南瓜幼苗盐害指数、电解质渗透率、脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量均呈升高趋势。盐害指数和电解质渗透率能较好反映南瓜幼苗的耐盐性,可作为南瓜品种耐盐性的筛选指标。在NaCl胁迫下,青栗南瓜（Q1）表现出很强的耐盐性,黑蛮南瓜（H2）和黑籽南瓜（H3）为盐敏感品种,而其他为耐盐性中等品种。     

不同品种燕麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的耐盐性

利用NaCl和Na2SO4复盐溶液胁迫处理36个燕麦品种,采用培养皿纸上发芽法,进行种子萌发和幼苗的耐盐能力鉴定,通过分析盐胁迫对不同燕麦种子萌发及幼苗的影响,为燕麦品种耐盐性筛选、盐碱地燕麦栽培和耐盐育种提供理论参考.结果表明:盐分抑制种子的萌发和幼苗生长,低盐浓度(0.4%)适宜各类燕麦生长,对较耐盐的品种有促进萌发、生长的作用,盐浓度1.2%是鉴定燕麦耐盐性的适宜盐浓度;36个品种耐盐性差异较大,可划分为耐盐型、中度耐盐型、不耐盐型3类;燕麦不同品种及不同类型种子萌发的盐浓度范围达极显著差异,各耐盐指标对于燕麦耐盐性的体现存在一定的差异,发芽率、发芽指数、简易活力指数和单株干质量是主要的耐盐指标.     

紫花地丁对盐胁迫的生理反应

为研究盐分胁迫下紫花地丁生理反应,本文以紫花地丁幼苗为试验材料,对不同浓度NaCl处理中的幼苗叶片,进行光合色素、蛋白质、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸的测定。结果表明,盐胁迫下紫花地丁叶片光合色素含量降低、蛋白质、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸含量呈先升高后下降的趋势,当处理浓度高于NaCl2%时,各指标与对照之间差异显著。紫花地丁幼苗能够正常生长的抗盐阈值为NaCl2%,可耐低盐胁迫。渗透调节物质是紫花地丁的主要耐盐性指标。     

外源H2O2对盐胁迫下小白菜种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响

以小白菜"甜脆青"为试材,研究不同浓度（5、10、25、50和100 mmol/L）过氧化氢（H₂O₂）浸种处理对100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下小白菜（Brassica chinensis L.）种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明：100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫明显抑制小白菜种子的萌发状况和幼苗生长,发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数及幼苗根和芽长度和鲜重均明显降低,根和芽中CAT的活性及K⁺含量明显受到抑制,渗透调节物质、活性氧和MDA含量显著增加。不同浓度H₂O₂浸种处理提高了NaCl胁迫下小白菜种子发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数,促进小白菜根和芽的生长,增强了NaCl胁迫下根和芽中SOD、CAT和APX的活性及K⁺含量,降低O₂^-·产生速率及H₂O₂和MDA含量,进一步促进脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量的增加,降低体内Na⁺含量。其中以10 mmol/L H₂O₂处理缓解盐胁迫效果最好,明显缓解NaCl胁迫对小白菜种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制。     

NaCl胁迫对6种红花幼苗渗透调节物质及抗氧化系统的影响

采用沙培法,对红花（Carthamus tinctorius L.）6个品种幼苗进行不同浓度的NaCl胁迫处理,研究其叶绿素（Chl）、丙二醛（MDA）、可溶性糖（SS）含量及抗氧化酶（SOD、POD和CAT）活性的变化,并用隶属函数法对其耐盐性进行综合评定。结果表明：（1）随着盐浓度的增加,除封丘红花幼苗叶绿素含量逐渐下降之外,其它品种均呈先升高后降低的趋势;（2）盐胁迫下各种红花幼苗丙二醛和可溶性糖含量较对照均有显著增加,可溶性蛋白含量先增加后减少;（3）菏泽红花和川红花SOD活性在盐浓度为50mmol/L时与对照相比升高,随后下降,其它品种均呈下降趋势;NaCl胁迫下,6个红花品种POD和CAT活性都是先升高后降低;（4）应用隶属函数法,得出耐盐性的大小顺序为：封丘红花〉菏泽红花〉川红花〉亳州红花〉云红3号〉新疆红花。     

NaCl与干旱胁迫对银沙槐幼苗渗透调节物质含量的影响

以银沙槐幼苗为材料,采用盆栽试验研究不同程度NaCl与干旱胁迫对其叶片渗透调节物质含量的影响,以探讨银沙槐幼苗对NaCl与干旱胁迫的适应性.结果显示,随着单一干旱、盐分及其交叉胁迫程度的增加,幼苗的MDA含量呈上升趋势;幼苗的脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量基本上随NaCl与干旱胁迫程度的加剧呈逐渐上升趋势,在各胁迫水平下均显著高于对照(P<0.05),且在各种重度胁迫处理下均维持在较高水平;幼苗的可溶性蛋白含量在重度干旱与不同盐分交叉胁迫下呈下降趋势.研究表明,银沙槐幼苗中渗透调节物质在其抗旱耐盐性上起到了积极的调节作用;幼苗在盐旱交叉胁迫下表现出交叉适应性.     

番茄品种资源芽苗期和幼苗期的耐盐性及耐盐指标评价

对芽苗期和幼苗期番茄耐盐鉴定指标进行检验,明确番茄芽苗期和幼苗期耐盐性的相关性,筛选耐盐的番茄品种资源,以便为耐盐育种和栽培提供材料和方法.试验采用不同浓度的NaCl水溶液人工模拟盐胁迫,以多项指标盐害系数隶属函数值和总隶属函数值为依据,比较了20个番茄品种资源芽苗期和幼苗期的耐盐性及两个时期耐盐性的相关性,并利用单一指标盐害系数隶属函数值和总隶属函数值进行了聚类分类.结果表明:芽苗期和幼苗期番茄耐盐性有所不同,耐盐和中等耐盐材料相同率为53.85%.进行番茄耐盐性筛选时可以把发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、萌发活力指数、下胚轴长、地上鲜重作为芽苗期耐盐鉴定指标,把地上部鲜重、根鲜重、地上部干重、根干重、壮苗指数、根/冠比作为幼苗期耐盐鉴定指标.     

NaCl胁迫下亚精胺对番茄种子萌发及幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了NaCl胁迫下外源亚精胺（Spd）浸种处理对“白果强丰”番茄种子萌发、幼苗生长及叶片抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明：Spd浸种处理的番茄种子发芽率（G_r）、发芽指数（G_i）和活力指数（V_i）均显著增加,分别比单纯NaCl处理增加了104.90%、142.31%和122.22%,而番茄种子的平均发芽时间（MGT）缩短了4.97%;Spd浸种处理提高了NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性,降低了O₂^-·产生速率和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）含量,进而降低了丙二醛（MDA）含量和质膜电解质渗漏率,增加了叶片可溶性蛋白质含量,促进了番茄幼苗生长.表明Spd浸种促进了NaCl胁迫下番茄种子的萌发及幼苗生长,增强了植株的抗盐性.     

Comparative ultrastructure of aecial and telial infections of the autoecious rust fungus Puccinia tuyutensis

This study demonstrates morphological differences between aecial and telial stages of the autoecious rust Puccinia tuyutensis. The aeciospores possess verrucose ornamentation while the teliospores have smooth surfaces. The aecial and telial haustoria of this rust produced in the mesophyll of Cressa cretica differ morphologically in the following respects:(1) the haustorial mother cell of telial haustorium is more differentiated than that of aecial haustorium and its wall at the penetration site is composed of 4 layers; (2) the aecial haustorium is filamentous in appearance and slightly constricted at the point of entry into the host cell, while the telial haustorium is clavate and possesses a narrow neck with a densely staining neckband and swollen body; (3) the neck of the telial haustorium is always associated with numerous vesicles while that of the aecial haustorium is not. Vascular tissue of host leaves is heavily invaded by aecial haustoria but not by telial haustoria.     

Developmental genetics in larvae,pupae and adults ofSepedon fuscipennis fuscipennis [Dipt.: Sciomyzidae]

An analysis of 28 enzyme loci throughout developmental stages ofSepedon fuscipennis fuscipennis Loew indicated that 16 were polymorphic and 4 were monomorphic in all stages. Nine loci were differentially expressed among the stages: EST-1, EST-2, MDH-2, MDH-3 and PGI-1 occurred only in larvae, AK-3 mainly in pupae, and AK-1, AO and HK-1 only in adults. The average heterozygosity ofS. f. fuscipennis was 0.146 (±0.028) across all stages.      

A comparison of two techniques for measuring and crossdating tree rings

Crossdating is the core principle of dendrochronology. Our study compared two techniques for measuring and crossdating tree rings using Juniperus virginiana L. (eastern redcedar) as a case study. We used a pseudo 2 × 2 study design comparing the traditional skeleton plot/sliding measuring stage technique to a semi-automatic image analysis program across two technicians. Crossdating was evaluated in COFECHA. Raw measurements of total, earlywood, and latewood widths from the two methods were analyzed using the Verify for Windows program, ANOVA, and correlation matrices. Total ring width and earlywood width were well correlated between techniques and technicians but questionable ring boundaries from image analysis program should be checked under a stereoscope. Juniperus virginiana latewood widths were significantly different between techniques and technicians; therefore, we do not recommend combining latewood measurements from species with limited latewood variability for dendrochronological analysis. A standard definition of the earlywood-latewood boundary that can be replicated across technicians is needed to combine latewood measurements from the sliding measuring stage and image analysis systems.     

Possibilities and limitations of seed production of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don under Polish climatic conditions

The studies were carried out at Radzików, Central Poland in the years 1982–1991, using a progeny of an Indian population. It was proved that Catharanthus roseus may be grown in Poland under field conditions as an annual crop, using plants previously raised in glass or plastic houses. However, the culture of C. roseus in the greenhouse resulted in a higher yield of herb and particularly in a better setting of fruits and seeds than under field conditions. The yield of seeds obtained under cover was several times higher than in the field. Growing of plants under cover may be justified, as greenhouses usually are not utilised in the summertime. Consequent mass selection conducted during successive seasons has lead to obtaining the lines better adapted to the conditions of a cool climate and hence more productive. Improvement of generative traits, resulting from selection, was more pronounced than improvement of the vegetative indices. The ‘yellow silique’ has been recognised as an optimal stage for harvest, as at this stage siliques could be easily separated from the stems, whereas the risk of seed shedding was still minimal. Germinability of seeds obtained from siliques harvested at this stage was high and uniform.     

Unique Colony Housing the Coexisting Escherichia coli and Dictyostelium discoideum

Two well-characterized and phylogenetically diverse species, Escherichiacoli and Dictyostelium discoideum, were used as the modelorganisms. When the two species were mixed and allowed to grow onminimal agar plates at 22 ^°C, instead of the predator Dictyostelium exterminating E.coli, the two species remarkablyachieved a state of stable coexistence in about two weeks. In addition, theemerged colonies housing the coexisting species have a mucoidal naturethat is distinctive from its origin. The simplicity of the system and the shorttime span for the two species to develop the coexistence state, that isproven stable and reproducible on laboratory conditions, hence, providesa new model system for the study of symbiosis, particularly with referenceto the initial stages.     

A new species of Tatarina S. Meyen and the problem of differentiation between some Late Permian peltasperms on the basis of epidermal characters

A new species, Tatarina rinatata, is described from continental deposits near the village of Nedubrovo, Vologda Region, Russia, belonging to the base of the Vetlugian Series of the transitional Permian-Triassic aspect. Problems of differentiating between leaves of the genus Tatarina based on epidermal characters are discussed.     

Correlation between Drosophila population sizes and solar activity parameters

The relationships between the time series of the changes in the sizes of experimental Drosophila melanogaster populations at the preimaginal stage and three heliogeophysical indices (Wolf numbers, 10.7-cm radio flux intensity, and the K _p index of geomagnetic activity) have been analyzed. The results demonstrate a significant relationship between the population dynamics and heliogeophysical factors and dependence of this relationship on the phase of the 11-year solar activity cycle. Factors related to solar activity may stimulate female fertility and egg survival.     

Estimate of the effects of ultraviolet radiation on the mortality of Artemia franciscana in naupliar and adult stages

The impact of different doses of artificial ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the growth stages of a marine zooplankton was investigated using laboratory microcosms. Mortality percentages of naupliar and adult samples of Artemia franciscana were recorded in relation to different UV doses (single exposure: 75, 150, 300, 600, 1,200, 2,400, 3,900, 7,800 J m^–2) at specific observation times after exposure (24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h). The relationship between mortality percentage and UV dose showed significant differences in relation to the zooplankton growth stage. The elevated susceptibility of the naupliar samples to UV radiation is described through a mortality model based on a logistic equation. The data analysis shows that the slope of mortality versus dose remains the same for the two growth stages while the lethal dose in the naupliar stage was 3.3 smaller than that determined for the adult stage. The slope of the UV mortality rate versus post-incubation time was found to be significantly different (P<0.05) at low UV doses for the two life stages examined, i.e. naupliar and adult. The lower value of LD₅₀ in naupliar stages compared to that for adults confirms that in the early growth stage this marine zooplankton is more susceptible to UV radiation.     

Effect of Didymella applanata (Niessl/Sacc.) on proline and hydroxyproline containing cell wall proteins of red raspberry

Structural cell wall proteins and their immobilisation through formation of covalent cross-links belong to important defense response mechanisms. In this work, the D. applanata — induced increase of wall-bound proline and hydroxyproline contents were associated with red raspberry resistance. The effect did not depend on the developmental stage and lignification degree of infected primocanes. Pathogen-induced accumulation of hydroxyproline noted in susceptible plants suggested the post-translational hydroxylation of proline-rich proteins and/or may be of other wall proteins. Moreover, the developmentally related increase of hydroxyproline content was associated with the resistance acquirement noted at the end of the summer period. The increase of cell wall structural protein levels was accompanied by free proline accumulation in the cytosol fraction.