患溃烂症的眼斑拟石首鱼分离的灿烂弧菌的鉴定

【目的】从患溃烂症的眼斑拟石首鱼分离到优势菌株M-1,并进一步对该菌的系统发育学进行了分析。【方法】采用形态学、生理生化鉴定,结合16SrRNA和HSP60基因序列分析。【结果】16SrRNA基因同源性分析,菌株M-1与灿烂弧菌(AJ874361、AY046955)聚为一群;HSP60基因(groES)序列分析表明M-1与弧菌(EU653883、AY837440)聚为一个分支。【结论】菌株M-1属于灿烂弧菌(Vibrio splendidus)。     

埃莎霉素Ⅰ组分高含量、高产量基因工程菌WSJ-IA及其原株的鉴定

【目的】利用调节基因acyB2激活异戊酰基转移酶(ist)基因表达的特点,将ist与调节基因acyB2在异戊酰螺旋霉素(埃莎霉素)Ⅰ产生菌菌株中共表达,获得埃莎霉素Ⅰ单组分的高含量及高产量菌株WSJ-IA。对其及原始螺旋霉素产生菌菌株Streptomyces spiramyceticus F21进行了初步鉴定。【方法】从形态学、培养和生理生化特征、细胞壁化学组成、16S rRNA基因序列、5个看家基因(atpD、gyrB、rpoB、recA和trpB)蛋白分析和系统发育树构建等方面对该菌株及其原株进行了鉴定。【结果】两株菌在形态培养特征、生理生化特征、细胞壁化学组成、16S rRNA基因序列和5个看家基因蛋白水平基本一致,在系统发育树分析中同处在一个分支中。而在16S rRNA基因序列和5个看家基因蛋白水平在系统发育上它们均与已知相近菌株处于不同的分支上,并且与不同基因的相近菌株各有不同,其中无一报道产生螺旋霉素。【结论】Streptomyces spira-myceticus F21可能是一个产生螺旋霉素的链霉菌新种,16S rRNA基因序列和5个看家基因蛋白序列分析可以作为埃莎霉素Ⅰ基因工程菌生产过程中进行鉴别的分子标志。     

埃莎霉素I组分高含量、高产量基因工程菌WSJ-IA及其原株的鉴定

【目的】利用调节基因acyB2激活异戊酰基转移酶(ist)基因表达的特点, 将ist与调节基因acyB2在异戊酰螺旋霉素(埃莎霉素)Ⅰ产生菌菌株中共表达, 获得埃莎霉素Ⅰ单组分的高含量及高产量菌株WSJ-IA。本研究对其及原始螺旋霉素产生菌菌株Streptomyces spiramyceticus F21进行了初步鉴定。【方法】从形态学、培养和生理生化特征、细胞壁化学组成、16S rRNA基因序列、5个看家基因(atpD、gyrB、rpoB、recA和trpB)蛋白分析和系统发育树构建等方面对该菌株及其原株进行了鉴定。【结果】两株菌在形态培养特征、生理生化特征、细胞壁化学组成、16S rRNA基因序列和5个看家基因蛋白水平基本一致, 在系统发育树分析中同处在一个分支中。而在16S rRNA基因序列和5个看家基因蛋白水平在系统发育上它们均与已知相近菌株处于不同的分支上, 并且与不同基因的相近菌株各有不同, 其中无一报道产生螺旋霉素。【结论】Streptomyces spiramyceticus F21可能是一个产生螺旋霉素的链霉菌新种, 16S rRNA基因序列和5个看家基因蛋白序列分析可以作为埃莎霉素I基因工程菌生产过程中进行鉴别的分子标志。     

两株对虾幼体弧菌病病原的分离和鉴定

从患弧菌病的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼体中分离到两株病原菌zouA和zouB, 常规形态和生理生化试验表明均为弧菌属菌种, 弧菌编码鉴定系统分别鉴定为溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)和副溶血弧菌(V. parahaemolyticus)。副溶血弧菌R72H序列检测结果进一步证实菌株zouB为副溶血弧菌。对菌株zouA的16S rRNA基因序列分析表明该菌株与溶藻弧菌、副溶血弧菌等弧菌的相似性均高于98%, 相互间不能区分; HSP60基因序列分析表明该菌株与溶藻弧菌相似性达98%以上, 而与所有其它弧菌的相似性不到92%。结合表型和分子特征的鉴定结果, 菌株zouA和zouB分别被鉴定为溶藻弧菌和副溶血弧菌。     

四株红树林促生菌的遗传分析鉴定及其促生能力

【目的】鉴定四株供试菌株的种属地位,了解菌株所具有的促进植物生长能力。【方法】运用nifH与16S rRNA基因序列对供试菌株进行遗传分析,采用钼锑抗比色法和乙炔还原法分别测定菌株的溶磷、固氮能力。通过接种试验验证菌株促进红树植物生长的能力。【结果】通过对菌株nifH与16S rRNA的同源性、系统发育树分析,HN011与需钠弧菌(Vibrio natriegens)的相似性最高,SZ7-1、SZ7-2与产酸克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella oxytoca)的相似性最高。而SZ002在16S rRNA的系统发育分析中归属为类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus sp.),却在nifH基因分析中与克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella sp.)的相似性最高。供试菌株都具有较强的溶磷能力和高固氮酶活性。接种后植株有较好的生长表现,部分接种植株在干重、全氮、全磷含量等方面较对照有显著地增加(P0.05)。【结论】首次发现兼具溶磷-固氮两种能力的红树林植物促生菌,接种试验也表现菌株具有良好的促生能力,为红树林人工接种促生菌的应用提供了可靠的理论依据。     

干酪乳杆菌的近缘种及亚种部分看家基因的系统发育分析

【背景】16S rRNA基因序列分析已广泛应用于细菌的分类鉴定,但是存在一定局限性,而使用看家基因作为分子标记在近缘种及亚种间的系统发育分析中具有其独特的优势。【目的】研究16S rRNA、uvr C (核酸外切酶ABC,C亚基)和mur E (UDP-N-乙酰胞壁酰三肽合酶)基因序列对干酪乳杆菌的近缘种及亚种的区分能力。【方法】采用分离自传统发酵乳中的6株干酪乳杆菌为研究对象,选取uvr C和mur E基因片段,通过PCR扩增、测序,结合已公布的干酪乳杆菌的近缘种或亚种的相应序列计算遗传距离、构建系统发育树,并与16S rRNA基因序列分析技术进行比较。【结果】研究发现Lactobacilluscasei及相近种间的uvr C、mur E和联合基因(uvr C-mur E)构建的系统发育树拓扑结构与16S rRNA基因结果基本一致,区别在于相似性的不同,其分别为79.00%-99.16%、89.08%-99.20%、76.56%-99.69%和99.58%-100%。基于16S rRNA基因不能区分干酪乳杆菌的近缘种及亚种,而看家基因uvr C和mur E基因序列能够很好地区分干酪乳杆菌的近缘种及亚种,并且将uvr C和mur E基因串联使用后,试验菌株与参考菌株的分类关系更加清晰。【结论】联合基因(uvr C-mur E)可作为16SrRNA基因的辅助工具用于干酪乳杆菌的近缘种及亚种的快速准确鉴定。     

基于16S rRNA和HSP60基因序列分析粘细菌孢囊杆菌亚目形态分类的种属之间的亲缘关系

[目的]利用16S rRNA和HSP60基因分子标记分析鉴定形态分类特征不稳定的粘细菌种属.[方法]利用粘细菌的传统分离纯化方法从土壤中分离粘细菌,根据菌株的形态特征进行分类,PCR方法扩增菌株的16S rRNA和HSP60基因序列并进行系统发育关系分析.[结果]根据形态特征,分离得到的15株粘细菌菌株归入孢囊杆菌亚目(Cystobacterineae)的2个科3个属.其中11株粘细菌具有典型的所在种属的子实体结构,而菌株0085-4、0121-3、NM03和Myx9736的子实体结构发生了不同程度退化.15株粘细菌的16S rRNA基因序列的相似性在95.4%到99.5%之间.而HSP60基因序列差异较大.[结论]在属水平上,粘细菌形态分类特征和16S rRNA基因系统进化关系具有很好的一致性;在揭示粘细菌种间系统发育关系中,HSP60基因序列更为适用.     

美洲大蠊(Periplaneta americana)肠道微生物多样性分析

【目的】分析美洲大蠊(Periplaneta americana)肠道微生物群落的组成。【方法】以美洲大蠊肠道微生物基因组为模板,Bact-27F和Univ-1492R为引物,PCR扩增16S rRNA基因,连接pGEM-T载体,构建肠道微生物16S rRNA基因文库,并对肠道微生物的组成及多样性进行分析。【结果】美洲大蠊肠道微生物主要包括变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria,66.4%),拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,17.8%),厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,14.5%),梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria,0.6%),以及未分类微生物(unclassified bacteria,0.6%)。系统发育分析显示,15%的美洲大蠊肠道微生物16S rRNA基因序列与亲缘关系较近的杂食蟑螂肠道微生物的16S rRNA基因序列聚于一支;59%的美洲大蠊肠道微生物16S rRNA基因序列与不同食性动物肠道微生物的16S rRNA基因序列聚于一支。另一方面,18%的美洲大蠊肠道微生物16S rRNA基因序列与潜在的微生物致病菌一致性高于99%,说明美洲大蠊是一类潜在的致病菌携带者。【结论】美洲大蠊肠道微生物群落组成多样,宿主系统进化以及杂食性生活方式对其肠道微生物的组成有较大影响。     

黑木相思根瘤菌的系统发育分析及其结瘤效果研究

【目的】针对采集自福建、广东的34株黑木相思根瘤菌进行分类研究,进一步确定其分类地位,丰富我国黑木相思根瘤菌种质资源。【方法】对选取的34株菌株测定了16S rRNA基因、持家基因atpD和glnII序列,以14株菌为代表菌株分析其系统发育情况。而且选取了部分菌株进行结瘤实验。【结果】16S rRNA基因以及持家基因atpD和glnII的系统发育分析结果与16S rRNA PCR-RFLP分型结果基本一致,14株代表菌株被分为10个不同的类群,其中有2个群组属于中慢生根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium),其余群组属于慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)。结瘤试验证明,相关的供试根瘤菌能与黑木相思、银合欢、南洋楹和网脉相思结瘤共生,显示出较广的宿主范围,且对黑木相思和银合欢的促生效果较明显。【结论】研究发现黑木相思根瘤菌具有丰富的遗传多样性和共生多样性。     

粪肠、屎肠球菌及相近种部分持家基因的系统发育分析

【目的】利用16S rRNA、clpX和recA基因分子标记研究Enterococcus faecalis、Enterococcus faecium及相近种间的种系发育关系,并比较这些基因序列对E.faecalis、E.faecium及相近种的区分能力。【方法】以分离自传统乳制品中的9株E.faecium和1株E.durans分离株为研究对象,以clpX和recA基因片段为标记,通过PCR扩增、测序,结合已公布的近缘种相应序列构建系统发育树并与16S rRNA基因进行比较。【结果】在基于clpX和recA基因的进化树中,10株试验菌株与E.faecalis始终处于同一分支。与该物种这两个基因的平均相似性为99.6%和98.6%,与另一分支的Faecium-group(E.durans和E.faecium)的平均相似性仅为61.5%和33.5%。相近种E.durans和E.hirae间这两个基因的差异性为20.3%和39.0%;在基于16S rRNA基因的进化树中,试验菌株与Faecium-group(E.lactis、E.faecium、E.durans、E.hirae)处于同一分支。与这些成员间该基因的相似性大于99.6%,与E.faecalis基因的平均相似性可达98.4%。相近种间该基因相似性无明显差异。【结论】按照10株试验菌株clpX和recA基因的分析结果可将由传统生理生化和16S rRNA基因序列鉴定的9株E.faecium和1株E.durans归类为E.faecalis,clpX和recA基因可用于部分相近种的分类鉴定。     

The nonrandom microheterogeneity of 16S rRNA genes in Vibrio splendidus may reflect adaptation to versatile lifestyles

16S rRNA molecules in a microbial strain can differ due to nucleotide variation between their genes. This is a typical trait of fast-growing bacteria to cope with different niches. We investigated characteristics of 16S rRNA genes in Vibrio splendidus strain PB1-10, from the normal flora of Atlantic halibut. Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene clones detected 35 variable positions in a total of 13 different gene copies. More than two-thirds of the substitutions occurred in regions corresponding to helix H6 and helix H17 of the 16S rRNA molecule. Possible recombination between these helixes in related bacteria ( Vibrio, Photobacterium, Colwellia ) from similar environments impacts 16S rRNA-based phylogeny of V. splendidus . We argue that these nonrandom modifications are maintained to provide a fine-tuning of the ribosome function to optimize translation machinery performance and ultimately bacterial niche fitness.     

两株对虾幼体弧菌病病原的分离和鉴定

从患弧菌病的凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）幼体中分离到两株病原菌zouA和zouB,常规形态和生理生化试验表明均为弧菌属菌种,弧菌编码鉴定系统分别鉴定为溶藻弧菌（Vibrioatginolyticus）和副溶血弧菌（V.parahaemolyticus）。副溶血弧菌R72H序列检测结果进一步证实菌株zouB为副溶血弧菌。对菌株zouA的16S rRNA基因序列分析表明该菌株与溶藻弧菌、副溶血弧菌等弧菌的相似性均高于98％,相互间不能区分;HSP60基因序列分析表明该菌株与溶藻弧菌相似性达98％以上,而与所有其它弧菌的相似性不到92％。结合表型和分子特征的鉴定结果,菌株zouA和zouB分别被鉴定为溶藻弧菌和副溶血弧菌。     

溶藻弧菌HY9901 AcrA基因克隆与序列分析

Touchdown PCR扩增溶藻弧菌HY9901 AcrA基因部分序列,得一460bp片段,再以反向PCR和巢式PCR联合扩增其侧翼序列,拼接得一由1101 nt组成,共编码366 aa的完整基因.该基因演绎的氨基酸序列与几种弧菌的同源性都比较高,与创伤弧菌YJ016、副溶血弧菌RIMD 2210633、灿烂弧菌12B01、霍乱弧菌O1 N16961同源性分别为76%、73%、71%和70%.     

Characterization of Vibrio strains isolated from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) culture by phenotypic analysis,ribotyping and 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison

AIM: The aim of the present study was to clarify the taxonomic status of Vibrio strains isolated from an aquaculture system and to compare the results of the identifications made by phenotypic and molecular methods. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifty-one Vibrio strains isolated from a turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) aquaculture system were characterized by ribotyping and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The strains had been identified phenotypically in a previous numerical taxonomy analysis as Vibrio anguillarum, V. mediterranei, V. splendidus, V. aestuarianus, V. ordalii, V. fischeri and V. scophthalmi. Cluster analysis of ribotype patterns showed that the strains were separated into two main groups: V. splendidus-V. lentus and V. scophthalmi groups. The use of 16S rRNA gene sequence allowed differentiation among V. splendidus biovar I and V. lentus strains. CONCLUSIONS: The molecular methods identified strains of V. splendidus biovar I, V. lentus and V. scophthalmi, showing discrepancies with phenotypic characterization. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The molecular methods, as 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, are necessary for the identification of phenotypically close species to avoid mis-identifications. Interestingly, this is the first report of V. lentus strains associated to turbot culture.     

大黄鱼病原哈维氏弧菌单克隆抗体的制备及其应用

用甲醛灭活哈维氏弧菌（Vibrio harveyi）GYC1108-1制备免疫原免疫8周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠,利用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术,用间接酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）对杂交瘤进行筛选,阳性克隆经2－3次亚克隆后,共获得5株针对GYC1108-1的单克隆抗体。选取1B7制备小鼠腹水抗体,其细胞上清及腹水效价分别为1∶3200和1∶32000。同样用灭活的哈维氏弧菌免疫新西兰大白兔,5次免疫后颈动脉采血,离心取血清,并用饱和硫酸铵法进行纯化,制备了兔抗哈维氏弧菌多克隆抗体,其ELISA效价为1∶51200。利用1B7单克隆抗体和兔抗哈维氏弧菌多克隆抗体以及山羊抗小鼠HRP酶标二抗,建立了检测哈维氏弧菌的三抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验（TAS-ELISA）方法。该方法对哈维氏弧菌的最小检出浓度为1×104个/mL。用该TAS-ELISA方法检测大黄鱼（Pseudosciaena crocea）样品,54尾患病大黄鱼中有45尾检出哈维氏弧菌,而14尾健康大黄鱼都没有检出哈维氏弧菌。由此可见,本试验建立的TAS-ELISA方法,可以用于患病大黄鱼哈维氏弧菌的快速诊断。     

Characterization of pathogenic bacteria of the cupped oyster Crassostrea gigas

The French mollusc production is mainly based on the Pacific cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Since 1991, outbreaks of mass mortality of juveniles are reported during the summer period. These outbreaks are a major concern of oyster industry. Several studies have established given bacterial strains to be pathogenic for bivalve species, including oysters. Here we present a study of mortality outbreaks of C. gigas, as initiated in 1995. In a first step, bacterial strains were isolated during mass mortality outbreak and were biochemically characterised. Among the isolated strains, some strains of Vibrio splendidus biovar II were found to be pathogenic by means of experimental challenge of oyster juveniles. In the second step, a genotypical identification of the pathogenic strain was undertaken, based on 16S RNA sequences and phylogenetic analysis. It confirmed that the pathogenetic strain belonged to Vibrio splendidus biovar II.     

Specific expression of antimicrobial peptide and HSP70 genes in response to heat-shock and several bacterial challenges in mussels

Defensin, mytilin and myticin are antimicrobial peptides (AMP) involved in mussel innate immunity. Their in vitro antibacterial activity is different according to the targeted bacterial species. To determine if this specificity is correlated to different regulations of gene expressions, adult mussels were challenged in vivo with either Vibrio splendidus LGP32, Vibrio anguillarum, Micrococcus lysodeikticus or by heat shock. RNAs were isolated from circulating hemocytes and AMP mRNAs were quantified by Q-PCR using 28S rRNA as housekeeping gene. In addition, HSP70 gene expression was also quantified as representing non-specific response to stress. In na?ve mussels, the three AMP mRNAs were present in dramatically different quantities. Compared to defensin, myticin was expressed 300-fold more and mytilin 30-fold more. HSP70 was found expressed 80-fold more than defensin. AMP genes were differentially regulated according to the challenging bacteria, M. lysodeikticus being the only one inducing down-regulation. Such variations in mRNA quantities were observed immediately after challenging, lasting less than 24h. Only V. anguillarum effect was observed later, between 12h and 3 days post-challenge. Compared to their background expression in na?ve mussels, the major effect of V. splendidus was the decrease of mytilin and myticin mRNAs, V. anguillarum mainly increased both mytilin and HSP70 mRNAs, whereas M. lysodeikticus almost suppressed defensin mRNA. As expected, heat shock increased HSP70 mRNA, but also myticin mRNA. Consequently, AMP genes responded specifically to the challenges, confirming that at least some of the innate immune mechanisms are specifically orientated.     

Phenotypic and genetic characterization of bacteria isolated from diseased cultured sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus in northeastern China

During the winter-spring from 2004 to 2006 in northeastern China cultured Japanese sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus suffered from a serious disease. Clinical signs included swollen mouth, skin ulceration and massive mortality. Clinical samples taken during this period were studied. Thirty-one bacterial samples were isolated from diseased sea cucumbers and identified through biochemical tests, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and PCR amplification, followed by pathogenicity determination. The results showed that the 31 isolates belonged to the genera Vibrio (64.5%), Shewanella (12.9%), Serratia (12.9%), Pseudoalteromonas (6.4%) and Flavobacterium (3.2 %). The 3 prominent strains were Vibrio splendidus (41.9%), Shewanella (12.9%) and Serratia odorifera biogroup I (12.9%). Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that 13 out of 31 isolates were pathogenic, including 8 strains of V splendidus, 3 strains of Shewanella sp. and 2 strains of Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis. The pathogenic V splendidus showed the highest frequency of appearance. Median lethal dose (LD50) values (14 d) of V splendidus, Shewanella sp. and P. tetraodonis were 1.74 x 10(7), 7.76 x 10(6), 7.24 x 10(7) CFU g(-1) body weight of sea cucumber, respectively. The virulences differed by species: Shewanella sp. > V splendidus> P. tetraodonis. This is the first report of Shewanella sp. virulence in sea cucumber.     

Isolation of Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio splendidus from aquacultured carpet shell clam (Ruditapes decussatus) larvae associated with mass mortalities

Two episodes of mortality of cultured carpet shell clams (Ruditapes decussatus) associated with bacterial infections were recorded during 2001 and 2002 in a commercial hatchery located in Spain. Vibrio alginolyticus was isolated as the primary organism from moribund clam larvae that were obtained during the two separate events. Vibrio splendidus biovar II, in addition to V. alginolyticus, was isolated as a result of a mixed Vibrio infection from moribund clam larvae obtained from the second mortality event. The larval mortality rates for these events were 62 and 73%, respectively. Mortality was also detected in spat. To our knowledge, this is the fist time that these bacterial species have been associated with larval and juvenile carpet shell clam mortality. The bacterial strains were identified by morphological and biochemical techniques and also by PCR and sequencing of a conserved region of the 16S rRNA gene. In both cases bacteria isolated in pure culture were inoculated into spat of carpet shell clams by intravalvar injection and by immersion. The mortality was attributed to the inoculated strains, since the bacteria were obtained in pure culture from the soft tissues of experimentally infected clams. V. alginolyticus TA15 and V. splendidus biovar II strain TA2 caused similar histological lesions that affected mainly the mantle, the velum, and the connective tissue of infected organisms. The general enzymatic activity of both live cells and extracellular products (ECPs), as evaluated by the API ZYM system, revealed that whole bacterial cells showed greater enzymatic activity than ECPs and that the activity of most enzymes ceased after heat treatment (100 degrees C for 10 min). Both strain TA15 and strain TA2 produced hydroxamate siderophores, although the activity was greater in strain TA15. ECPs from both bacterial species at high concentrations, as well as viable bacteria, caused significant reductions in hemocyte survival after 4 h of incubation, whereas no significant differences in viability were observed during incubation with heat-killed bacteria.