内蒙古长蝽科昆虫新种新记录记述(半翅目:长蝽科)

作者在研究内蒙古长蝽科标本时,发现长蝽科2个新种：阿拉善叶缘长蝽Emblethis alashanensissp.nov.,巴氏直缘长蝽Ortholomus batui sp.nov.,1个中国新记录属：弯齿长蝽属Raglius Stal,1872,3个中国新记录种：弯齿长蝽Raglius aboacuminatus(Goeze),蒙毛角长蝽Hyalocoris mongolicus Kerzhner,东方林长蝽Drymus orientalis Kerzhner。模式标本保存于内蒙古师范大学昆虫研究所标本馆。     

南亚大眼长蝽和西沙大眼长蝽的捕食功能研究

【目的】研究海南本土长蝽类天敌昆虫对三亚瓜菜上主要害虫的捕食潜力,为天敌昆虫的田间应用提供基础依据。【方法】在室内不同温度条件下,当南亚大眼长蝽Geocoris ochropterus Fieber和西沙大眼长蝽Geocoris xishaensis与不同害虫共存时,统计2种长蝽分别对普通大蓟马Megalurothrips usitatus Bagrall、豆蚜Aphis craccivora Koch、叶蝉Cicadellidae和露尾甲Haptonchus luteolus的取食偏好性,评估2种天敌对主要猎物普通大蓟马的捕食能力。【结果】与蚜虫、叶蝉和露尾甲相比,2种长蝽对普通大蓟马具有较强的捕食偏好性,且对普通大蓟马成虫捕食偏好性高于蓟马若虫。在不同温度的条件下比较2种长蝽对普通大蓟马的捕食量,结果表明28℃是2种长蝽的最佳捕食温度,南亚大眼长蝽雌虫、雄虫、4-5龄若虫和2-3龄若虫对普通大蓟马的最高日捕食量分别为（49.18±8.71）、（47.23±7.81）、（43.60±10.29）和（30.10±4.65）头/d;西沙大眼长蝽雌虫、雄虫、4-5龄若虫和2-3龄若虫对普通大蓟马的日捕食量分别达到（33.37±3.89）、（32.65±5.12）、（23.87±2.37）和（27.36±3.19）头/d。【结论】南亚大眼长蝽和西沙大眼长蝽成虫和若虫对瓜菜上主要害虫均具有一定的捕食潜力,无论成虫还是若虫对普通大蓟马具有最高的捕食倾向性,且雌成虫对普通大蓟马成虫的捕食能力最强。研究结果为将来2种海南本地长蝽的田间防控应用奠定基础。     

斜眼长蝽属一新种(半翅目:长蝽科)

本文报导斜眼长蝽属(Harmostica Bergroth)一新种。该属为地长蝽亚科(Rhypa-rochrominae)吸血族(Cleradini)的一个成员。吸血族是长蝽科中唯一的吸血性类群,根据已有关于生活习性的资料,此族成员均生活于树栖的啮齿动物(松鼠等)及有袋类(袋鼯科Phalangeridae)等的巢穴中,屡次发现成、若虫消化道内有吸入的血块,并有一些直接观察到吸食脊椎动物血液和传播锥虫的报导。     

大眼长蝽对苜蓿盲蝽的捕食作用

室内条件下,评价了大眼长蝽Geocoris pallidipennis(Costa)对苜蓿盲蝽Adelphocoris lineolatus(Goeze)的捕食效应。结果表明,大眼长蝽捕食苜蓿盲蝽的有效虫态为3～5龄若虫及成虫,其中成虫的捕食率最高。大眼长蝽对苜蓿盲蝽的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型,其捕食量随着猎物龄期的增长而减少,而随着自身龄期的增长而增加。24h内,大眼长蝽雌成虫最多能捕食37.88头苜蓿盲蝽1龄若虫。15～35℃范围内,大眼长蝽的捕食量随着温度的升高而增加;35℃下的捕食量为15℃下的1.78倍。上述研究表明,大眼长蝽是苜蓿盲蝽的重要捕食性天敌。     

中国奥盲蝽属及盲蝽亚科新分类单元(半翅目:盲蝽科)

报道奥盲蝽属Orthops Fieber共4种,对锈褐奥盲蝽O.ferrugineus(Reuter)和纹头奥盲蝽O.viticeps(Reuter)提供了补充鉴别特征,为黑唇厘盲蝽Liistonotus melatostoma(Reuter)首次提供雄性外生殖器特征。记述2新种：香榧硕丽盲蝽Macrolygus torreyae Zheng,sp.nov.,模式产地为浙江建德,吸食香榧幼果,造成危害,双纹猥盲蝽Tinginotum bilineatum Zheng,Sp.nov。模式产地为海南吊罗山,记载中国新纪录5种：点缘拟猥盲蝽Argenis incisuratus(Walker,1873),带胸猥盲蝽Tinginotum perlatum linnavuori,1961,马来皱斑盲蝽Hyqlopeplinus malayensis Carvalho et Gross,1979,尖角透翅盲蝽Hyalopeplus(Hyalopeplus)clavatus Distant,1909,班楔透翅盲蝽Hyalopeplus(Adhyalopeplus)similis(Poppius,1912),模式标本除注明者外,均存南开大学生物系标本室。     

南方小花蝽触角感器的扫描电镜观察

南方小花蝽Orius similis Zheng捕食能力较强,对田间多种小型害虫有明显的控制作用,是一类重要的捕食性天敌。本文利用扫描电镜分别对新羽化的南方小花蝽雌、雄成虫和5龄若虫的触角形态和感器进行了观察。结果发现,南方小花蝽雌、雄成虫以及5龄若虫触角均为线状,共4节,分为柄节、梗节和鞭节。触角上共有5种感器,分别为毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、具弯钩形感器和耳形感器,其中毛形、刺形感器各有2个类型,耳形感器是首次在蝽类昆虫触角上发现。雌、雄成虫的触角存在性二型现象,雄成虫触角感器数量明显多于雌成虫;若虫的感器类型及数量比成虫少。不同类型的感器在触角各节上的数量与分布各不相同。本文以期深入了解其化学感受系统,为揭示南方小花蝽的寄主选择行为机制提供基础。     

红脊长蝽的初步研究

<正> 红脊长蝽Tropidothorax elegans(Distant)属半翅目长蝽科,是为害萝藦科药用植物的重要害虫之一。成虫和若虫刺吸茎、叶汁液,致使枝叶干枯,长势受到严重影响,现将研究结果报道如下。     

突眼长蝽属一新种及其五龄若虫记述(半翅目,束长蝽科,突眼长蝽亚科)

突眼长蝽属在世界范围内已知9种,我国已记述3种.本文记述了采自云南的1新种,郑氏突眼长蝽Chauliops zhengi sp.nov.及其五龄若虫.新种成虫和豆突眼长蝽C.fallax Scott与C.choprai Sweet et Schaefer较为近似,与C.fallax Scott相比,新种抱器中部较为纤细;触角第1节短于而非长于第3节;复眼眼柄相对较短;头背面颜色更黑;与C.choprai sweet et Schaefer相比,新种触角第1节短于而非近似等于触角第3节长度;个体较小.新种若虫体表无黑色长大的腺毛;触角第3节为黑褐色而非淡色可明显区别于上述两种若虫.就若虫而言,新种和C.bisontula Banks较相似,即体表均无大型黑色棒状腺毛,新种体表小腺毛似锥形,表面无棘刺可以区别.新种模式标本保存于南开大学生物学系昆虫标本室.     

军配盲蝽和南方小花蝽对茶网蝽若虫的捕食作用

茶网蝽Stephanitis chinensis是一种为害春茶的重要害虫，本文研究了天敌军配盲蝽Stethoconus japonicus和南方小花蝽Orius similis对茶网蝽的捕食能力，为茶网蝽的生物防治提供科学依据。在室内开展军配盲蝽和南方小花蝽对茶网蝽3龄若虫的捕食功能反应和寻找效应以及南方小花蝽的种内干扰反应研究。结果表明军配盲蝽和南方小花蝽对茶网蝽3龄若虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型。军配盲蝽和南方小花蝽的捕食量与茶网蝽3龄若虫的密度呈正相关，但寻找效应与猎物密度呈负相关。南方小花蝽成虫、3龄若虫对茶网蝽3龄若虫的日最大捕食量（11.49头、12.82头）大于军配盲蝽成虫、3龄若虫（10.10头、6.41头）；军配盲蝽成虫对茶网蝽的寻找效应高于其3龄若虫，而南方小花蝽3龄若虫的寻找效应高于成虫。南方小花蝽成虫、3龄若虫对茶网蝽3龄若虫的捕食作用均存在种内干扰反应，且符合Hassell模型，分别为E=0.4263P^-0.825和E=0.5234P^-0.762。综上研究结果，军配盲蝽和南方小花蝽对茶网蝽3龄若虫的捕食作用较强，均具有良好的生物防治潜能。     

大眼长蝽的外部形态观察（半翅目：长蝽科）

本文扼要记述了半翅目长蝽科的大眼长蝽成虫期的外部形态,希图据此获得对大眼长蝽亚科形态学的进一步认识,为长蝽总科的系统发育研究提供资料。文章还兼对该亚科的泡眼长蝽的部分构造作了记载。     

Life history and spatial distribution of Oriental beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in golf courses in Korea

Larval and adult activity of the oriental beetle Exomala orientalis (Waterhouse), a pest of turfgrass in Korea, was investigated at four golf clubs in Pusan, Korea, from 1995 to 1999. Adult emergence was first observed on the greens in late May with peak activity occurring 2 wk later. During the day, E. orientalis adults were most active between 1800 and 2200 hours. First instars were found mostly in early July, second instars mostly in late July, and third instars from August to April. The density of larvae in fixed plots decreased steadily from the time of egg laying to pupation: 667/m3 on 26 July, 267/m3 on 29 August, and 122/m3 on 2 October 1997. All the observed E. orientalis completed one generation per year. Adult females were observed feeding on flowers of a late-blooming variety of Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata Sieb & Zucc). E. orientalis larval densities were higher in greens with Japanese chestnut nearby, and where magpie, Pica pica sericea (Gould), feeding was observed. More E. orientalis adults emerged from the right, left, and back of greens than from the front or middle. The intensity of emergence was inversely proportional to the amount of golfer traffic on various parts of the green. Counting emergence holes may be a way that golf course superintendents can predict which greens and tees are most likely to be damaged from E. orientalis larvae without destructive sampling.     

Mode of action of the venom of the ectoparasitic wasp,Euplectrus comstockii, in causing developmental arrest in the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis

Euplectrus comstockii Howard (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), is an ectoparasitic, gregarious wasp which parasitizes the larval stage of several important lepidopteran pests. Parasitization of both natural and unnatural hosts prevents molting in the parasitized instar. Here we report the effect of wasp venom on the European corn borer (unnatural host), an important pest of corn and other vegetables. Venom collected from venom glands of adultE. comstockii, when injected intoO. nubilalis 5th instars, inhibited the growth rate, development and molting of the injected larvae. The observed effect on molting was dose and age dependent. When 3rd, 4th and 5th instarO. nubilalis were envenomated by adult wasps, the larvae also were developmentally arrested and failed to undergo a molt. However, 3rd and 4th instars underwent apolysis (separation of the epidermis from the old cuticle) and produced new cuticle. Fifth instars did not. A premolt hemolymph ecdysteroid peak was not observed in these experimental 5th instars, but injections of 20-hydroxy-ecdysone induced apolysis and new cuticle formation. Envenomated 4th instars (on becoming pharate 5th instars) exhibited a premolt hemolymph ecdysteroid peak. HPLC/RIA revealed that 20-hydroxyecdysone was present in the hemolymph of these pharate 5th instars. Thus, in the European corn borer, the mode of action of the venom depended upon the instar parasitized. Our results support the presence of a venom component(s) that, in 4th instar hosts, inhibited ecdysis, but did not prevent hemolymph ecdysteroid levels from increasing sufficiently to stimulate apolysis. In 5th instars, the same, or perhaps, a different component(s) ofE. comstockii venom prevented the synthesis/release of ecdysteroid by inhibiting a previously unknown molt-regulating physiological event that occurs between days 3 and 4 of the instar. Deceased     

黑胸散白蚁幼期不同品级的发育和分化

在黑胸散白蚁Reticulitermes chinensis发育和分化过程中,发现有假工蚁、假若蚁两种虫态。假工蚁由6龄和7龄工蚁转化发育而来,假若蚁由4龄和5龄若蚁转化发育而来。显微测量结果表明,黑胸散白蚁的胚后发育主要包括2个龄期的幼蚁期、6个以上龄期的工蚁期、4个龄期的若蚁期和有翅成虫。在此基础上分析了其他虫态的分化来源,发现兵蚁由3～7龄工蚁分化发育而来,翅鳞型和长翅芽型补充生殖蚁由6龄若蚁转化发育而来,短翅芽型补充生殖蚁由4龄和5龄若蚁转化发育而来,微翅芽型补充生殖蚁既可由4～6龄工蚁转化发育而来,又可由假工蚁和假若蚁转化发育而来,无翅型补充生殖蚁由3～7龄工蚁转化发育而来。提出了黑胸散白蚁群体中不同品级个体的可能分化途径。     

双条杉天牛幼虫龄数的划分(鞘翅目:天牛科)

双条杉天牛 Semanotus bifasciatus Motschulsky 是危害我国侧柏 Platycladus orientalis 和圆柏 Sabina chinensis 的重要钻蛀性害虫,其幼虫龄数及最佳分龄指标的确定是进一步研究其生物学特性、发生规律的基础.本研究通过室内木段饲养法获取不同发育阶段的双条杉天牛幼虫,分别测量幼虫的前胸背板宽、头壳宽和上颚宽3项形态指标.采用频次分析法确定幼虫龄数,运用Crosby生长法则和线性回归进行验证分析.结果表明:双条杉天牛幼虫有5龄,其前胸背板宽符合Dyar氏法则和Crosby生长法则并呈现明显的线性回归关系,可作为幼虫龄数划分的重要指标.1～5龄幼虫前胸背板宽分别为0.574±0.012 mm、1.162±0.013 mm、1.738±0.027 mm、2.760±0.011 mm 和3.492±0.015 mm.前胸背板宽(Y1)和幼虫龄数(X)的最佳线性回归方程为lgY1 = 0.185X-0.340(r =0.9647).本研究明确了双条杉天牛幼虫龄数及最佳分龄指标,为深入研究该虫各生长发育阶段的生物生态学特性提供了参考.     

黑胸散白蚁幼期不同品级的发育和分化

在黑胸散白蚁Reticulitermes chinensis发育和分化过程中,发现有假工蚁、假若蚁两种虫态。假工蚁由6龄和7龄工蚁转化发育而来,假若蚁由4龄和5龄若蚁转化发育而来。显微测量结果表明,黑胸散白蚁的胚后发育主要包括2个龄期的幼蚁期、6个以上龄期的工蚁期、4个龄期的若蚁期和有翅成虫。在此基础上分析了其他虫态的分化来源,发现兵蚁由3～7龄工蚁分化发育而来,翅鳞型和长翅芽型补充生殖蚁由6龄若蚁转化发育而来,短翅芽型补充生殖蚁由4龄和5龄若蚁转化发育而来,微翅芽型补充生殖蚁既可由4～6龄工蚁转化发育而来,又可由假工蚁和假若蚁转化发育而来,无翅型补充生殖蚁由3～7龄工蚁转化发育而来。提出了黑胸散白蚁群体中不同品级个体的可能分化途径。     

稻虱红单节螯蜂寄生不同虫龄白背飞虱对二者发育表现的影响

【目的】为了解稻虱红单节螯蜂Haplogonatopus apicalis与白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera间的互作关系,开展了稻虱红单节螯蜂在白背飞虱不同龄期寄生时,对寄主及其自身发育表现影响的研究。【方法】在室内25℃条件下,观察了被寄生的白背飞虱各龄若虫及其寄生蜂稻虱红单节螯蜂的发育表现。【结果】白背飞虱2, 3, 4和5龄若虫被寄生后,当龄及其后各龄的历期均显著延长;2和3龄若虫被寄生后,成虫羽化率仅分别为54.29%和60.95%,显著低于在4和5龄若虫被寄生后的成虫羽化率（分别为96.20%和100%）。稻虱红单节螯蜂寄生白背飞虱5龄若虫后的发育历期（23.77 d）显著短于寄生2龄若虫后的发育历期（27.77 d）;寄生3龄若虫的成蜂羽化率最高,为56.19%;而寄生5龄若虫的羽化雄蜂比例最高,为77.12%。【结论】稻虱红单节螯蜂寄生可使白背飞虱若虫发育历期显著延长,白背飞虱2和3龄若虫是稻虱红单节螯蜂发育的适宜寄主。     

Laboratory studies of the biology and food requirements ofMacrorhaphis acuta [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Macrorhaphis acuta were bred in the laboratory (25°C) and fed on larvae ofAscotis selenaria reciprocaria. The incubation period was 8.4 days and the mean hatch was 94.4%. There were 5 nymphal instars which occupied 3.3, 5.0, 5.6, 6.6 and 12.0 days, respectively, from the lst to the 5th. Each nymph consumed an average of 22.8 host larvae to complete development. Adults had a mean longevity of 74.9 days and each consumed an average of 67.5 host larvae. Significant reduction was noted in pupation of 5th instar host larvae sucked by adult predators for periods ranging from 4 to 10 mn. The food requirements of 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar nymphs fed on 3rd instar host larvae were also investigated. The conversion ratio varied with the weight of food consumed during the instar and later instars were more efficient than earlier ones. Predatory value did not vary significantly with successive instars.     

Dispersal Capacity and Behavior of Nymphal Stages of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Evaluated Under Laboratory and Field Conditions

The invasive brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a highly polyphagous and mobile pest causing crop damage aggregated at the perimeters of crop fields. Understanding the dispersal biology of H. halys is critical for the development of reliable monitoring and management strategies. In this study, dispersal ecology of H. halys nymphs was studied under laboratory and field conditions. In the laboratory, horizontal and vertical walking capacity was quantified for mobile nymphal stages (i.e., 2nd through 5th instars) and compared with adults. There was a significant difference in the horizontal distance moved by H. halys among the life stages tested. Third instars exhibited significantly greater walking distances compared with adults; horizontal walking distances by other nymphal stages were not significantly different from adults. A similar pattern was observed from vertical climbing tests of H. halys. Third and 4th instars climbed significantly greater distances compared with 2nd instars and adults, while distances climbed by 5th instars were intermediate. In the field, the walking distance of 3rd and 5th instar nymphs on mowed grass was quantified based on direct observation of individuals for 30 min. Under these conditions, 5th instars moved nearly two-fold greater distances compared with 3rd instars, but surface temperature affected both nymphal stages similarly. Shorter bouts of movement were common at surface temperatures below 25 °C, whereas individuals showed longer walking distances above 25 °C. In mark-release-recapture studies, 4th and 5th instars were released and recaptured in traps baited with attractive pheromonal-based stimuli to estimate dispersal rates under field conditions. When insects were released 5 m from traps, both instars were first recaptured within 2 h after release, with the recapture rates of 54 and 69 % for 4th and 5th instars over 24 h, respectively. When insects were released 20 m from traps, 4th and 5th instars were first recaptured in less than 5 h, with the recapture rates of 27 and 51 %, respectively. The results of this study indicate that H. halys nymphs have strong dispersal capacity with which populations can easily move among host plants and other attractive stimuli at farmscape levels.     

两种蚜小蜂对烟粉虱寄主的产卵选择性(英文)

双斑恩蚜小蜂和桨角蚜小蜂是华南地区烟粉虱的两种优势种寄生蜂。本文研究了两种寄生蜂对不同龄期烟粉虱寄主的产卵选择特性。结果表明:两种寄生蜂均可寄生烟粉虱的1~4龄若虫。当只有1个龄期的烟粉虱若虫存在时,双斑恩蚜小蜂更多地寄生3龄和4龄若虫,较少寄生1龄和2龄若虫;而桨角蚜小蜂则更多地寄生3龄和2龄若虫,较少寄生1龄和4龄若虫。在4个龄期若虫同时存在时,双斑恩蚜小蜂会明显增加对3龄和4龄若虫的产卵寄生,降低对1龄和2龄若虫的寄生;而桨角蚜小蜂则增加对2龄和3龄若虫的寄生,减少对1龄和4龄若虫的寄生。寄主植物的差异不影响这二种蚜小蜂对各龄期烟粉虱若虫的产卵选择倾向。结果提示,烟粉虱若虫3龄和4龄是双斑恩蚜小蜂最适宜的寄主,而桨角蚜小蜂最适宜的寄主是烟粉虱2龄和3龄若虫。     

两种蚜小蜂对烟粉虱寄主的产卵选择性（英文）

双斑恩蚜小蜂和桨角蚜小蜂是华南地区烟粉虱的两种优势种寄生蜂。本文研究了两种寄生蜂对不同龄期烟粉虱寄主的产卵选择特性。结果表明: 两种寄生蜂均可寄生烟粉虱的1～4龄若虫。当只有1个龄期的烟粉虱若虫存在时,双斑恩蚜小蜂更多地寄生3龄和4龄若虫,较少寄生1龄和2龄若虫;而桨角蚜小蜂则更多地寄生3龄和2龄若虫,较少寄生1龄和4龄若虫。在4个龄期若虫同时存在时,双斑恩蚜小蜂会明显增加对3龄和4龄若虫的产卵寄生,降低对1龄和2龄若虫的寄生;而桨角蚜小蜂则增加对2龄和3龄若虫的寄生,减少对1龄和4龄若虫的寄生。寄主植物的差异不影响这二种蚜小蜂对各龄期烟粉虱若虫的产卵选择倾向。结果提示,烟粉虱若虫3龄和4龄是双斑恩蚜小蜂最适宜的寄主,而桨角蚜小蜂最适宜的寄主是烟粉虱2龄和3龄若虫。