藏药多刺绿绒蒿种子萌发特性研究

多刺绿绒蒿(Meconopsis horridula)为罂粟科绿绒蒿属一年生草本植物,是一种极具观赏价值和药用价值的高山植物,目前处于濒危状态,因此研究多刺绿绒蒿种子的萌发特性对其种子育苗及人工栽培具有重要意义。为了提高多刺绿绒蒿的种子发芽率,该研究以多刺绿绒蒿的种子为材料,分析了不同消毒剂、浸种时间、温度和外源植物激素对种子萌发特性的影响。结果表明:(1)最适消毒方法为75%乙醇1 min+3%H2O25 min,最适浸种时间为24 h,最适温度和光照条件为20℃/10℃(光照12 h/黑暗12 h),用无菌水浸种后的种子发芽率为49.67%。(2) GA_3100～600 mg·L~(-1)和NAA 5～30 mg·L~(-1)可以提高种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数,缩短发芽启动时间和发芽持续时间,对种子的萌发有促进作用。(3) 6-BA 5 mg·L~(-1)和10 mg·L~(-1)对种子的萌发有一定的促进作用,但不显著,6-BA浓度≥15 mg·L~(-1)则抑制种子的萌发。(4)用GA3500 mg·L~(-1)浸种后的种子发芽指标最好,发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数分别为69.67%、33.00%、4.51,种子的发芽起始时间和发芽持续时间分别为10.67 d、11.67 d。     

外源水杨酸对总状绿绒蒿种子萌发及生理特性的影响

以总状绿绒蒿（Meconopsis racemosa Maxim.）为实验材料,通过不同浓度水杨酸（SA）浸种处理,研究了SA在不同温度条件下对总状绿绒蒿种子萌发质量和相关生理特性的影响。结果表明,在5~30℃条件下,对总状绿绒蒿种子萌发都有不同程度影响,但在15~25℃条件下,萌发效果比较显著（P<0.05）,其中20℃萌发效果极为显著（P<0.01）;0.1~1.0 mmol·L^-1 SA浸种预处理明显促进了总状绿绒蒿种子的萌发,其萌发指数、发芽势、萌发率在0.1~0.7 mmol·L^-1 SA范围内呈显著增长趋势,其中0.7 mmol·L^-1 SA处理效果极为显著（P<0.01）;（3） SA浸种后总状绿绒蒿种子内可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量的变化同种子的萌发和生长呈相似趋势,用0.7 mmol·L^-1 SA处理后,种子内可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸的含量达到最高。通过SA浸种可以提高总状绿绒蒿种子的萌发率;并且SA在高温和低温条件下对其萌发有一定的缓解作用。     

储藏和萌发温度对青藏高原东缘12种灌木种子萌发的影响

研究了青藏高原东缘2个储藏条件下的12种灌木种子在10、15、20、25℃恒温培养下和5/25℃变温培养下的萌发特性及其与种子大小和生境的关系。结果表明:12种灌木室内干储种子在5/25℃变温培养下种子平均萌发率最高、萌发速率最快,室外埋藏种子10℃、5/25℃下种子平均萌发率相近且最高,但萌发速率5/25℃最快,10℃下最慢,4个恒温下的室内干储和室外埋藏种子的萌发速率均随温度升高而变快;10、15、20和25℃恒温培养下的室外埋藏种子平均萌发率、平均萌发速率均高于室内储藏,而5/25℃变温下则是室外埋藏种子平均萌发率、平均萌发速率均低于室内储藏;室内干储的12种灌木种子在5/25℃变温下的萌发率、萌发速率与种子大小呈显著负相关,而室外埋藏的种子在10℃以及5/25℃变温下的萌发率、萌发速率与种子大小均呈显著负相关,20℃下,只有萌发速率与种子大小呈显著负相关;其他储藏和温度下的萌发率、萌发速率与种子大小均没有显著相关;无论室内干储还是室外埋藏,阳坡灌丛物种在5个温度下的萌发率、萌发速率均显著高于阴坡灌丛物种,阴坡灌丛种子萌发率随温度升高而降低;变温有利于种子萌发,贮藏条件对种子的萌发特性的影响具有变温依赖性,种子的萌发特性与种子大小以及生境的关系具有明显的培养温度和储存条件依赖性。     

青藏高原东缘11种小檗属(Berberis)植物种子萌发特性

在实验室条件下研究了青藏高原东缘11种小檗属(Berberis)植物的种子萌发特性,并分析了种子萌发能力与种子大小和海拔之间的关系。结果表明,11种植物中,仅有5种植物(金花小檗、匙叶小檗、锥花小檗、鲜黄小檗和刺黄花)种子萌发率超过50%,其中金花小檗最高(86.7%);有2种植物(巴东小檗、华西小檗)种子始终没有萌发,其余4种植物种子萌发率均在10%以下;种子萌发开始时间均在10d以后,匙叶小檗种子萌发的持续时间最长(40d)。11种植物种子萌发率、萌发速率、萌发持续时间与种子大小均呈显著负相关,而萌发开始时间与种子大小之间具有显著的正相关关系。萌发率、萌发速率、萌发持续时间与海拔均有较弱的正关联,萌发开始时间与海拔有较弱的负关联。     

光照对不同海拔的南川绣线菊和锥花小檗种子萌发的影响

对青藏高原东缘不同海拔的南川绣线菊(海拔2500、2700、3020和3300 m)和锥花小檗种子(海拔2160、2760、3000和3250 m)在12 h光周期和24 h全黑暗条件下的萌发进行了研究。结果表明:(1)南川绣线菊的种子大小与海拔之间呈显著负相关,锥花小檗的种子大小与海拔无显著相关性。(2)南川绣线菊种子,除有光条件下种子的萌发率与海拔有较弱正相关外,光下萌发速率、暗处萌发速率、暗处萌发率均与海拔有显著的正相关;锥花小檗种子在光、暗培养条件下的萌发率、萌发速率与海拔之间均没有相关性,但不同海拔种子的萌发率、萌发速率有显著差异,2760 m采集的种子萌发能力最高,随海拔降低或升高,萌发能力降低。(3)不同海拔采集的南川绣线菊种子在有光条件下的萌发率、萌发速率均显著高于黑暗条件,这种差异随着海拔升高到3250 m,变得不明显。光、暗培养条件对不同海拔锥花小檗种子的萌发率和萌发速率均没有影响。说明海拔和光照条件是造成南川绣线菊种子萌发能力差异的主要原因,而海拔能造成锥花小檗种子萌发能力差异,但光照对其萌发能力没有影响。     

陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区14种植物的萌发特性

在实验室条件下观测了陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区14种植物的萌发特性,结果发现：萌发率在80%以上的植物有杠柳、铁杆蒿和茭蒿;在60%～80%之间的物种有白羊草、紫丁香、阿尔泰狗娃花、大针茅、沙棘和猪毛蒿;长芒草为37.3%;小于20%的植物有达乌里胡枝子、刺槐、虎榛子和狼牙刺。14种植物的萌发时滞最短的为2 d,最长的为8 d;几乎所有植物种子达到T50的时间都在其萌发开始后的7 d以内,且大部分物种在萌发开始后的15 d完成总萌发量的90%;萌发持续时间最短的为6 d,有刺槐、狼牙刺、虎榛子、沙棘4种,最长的为猪毛蒿,达32 d。这些植物种子的萌发特性及生态适宜性决定了它们在陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区植被演替中的角色与地位。     

NaCl胁迫对疣苞滨藜种子萌发和早期幼苗生长的影响

在光/暗(12 h/12 h)条件下研究了温度、苞片和NaCl浓度对疣苞滨藜种子萌发及其恢复的影响,同时观察萌发后幼根在NaCl中的生长和恢复情况.结果显示:(1)疣苞滨藜种子在温度周期为5℃/2℃、15℃/5℃、20℃/10℃、25℃/5℃、25℃/15℃中处理12 d后种子萌发率均达到80%以上,其最适萌发温度为25℃/15℃.(2)苞片对种子萌发不存在抑制作用,但能够延缓萌发时间.(3)低浓度的NaCl能促进种子萌发和幼根的伸长,且在0.2 mol/L时达到最大,在0.8 mol/L时完全抑制种子萌发和幼苗的生长.(4)经过不同浓度NaCl预处理后的种子,其萌发恢复率随原处理浓度的升高而升高,且最终萌发率都高于对照.研究表明,NaCl处理对疣苞滨藜种子没有造成伤害,其抑制萌发是通过渗透效应而不是离子毒害;疣苞滨藜种子和幼苗对盐分的耐性是其适应盐渍荒漠环境的重要原因.     

全缘叶绿绒蒿的花内热量来源和温度调节功能

为探究全缘叶绿绒蒿( Meconopsis integrifolia )的花内热量来源和温度调节功能,该研究选择在全缘叶绿绒蒿的巴朗山居群,对其进行遮阴及去瓣处理,并采用红外热像仪监测全缘叶绿绒蒿的花内微环境温度日变化及花器官温度,用环境温度计监测环境温度。结果表明:(1)太阳照射显著提高全缘叶绿绒蒿花内微环境温度和花器官温度,全缘叶绿绒蒿的热量主要来源于太阳辐射。花内微环境昼夜温差显著低于环境昼夜温差,全缘叶绿绒蒿的花具有温度调节功能。(2)白天环境温度较高时,太阳照射显著提高全缘叶绿绒蒿花内微环境温度,花瓣会降低花内微环境温度; 夜间环境温度较低时,花瓣闭合会提高花内微环境温度; 花瓣闭合运动降低了花内微环境昼夜温差,产生了保温效果。(3)在太阳照射下,花器官温度差异显著,雌雄蕊温度显著高于花瓣温度,且花器官温度由雌蕊柱头中心点向外递减,全缘叶绿绒蒿能有效调控花器官各部位的温度。综上认为,全缘叶绿绒蒿的花内热量来源于太阳辐射,主要通过花瓣闭合运动降低花内微环境昼夜温差并能在太阳照射下调节各花器官的温度实现温度调节功能。     

乌蕨孢子萌发研究

用随机区组试验和方差分析方法,研究了培养温度、贮藏温度、GA处理和光照强度对乌蕨(Sphe-nomeris chinensis)孢子萌发的影响。与室温(20～25℃)相比,培养温度在28℃时,孢子最大萌发率相近而萌发速率明显较高。贮藏温度(A)极显著(P<0.01)影响孢子萌发率,-20℃贮藏降低萌发率;GA(B)对孢子萌发率无显著影响。光照强度(C)极显著(P<0.01)影响孢子萌发率,充足光照和弱光照无显著差异,黑暗处理降低萌发率。A×B,A×C,B×C及A×B×C交互效应不显著。     

温度、基质对泡泡刺种子萌发的影响

研究了温度、种子大小和基质对荒漠植物泡泡刺种子萌发的影响.结果表明:无论是滤纸还是沙子基质上,泡泡刺种子的萌发率、平均萌发时间和萌发率指数受温度的影响显著,而受种子大小的影响不显著.在沙子处理中,较高的萌发率发生在恒温25℃～35℃和变温20℃/30℃,10℃时萌发率较低.平均萌发时间随着温度的上升而呈下降趋势.在滤纸和沙子基质中,泡泡刺萌发的基本温度、最佳温度和最高温度分别为9.0℃、25.3℃、45.2℃和4.8℃、34.1℃、45.0℃.从4.8℃～45℃,泡泡刺种子可萌发的热量范围广,说明了泡泡刺定植的高度潜力.在荒漠生态系统恢复中,这种特性可使泡泡刺成为较好的候选者.     

Temperature dependence of the germination of tomato seeds

1. 1.|The germination of tomato “C38” seeds exposed to periodical white incandescent light occurs from 6.0° ± 0.2°C to 37.5° ± 0.2°C, being rate-limited for 10.3° T 25.9°C, and elsewhere limited by the germination capacity.

2. 2.|Rate averages are linearly T-dependent outside their optimum range (25.9° T 29.5°C) and rate variances are typically heterogeneous.

3. 3.|The smooth curvilinear Arrhenius plot indicates that diffusion processes cannot be rate-limiting outside the interval 25.9° T 29.5°C, whereas phase transitions and (or) transconformation of proteins may limit the rate above 34.9°C and, by opposite effects, below 15.3°C.

4. 4.|The thermal communication between the environment and the germinating seed proceeds by a temperature signal which is quenched by random thermal noise at T 11.2°C and at T 34.0°C.

Analysis of the action of compounds that inhibit the germination of spores of Bacillus species

AIMS: To determine the mechanism of action of inhibitors of the germination of spores of Bacillus species, and where these inhibitors act in the germination process. METHODS AND RESULTS: Spores of various Bacillus species are significant agents of food spoilage and food-borne disease, and inhibition of spore germination is a potential means of reducing such problems. Germination of the following spores was studied: (i) wild-type B. subtilis spores; (ii) B. subtilis spores with a nutrient receptor variant allowing recognition of a novel germinant; (iii) B. subtilis spores with elevated levels of either the variant nutrient receptor or its wild-type allele; (iv) B. subtilis spores lacking all nutrient receptors and (v) wild-type B. megaterium spores. Spores were germinated with a variety of nutrient germinants, Ca2+-dipicolinic acid (DPA) and dodecylamine for B. subtilis spores, and KBr for B. megaterium spores. Compounds tested as inhibitors of germination included alkyl alcohols, a phenol derivative, a fatty acid, ion channel blockers, enzyme inhibitors and several other compounds. Assays used to assess rates of spore germination monitored: (i) the fall in optical density at 600 nm of spore suspensions; (ii) the release of the dormant spore's large depot of DPA; (iii) hydrolysis of the dormant spore's peptidoglycan cortex and (iv) generation of CFU from spores that lacked all nutrient receptors. The results with B. subtilis spores allowed the assignment of inhibitory compounds into two general groups: (i) those that inhibited the action of, or response to, one nutrient receptor and (ii) those that blocked the action of, or response to, several or all of the nutrient receptors. Some of the compounds in groups 1 and 2 also blocked action of at least one cortex lytic enzyme, however, this does not appear to be the primary site of their action in inhibiting spore germination. The inhibitors had rather different effects on germination of B. subtilis spores with nutrients or non-nutrients, consistent with previous work indicating that germination of B. subtilis spores by non-nutrients does not involve the spore's nutrient receptors. In particular, none of the compounds tested inhibited spore germination with dodecylamine, and only three compounds inhibited Ca2+-DPA germination. In contrast, all compounds had very similar effects on the germination of B. megaterium spores with either glucose or KBr. The effects of the inhibitors tested on spores of both Bacillus species were largely reversible. CONCLUSIONS: This work indicates that inhibitors of B. subtilis spore germination fall into two classes: (i) compounds (most alkyl alcohols, N-ethylmaleimide, nifedipine, phenols, potassium sorbate) that inhibit the action of, or response to, primarily one nutrient receptor and (ii) compounds [amiloride, HgCl2, octanoic acid, octanol, phenylmethylsulphonylfluoride (PMSF), quinine, tetracaine, tosyl-l-arginine methyl ester, trifluoperazine] that inhibit the action of, or response to, several nutrient receptors. Action of these inhibitors, is reversible. The similar effects of inhibitors on B. megaterium spore germination by glucose or KBr indicate that inorganic salts likely trigger germination by activating one or more nutrient receptors. The lack of effect of all inhibitors on dodecylamine germination suggests that this compound stimulates germination by creating channels in the spore's inner membrane allowing DPA release. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This work provides new insight into the steps in spore germination that are inhibited by various chemicals, and the mechanism of action of these inhibitors. The work also provides new insights into the process of spore germination itself.     

Germination responses of a seed population of Taraxacum officinale Weber to constant temperatures including the supra-optimal range

Abstract The germination responses of a nondormant fraction of a seed population of Taraxacum officinale Weber at constant temperatures in the range 7–34°C were analysed through a time-course study. Maximal percentage germination (approximately 90%) was attained at temperatures 10–18°C, where simple linear relationships were observed between the temperature and the germination rates, i.e. the reciprocals of the time taken to germinate by subpopulations with 20–80% germination. There was a variation in the required ‘thermal times’ (θ) which characterized the linear relationships, the distribution of which could be approximated for the seed population by the following distribution function: where m is the median of the distribution, and A is a shape parameter characterizing the pattern of the distribution. Final percentage germination decreased with increasing temperature from 20 to 32°C, where the final percentage germination vs. temperature plotted on a normal probability scale yielded a straight line, indicating the normality of the distribution of the upper limit temperature in the seed population. The estimated mean and standard deviation were 27.25 ± 3.75°C. The rate of germination for the subpopulation with 20–80% germination also decreased with increases in the temperature from 22 to 30°C. If the relationships between the temperature within this range and the rate for the subpopulations with 20–80% germination were approximated by the regression lines, the negative ‘thermal time’ characterizing the yielded linear relationship would have a distribution which could be approximated by the same function with the required thermal time for the relationship of suboptimal range. The parameters m and A for the negative ‘thermal time’ were determined to be 2870 K h and 1.7 × 10^-10 K^-3 h^-3.     

板蓝根种子的吸水特性及发芽条件研究

采用室内测定方法,对板蓝根种子的吸水特性及不同处理下种子的发芽率、发芽势和相对活力指数等进行比较研究。结果表明,板蓝根种子具有快速吸水的生物学特性,分为快速吸水期、缓慢吸水期和缓慢吐水期三个阶段,入水后2 h的吸水量达最大吸水量的73.29%,为快速吸水阶段;温度对板蓝根种子的萌发影响较大,最适发芽温度为30℃。光照、发芽床和种子预处理对板蓝根种子的萌发无明显影响。这说明板蓝根种子的萌发主要取决于水分和温度。     

Germination of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis spores in the gut of Aedes larvae (Diptera: Culicidae)

In laboratory experiments, germination and growth of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis in the gut of Aedes aegypti and A. vexans larvae (Culicidae: Diptera) was observed. The number of spores and vegetative cells in the gut of living larvae and in cadavers was estimated by plaing homogenized larvae on selective agar plates. The number of spores per gut increased in the first 40–140 min of exposure to a maximum, and decreased in the subsequent time, demonstrating spore germination in living larvae, moribunds, and in cadavers. Twenty-four hours after the death of the larvae, a minimal amount of spores, but an increased number of vegetative cells, was found in cadavers. In A. aegypti larvae, germination and growth of B. thuringiensis israelensis in the larval gut was photographically documented.     

丹参种子的吸水特性及发芽条件研究

丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge)种子具有快速吸水的生物学特性,在10℃和25℃下,种子入水10min后吸水量即可达到种子原重的4．5倍左右,至2h吸水量分别达到原重的10．5和11．7倍。温度对种子的吸水速率无明显的影响。丹参种子发芽的最适宜温度在25～30℃,在实验室条件下,采用滤纸床25℃时,一级种子发芽率可达83％,混级种子为74％。同时发现,预先冷冻、PEG—4000引发和GA3浸种处理可以明显提高丹参种子的发芽率。采用超声波处理和PEG引发技术可以使贮藏1a的陈种子发芽率达到45％以上。     

A rapid plant assay for the parasponia-rhizobium symbiosis

A plant assay was devised which enabled the rapid and reliable assessment of nodulation and nitrogen fixation in the symbiosis formed between Parasponia andersonii and Parasponia Rhizobium strain CP279. Seed germination was obtained in 4 days with 87% germination after 13 days. An agar plate plant assay allowed nodulation of all replicates in 7–8 days with nitrogen fixation established at 21 days as measured by acetylene reduction. Nodules could also be assessed for effectiveness by a visual comparison between inoculated and uniculated plants or by differences in total plant fresh wt. after 6 weeks of growth.