苹小卷叶蛾在四种寄主植物上的生长发育及繁殖

【目的】研究阐明不同寄主对苹小卷叶蛾Adoxophyes orana生长发育及繁殖的影响。【方法】在室温26±1℃,RH 80%±5%和光周期16L∶8D条件下,以桃Amygdalus persica、苹果Malus pumila、李Prunus salicina和杏Armeniaca vulgaris 4种果树叶片为食料,观察苹小卷叶蛾实验种群生长发育特性和繁殖能力,组建实验种群生命表。【结果】苹小卷叶蛾在桃、苹果、李、杏上生长发育和繁殖存在显著差异。全世代的发育历期在苹果上最短,为34.44 d;在李上最长,为38.37 d。取食桃的蛹重最重(28.25 mg/蛹),取食李的蛹重最轻(17.93 mg/蛹)。世代存活率在桃和苹果上较高(≥60.00%),在李和杏上较小(分别为45.00%和50.00%)。在桃上产卵最多(96.15粒/雌),在杏上最少(68.15粒/雌)。生命表参数表明,净增殖率以桃上为最高(23.20),杏上最低(11.66);内禀增长率也以桃上为最高(0.0953);世代平均周期则以李上最长(35.72 d);种群加倍时间以桃上最短(7.29 d),杏上最长(9.79 d)。【结论】4种寄主植物中,桃和苹果较适宜苹小卷叶蛾幼虫的发育及繁殖。     

山楂叶螨在苹果不同品种上的生长发育及繁殖

室内试验结果表明 ,山楂叶螨TetrancychusvienensisZacher在苹果不同品种上的生长发育和繁殖有较大的差异。其中在红星上存活率高 ,发育速度快 ,生殖力强 ;而在秦冠上存活率低、发育速度慢、生殖力低。对山楂叶螨种群年结龄构的分析表明 ,卵在种群中所占比例较高 ,而成虫所占比例甚低 ,建议在对其进行防治时选用杀卵力强的药剂     

杏白带麦蛾生物学特性观察初报

<正> 杏白带麦蛾Recurvaria syrictis Mcyrick属鳞翅目、麦蛾科。已知北京、河北、山西、陕西等省发生。寄主有杏、桃、李、樱桃、梹沙果、苹果,以杏、桃为主。现将我们1983—1985年观察结果和田间药效测试结果整理叙后。     

苹掌舟蛾药效实验的统计分析

苹掌舟蛾（Ｐｈａｌｅｒａ ｆｌａｖｅｓｃｅｎｓ Ｂｒｅｍｅｒ ｅｔ Ｇｒｅｙ）为北方苹果、南方枇杷和梨、桃、李、杏、梅、樱桃、山楂等果树的重要害虫,常致枇杷及光叶石楠受害成灾。本用统计的方法分析了采用农药和病毒防治苹掌舟蛾幼虫的效果。     

桃蛀果蛾寄主生物型分化的RAPD分析

以山茱萸蛀果蛾Carposina coreana Kim为外群,用44个随机引物对苹果、山楂、桃、杏、枣和酸枣等6种寄主植物上的桃蛀果蛾Carposina sasakii Matsumura进行了RAPD 分析。结果表明,不同寄主上的桃蛀果蛾之间遗传差异出现了较大的分化,桃蛀果蛾6个寄主生物型之间的平均遗传距离在0.040～0.637之间,尤其是杏生物型分化最大。经聚类分析,可将不同寄主上的桃蛀果蛾明显分成两个类群,杏生物型为一群,其余为一群。两个类群间遗传距离为0.465,亚群内部的遗传距离为0.040～0.369。推测杏树上的“桃蛀果蛾 ”已经分化成为不同的物种。     

丁氟螨酯对二斑叶螨生长发育的影响

【目的】丁氟螨酯是一种新型酰基乙腈类非内吸性杀螨剂,对害螨的各个螨态都有很高活性,具有较高的应用价值。本文评价了丁氟螨酯对二斑叶螨生长发育的影响,以期为合理用药和二斑叶螨的综合防治提供理论依据。【方法】采用浸叶法测定丁氟螨酯对二斑叶螨成螨与卵的致死中浓度、雌成螨产卵量、各螨态存活率以及各发育历期的影响。【结果】经丁氟螨酯处理后,二斑叶螨日均产卵量和总产卵量下降,各螨态发育历期延长;LC₇₀、LC₅₀、LC₃₀剂量处理二斑叶螨雌成螨后,每雌日均产卵量为(2.09±0.17)、(3.02±0.22)、(3.39±0.13)粒,每雌总产卵量为(29.29±2.31)、(42.32±3.01)、(47.41±1.77)粒,与空白对照差异显著(P<0.05,df=3);不同剂量处理二斑叶螨卵后,各螨态发育历期的延长程度不同,但成功孵化的卵能完成发育历期,LC 70剂量延长卵历期至(4.45±0.07)d、前若螨历期至(2.75±0.04)d、后若螨历期至(2.61±0.05)d和总历期至(12.53±0.18)d,LC 50剂量延长前若螨历期至(2.52±0.08)d、后若螨历期至(2.67±0.09)d和总历期至(12.22±0.18)d,LC 30剂量延长前若螨历期至(2.45±0.06)d和总历期至(11.53±0.08)d,与空白对照差异显著(P<0.05,df=3)。【结论】丁氟螨酯能对二斑叶螨的生长发育产生明显影响,降低二斑叶螨的产卵能力,抑制卵孵化,延长发育历期,从而降低二斑叶螨种群的发育速率,对该螨的种群控制有积极意义。     

不同三叶草对二斑叶螨生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】明确红三叶、白三叶和杂三叶3种寄主对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch生长发育和繁殖的影响,以及3种寄主间二斑叶螨的生物学差异。【方法】在室内(25±1)℃条件下,采用离体叶片法研究了3种三叶草对二斑叶螨种群参数的影响。【结果】3种三叶草对二斑叶螨生长发育、雌成螨寿命以及繁殖力有显著影响(P<0.05)。在杂三叶上,二斑叶螨发育历期、产卵前期明显比红三叶和白三叶上要长,而且雌成螨寿命和产卵期也明显缩短。每雌产卵量在红三叶上最高(150.87粒),白三叶次之(139.43粒),而杂三叶上最低(86.95粒)。二斑叶螨在3种三叶草上的存活曲线均为Ⅰ型,存活率高低依次为红三叶、白三叶和杂三叶。净增殖率(R0)、内禀增长率(rm)和周限增长率(λ)在红三叶上最高、杂三叶上最低,而平均世代周期(T)和种群加倍时间(Dt)在杂三叶上最长、红三叶上最短。【结论】3种三叶草对二斑叶螨的适合度具有一定差异,红三叶和白三叶对二斑叶螨具有更高的适合度。     

苹果小卷叶蛾性诱剂的合成与田间试验初报

<正> 苹果小卷叶蛾Adoxophyes orana Fischer vonRoslerstamm是我国北方苹果产区的一种重要害虫,除为害苹果外,还为害桃、梨、李、杏、山楂等果树。对卷叶蛾类害虫的防冶,以往偏重于用有机氯或有机磷等药剂防治,虽有较好的防治效果,但这类药剂对苹果园另一类重要害虫——叶螨基本无效,相反,对叶螨的天敌杀伤很大,如果使用不当,往往导致叶螨猖獗为害。1975年陕西省果树研究所曾进行过苹果小卷叶蛾等性激素粗提物的试验,1977年使用人工合成苹果小卷叶蛾性诱剂在苹果园内进行了田间试验,现将结果整理如下。     

新型杀螨剂丁氟螨酯对土耳其斯坦叶螨亚致死效应

为了解新型杀螨剂丁氟螨酯Tetranychus turkestani对土耳其斯坦叶螨实验种群的亚致死效应,本研究采用叶碟法研究了其亚致死剂量对土耳其斯坦叶螨实验种群成螨和卵生命表参数的影响。结果表明:经丁氟螨酯LC20、LC10亚致死剂量处理成螨后,成螨的平均寿命、产卵量和次代卵的孵化率均显著降低;次代种群除了卵期、LC20幼螨期和LC10若螨期显著延长外,所有处理次代种群成螨期和雌螨寿命均显著缩短,其余处理次代种群幼螨期、若螨期和产卵前期均无显著差异;次代种群的净生殖率(Ro)和平均世代历期(T)均显著降低,内禀增长率(rm)和周限增长率(λ)增加;存活率和平均每雌日产卵率显著降低。丁氟螨酯LC20、LC10亚致死剂量处理卵后,次代种群除了LC10处理卵期明显延长和幼螨期显著缩短外,所有处理次代种群若螨期、成螨期和雌螨寿命均显著缩短,其余处理卵期、幼螨期和产卵前期均无显著差异;净生殖率(Ro)和平均世代历期(T)均显著降低,内禀增长率(rm)和周限增长率(λ)增加;存活率和平均每雌日产卵率显著降低。这些结果表明,新型杀螨剂丁氟螨酯亚致死剂量可以降低土耳其斯坦叶螨种群的发育速率,这对土耳其斯坦叶螨的综合防治策略的制定有积极意义。     

不同成熟度的寄主果实对梨小食心虫生长发育及繁殖的影响

[目的]为探索不同成熟度的苹果、桃、梨果实对梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta生长发育和繁殖的影响。[方法]在寄主果实不同发育阶段采果,并在室温(26±0.5)℃,L:D=15:9,RH=70%±10%条件下,测定了梨小食心虫在不同成熟度的桃、梨、苹果果实上的发育历期、存活率和繁殖力,并组建了其生命表。[结果]梨小食心虫在不同成熟度的苹果、桃、梨果实上的生长和繁殖有显著差异。幼虫发育历期在幼果期的寄主果实上无显著性差异,果实膨大期和成熟期以桃最短(10.44 d,9.42 d)。总存活率在幼果期和膨大前期、膨大后期为苹果最高(3.47%,13.04%,25.35%),果实成熟期为梨最高(39.70%)。单雌产卵量在幼果期和果实膨大前期为苹果最高(138.33粒/雌,145.33粒/雌),果实膨大后期为桃最高(151.90粒/雌),成熟期为梨最高(182.12粒/雌)。生命表分析结果表明,净生殖率幼果期为苹果最高(8.60),果实膨大期为桃最高(19.42),果实成熟期为梨最高(47.44)。内禀增长率幼果期苹果最高(0.0632),果实膨大前期为桃最高(0.0210),果实膨大后期为桃最高(0.0999)成熟期为梨最高(0.1117)。[结论]幼果期最适宜的寄主为苹果,果实膨大期最适宜寄主为桃,果实成熟期最适宜寄主为梨,这为揭示梨小食心虫在不同寄主间转移为害规律和田间防治提供了科学依据和参考。     

蔷薇科果树类受体激酶的研究进展

类受体激酶(receptor like kinase,RLK)参与调控植物几乎所有的生命活动,是植物生长发育和环境适应的“中央处理器”。该文对近年来国内外有关蔷薇科果树RLK基因鉴定、进化特征及其在各器官生长发育、非生物和生物逆境中的作用及调控机制等方面的研究进展进行了综述。蔷薇科果树基因组中存在数目庞大的RLKs,不同树种间的RLK数目和各亚家族成员数目都存在较大差异,而且蔷薇科果树RLK存在极为普遍的部分重复和串联重复现象,是导致家族成员迅速变化的重要原因。有研究发现,一些RLKs调控蔷薇科果树器官发育和对环境的适应性。在器官发育方面,LRR RLK亚家族成员调控根系发育,CrRLK1L、LysM RLK和LRR RLK亚家族部分成员参与调控果实发育,CrRLK1L亚家族成员参与调控花粉管发育,LRR RLK、LysM RLK、L LEC RLK和B Lectin RLK亚家族部分成员调控蔷薇科果树对生物逆境的适应。今后RLK功能研究可侧重于蔷薇科果树特色性状,通过提高目标基因的筛选和验证的效率,加速主效RLKs的筛选进程,并通过筛选主效RLKs诱导方式和加速分子育种进程等途径,将研究成果应用于实际生产。     

Botryosphaeria spp. isolated from apple and several deciduous fruit trees are divided into three groups based on the production of warts on twigs, size of conidia, and nucleotide sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS regions

We examined the phytopathological and biological characters ofBotryosphaeria spp. isolated from apples and other deciduous fruit trees, and determined the nucleotide sequences of their rDNA ITS regions. TheBotryosphaeria isolates from deciduous fruit trees can be divided into three groups based on their production of warts on twigs, size of the conidia, and nucleotide sequences of rDNA ITS 1, ITS 2 and 5.8S rDNA. Isolates ofBotryosphaeria in ITS group A produced conidia of intermediate size and showed warts on infected twigs prior to the development of ring rot on fruit. This group was common on deciduous fruit trees in Japan as a causal agent of ring rot and wart bark diseases of apples and pears; and it appears similar to theB. dothidea from the US that was isolated from apple exhibiting white rot. The ITS group BBotryosphaeria produced small conidia and induced shoot blight without wart development prior to the development of ring rot on fruit. This group was localized on pear, persimmon, and kiwi fruit in restricted areas of Japan. The ITS group CBotryosphaeria consisted ofB. obtusa, the causal agent of apple black rot in the US, which produced large dark brown conidia.     

Effect of plant architecture and hail nets on temperature of codling moth habitats in apple orchards

Plant architecture of apple trees in commercial orchards was rapidly changed from traditional tall trees to dwarf trees to optimize yield and fruit quality. Additionally, hail nets are widely used to prevent yield loss by hail. These changes are expected to considerably influence the orchard microclimate and thus the developmental rates of pest insects in apple. However, these relationships have not yet been fully elucidated. The present study was conducted over the seasonal cycle to investigate the influence of plant architecture and hail nets on the habitat temperatures of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apple, Malus domestica Borkh. (Rosaceae). Within the canopies, leaf area index (LAI) and global site factor (GSF) were quantified using hemispherical photography. Temperature was analysed for the main habitats of the different codling moth stages, i.e., air within the canopy, bark of tree stems, and apple fruit. In dwarf trees, LAI was lower, leading to a higher GSF than in tall trees. Hail nets did not influence LAI and GSF. Results for dwarf trees compare as follows with those for tall trees: Average air temperatures within the canopy were 0.7 °C higher during daytime, whereas 0.4 °C lower at night. Mean surface temperatures of bark were 0.9 °C higher on sunny and 0.4 °C on overcast days. Mean surface temperatures of apple fruits were 1.8–2.7 °C higher on sunny days, but 0.6 °C cooler on overcast days. The effect of hail nets was confined to a reduction of the air temperature within the canopy by approximately 0.2–0.8 °C. Bark and apple surface temperatures were not significantly affected. Based on the temperature differences in the habitats considered, the calculated development of the codling moth in dwarf trees was on average 3 days faster than in tall trees. The calculations imply a negligible effect of hail nets on codling moth development.     

Effects of orchard host plants on the oviposition preference of the oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Recently, the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), has emerged as a major problem on apples (Malus spp.) grown in the mid-Atlantic and midwestern United States, despite its historically important and frequent occurrence as a peach (Prunus spp.) pest. It is possible that host-driven biological phenomena may be contributing to changes in G. molesta population dynamics resulting in outbreaks in apple. Studies were designed to examine the effects of host plants on oviposition behavior, in an effort to clarify the host association status of eastern U.S. populations and also to gain insight into how pest modeling and management efforts may be altered to take into account various host-associated effects. G. molesta adults exhibited ovipositional preference for nonbearing peach trees over nonbearing apple trees in close-range choice tests conducted in the field, regardless of the larval host origin. A significant preference for peach shoots over apple shoots was observed on six of 12 sampling dates with a wild G. molesta population at the interface of adjacent peach and apple blocks. Numbers of eggs found on apple fruit were higher after peach fruit were harvested and apple fruit began to approach maturity (during the flight period for third and fourth brood adults). Possible implications for population modeling and integrated management of G. molesta are discussed.     

不同寄主植物对桃小食心虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探索寄主植物对桃小食心虫Carposina sasakii生长发育和繁殖的影响, 在室内温度23±1℃, 相对湿度80%±7%, 光周期15L∶9D条件下, 测定了桃小食心虫在杏Armeniaca vulgaris、 李Prunus salicina、 桃Amygdalus persica、 枣Ziziphus jujuba、 苹果Malus pumila和梨Pyrus sorotina上各发育阶段的历期、 存活率和/或产卵量, 并组建了桃小食心虫在各寄主植物上的生命表。结果表明： 桃小食心虫的生长发育和繁殖在不同寄主植物间存在显著差异。幼虫的发育历期以李为最短（12.48 d）, 梨为最长（19.15 d）; 整个幼虫期的存活率以李为最高（50.54%）, 梨为最低（17.91%）; 单雌平均产卵量以枣（214.50粒/雌）和桃（197.94粒/雌）最高。生命表分析结果表明, 净生殖率R₀以枣（117.49）为最大, 平均世代周期T则以梨（41.31 d）和苹果（41.51 d）最长, 内禀增长率r_m以李（0.1294）为最高, 其次为枣（0.1201）和杏（0.1128）。这些结果有助于深入了解该虫在不同寄主植物上的种群动态。     

警惕果树重大害虫——苹楔天牛

苹楔天牛Saperda candida Fabricius(鞘翅目Coleoptera:天牛科Cerambycidae)原产北美,主要危害果树,300多年来被认为是原产地果园最具毁灭性的害虫。2008年该害虫首次传入欧洲(德国费马恩岛),因而受到许多国家的重视。该害虫的寄主植物苹果、梨、李、山楂等果树在我国种植非常广泛,具有十分重要的经济价值。该天牛会随着寄主植物的引进、调运进行远距离传播,我国应加强对该害虫的检疫。文章就其形态特征、危害特点、生物学特性及潜在风险作一阐述。     

2.5%高效氟氯氰菊酯微乳剂对苹果桃小食心虫的田间应用技术研究

田间应用及安全性评价结果表明,2.5%高效氟氯氰菊酯微乳剂稀释2000～4000倍防治苹果树桃小食心虫Carposina niponensis Walsingham,药后5d各地防效分别为78.14%～99.57%、87.50%～96.58%、80.73%～96.20%,药后10d各地防效分别为84.49%～98.60%、77.78%～94.44%、80.66%～99.29%,药后15d各地防效分别为83.35%～100%、77.55%～98.90%、88.89%～96.58%。2.5%高效氟氯氰菊酯微乳剂稀释2000～3000倍处理与对照药剂2.5%高效氟氯氰菊酯乳油3000倍处理防效相当。最佳用药量以2000～3000倍为宜,施药适期为苹果果实膨大期,且桃小食心虫卵孵化盛末期,虫果率达1%时,用药后5～10d可有效控制虫害,持效期较长。药后苹果树未见异常。     

我国落叶果树叶螨种群演变和防控技术的变化

60年来我国落叶果树叶螨的种群演变反映了果树害虫防治体系的变迁,从而窥见我国果树病虫害防治技术的进步。果树叶螨种群的变化与果园病虫害防治方法及药剂种类的变化有明显的相关性,建议果园管理者一定要合理使用化学农药,积极使用生物农药、植物源农药及矿物源农药,促进果树生产健康、可持续地发展。