洄游型、淡水型和陆封型刀鲚的寄生蠕虫群落结构

由于对淡水环境的适应和江湖阻隔,部分洄游型刀鲚(Coilia nasus)分化成淡水型和陆封型,为寻找区分洄游型、淡水型和陆封型这3种生态型刀鲚的寄生虫标志,并分析其寄生蠕虫群落结构特征,本文调查了3种生态型刀鲚鳃部、胃、肠和幽门盲囊中寄生蠕虫的种类和感染情况。共发现10种寄生虫,包括鳃上3种单殖吸虫:林氏异钩铗虫(Heteromazocraes lingmueni)、细长嗜鳀虫(Helciferus tenuis)和长江中华钩铗虫(Sinomazocraes changjiangensis);胃部1种复殖吸虫:鲚套茎吸虫(Elytrophallus coiliae);肠道3种线虫:简单异尖线虫(Anisakis simplex)、对盲囊线虫(Contracaecum sp.)和胃瘤线虫(Eustrongylides sp.),以及肠和幽门盲囊的3种棘头虫:陈氏刺棘虫(Acanthosentis cheni)、鲇异吻钩棘头虫(Arhythmacanthus parasiluri)、长江傲刺棘头虫(Brentisentis yangtzensis)。林氏异钩铗虫和陈氏刺棘虫在3种生态型的刀鲚中都有较高的感染率和平均丰度;海水性寄生虫细长嗜鳀虫、鲚套茎吸虫和对盲囊线虫只感染洄游型刀鲚,可作为区分洄游型刀鲚的寄生虫标志;淡水性寄生虫长江中华钩铗虫、鲇异吻钩棘头虫和长江傲刺棘头虫只在淡水型刀鲚中发现,可作为淡水型刀鲚的寄生虫标志。洄游型刀鲚的物种丰富度和Brillouin多样性最高,分别在1.25和0.19以上,淡水型刀鲚的较低,分别为0.79~1.12和0.10~0.12,陆封型刀鲚的最低,分别在0.66和0.02以下,这主要是由于淡水型和陆封型刀鲚中海水性寄生虫大部分丢失,以及淡水性寄生虫感染率和平均丰度都较低造成的。盐度降低和中间宿主缺乏是导致淡水型和陆封型刀鲚中海水性寄生虫丢失的主要原因;而淡水性寄生虫较低的感染水平可能是由于其对新宿主的适应时间较短;地理隔离可能是陆封型刀鲚中寄生虫群落多样性最低的另一重要原因。     

简单异尖线虫幼虫对盐度的耐受试验

简单异尖线虫[Anisakis(Anisakis)simplx]的幼虫,至今仅在海鱼体中发现,虫体为长圆筒形。前端钝圆,食道接着有大而呈圆筒形的胃。尾短,末端钝圆。生活时呈乳白色。据报道,简单异尖线虫的幼虫为刀鲚(Coilia ectenes Jordan et Seale)体内常见寄生虫之一。一般寄生在腹腔和内脏中。据我们观察,该虫体对刀鲚的感染率较高,感染强度较大,对鱼体的生长有一定的危害。刀鲚离水后不久即死亡,但寄生在刀鲚体内的简单异尖线虫却可生存一段时间。由于该种属海洋寄生虫,对盐度忍受力较强。但     

西藏羊卓雍错高原裸鲤肠道寄生蠕虫的群落生态

为研究西藏羊卓雍错Yamdrok Lake高原裸鲤肠道寄生蠕虫的群落生态,探索寄生虫与西藏高原环境和独特的鱼类宿主三者之间的相互关系,以肠道寄生蠕虫为对象,于2020年7月对180尾高原裸鲤Gymnocypris waddellii [雌性120尾,雄性60尾,全长22.20—49.20 cm,平均全长(36.76±4.18) cm,体重77.3—896.7 g,平均体重(425.92±148.27) g]进行了剖检,对群落结构和种间关系等群落生态进行了分析。羊卓雍错高原裸鲤肠道寄生蠕虫群落由5个物种构成,分别为聂氏似短节绦虫Parabreviscolex niepini、对盲囊线虫Contracaecum eudyptulae、束首线虫未定种Streptocara sp.、新棘吻虫未定种Neoechinorhynchus sp.和异肉吸虫未定种Allocreadium sp.。感染率从高到低依次为新棘吻虫未定种、聂氏似短节绦虫、异肉吸虫未定种、对盲囊线虫和束首线虫未定种。平均丰度从高到低依次为聂氏似短节绦虫、新棘吻虫未定种、束首线虫未定种、异肉吸虫未定种和对盲囊线虫。群落的Marga...     

西藏黑斑原鮡消化道寄生蠕虫的群落结构和感染情况

为了解西藏特有鱼类黑斑原鮡(Glyptosternum maculatum)消化道寄生蠕虫的群落结构和感染情况, 于2019年5—8月对383尾黑斑原鮡进行了调查。在黑斑原鮡消化道中共发现7种寄生蠕虫, 分别为深槽绦虫未定种(Bothriocephalus sp.)、原头绦虫未定种(Proteocephalus sp.)、异肉吸虫未定种(Allocreadium sp.)、新棘吻虫未定种(Neoechinorhynchus sp.)、裸鲤棘头虫(Echinorhynchus gymnocyprii)、Contracaecum eudyptulae和杆咽线虫未定种(Rhabdochona sp.), 并对各个物种的形态特征进行了描述。将黑斑原鮡按整个群体、不同性别和不同全长群体进行划分, 分别对其消化道寄生蠕虫的群落多样性和优势虫种进行分析, 并对各寄生蠕虫物种的感染情况进行统计。结果表明: 在黑斑原鮡群体中, 消化道寄生蠕虫群落的Shannon-Wiener指数为1.53, Berger-Parker指数为0.37, 优势物种为C. eudyptulae, 其感染数量、感染率、感染强度和平均丰度均为最高; 在黑斑原鮡不同性别群体中, Shannon-Wiener指数为0.26—1.57, Berger-Parker指数为0.34—0.93, 优势物种为C. eudyptulae, 雄性群体中新棘吻虫未定种也为优势虫种, 两者的感染率和平均丰度均较高; 在黑斑原鮡不同全长群体中, Shannon-Wiener指数为0.22—1.59, Berger-Parker指数为0.34—0.94, 优势物种为C. eudyptulae或新棘吻虫未定种, 感染率和平均丰度基本以二者为最高。研究进一步明确了西藏鱼类寄生虫的种类组成和寄生特点, 为研究体内寄生蠕虫的环境适应性及与宿主的协同进化提供基础资料。     

丹江口水库鲤肠道寄生蠕虫群落结构与季节动态

2004年2月到2005年11月在丹江口水库库区206尾鲤(Cyprinus carpio)肠道中检获蠕虫11种,其中复殖吸虫3种,线虫5种,棘头虫2种,绦虫1种。总体感染率为45.63%,平均感染丰度为4.23±12.65,平均感染强度为9.29±17.48,其中饭岛盾腹吸虫(Aspidogaster ijimai)的总感染率(25.24%)和平均感染丰度(1.76±6.46)最大,瓣睾鲫吸虫(Carassatrema lamellorchis)的感染强度(25.00±46.68)最大。除部分平均感染丰度较低的线虫如鲤带巾线虫(Cucullanus cyprini)外,其他蠕虫的分布类型均为聚集分布,蠕虫群落多样性指数为4.63,均匀度指数为0.60,对群落多样性的季节动态分析表明,各季节群落多样性和均匀度波动较大,并无明显变化规律。每尾鲤感染蠕虫种数多在1—4种之间,所有感染的11种蠕虫中优势种为饭岛盾腹吸虫;次优势种为日本侧殖吸虫(Asymphylodora japonica)、中华许氏绦虫(Khawia sinensis)、瓣睾棘吸虫和鲤长棘吻虫(Rhadinarhynchus cyprini);非优势种为对盲囊线虫(Contracaecum sp.)、鲤带巾线虫、鲤杆咽吸虫(Rhabdochona cyprini)、黄颡刺盖线虫(Spinitectus gigi)、毛细线虫(Capillaria sp.)和木村小棘吻虫(Micracanthorhynchina motomurai)。在种间协调关系方面,鲤杆咽线虫和瓣睾鲫吸虫、鲤长棘吻虫和饭岛盾腹吸虫、对盲囊线虫和木村小棘吻虫、鲤长棘吻虫和木村小棘吻虫之间分别存在显著正关联。对优势种和次优势种蠕虫中种群的季节动态分析表明,鲤寄生蠕虫各组分的感染率和平均感染丰度存在显著的季节差异,在秋、冬季节的感染水平普遍比较高,而到春夏则急剧下降,但中华许氏绦虫无显著季节变化。     

福建省大田县山羊的寄生蠕虫种群和群落生态分析

从３０只山羊体内检得寄生蠕虫１３种,其中吸虫６种、绦蚴１种、线虫６种．总感染率为１００％,平均感染强度为６４６条．其中以鹿同盘吸虫的感染率、平均感染强度为最高．山羊感染蠕虫种类在１～８种之间．种群分布型均为聚集分布,优势种有８种．该寄生蠕虫群落中各种群感染率和密度与山羊性别和年龄无关．种间关联分析表明该寄生蠕虫群落中具亲和性的种对有７对,关联和负关联达显著水平以上的种对分别有２对和３对．     

近海鱼类异尖科幼线虫形态分类学研究：Ⅰ.东海,黄海部分

本文对1986年作者从我国东海、黄海海鱼中检得的异尖科幼线虫,进一步作了形态分类学研究,并与既往的报告进行了比较。结果表明:除了简单异尖线虫幼虫外,尚有针晶蛔线虫属幼虫或针晶蛔样线虫属幼虫,其中4型是初次记录。另外尚检得宫脂线虫属幼虫5型及伪新地蛔线虫属幼虫1型。     

黄鳝体内胃瘤线虫的种群生物学研究

胃瘤线虫幼虫主要寄生于黄鳝的体腔内 ,以包囊形式附着于肠壁及肠系膜等处。该线虫的感染率和感染强度有随宿主体长的增加而增加的趋势 ,但有些波动 ,在体长 35 0— 4 0 0mm的黄鳝中其感染强度先有所下降 ,后又迅速增加 ,体长 4 5 0mm以上的黄鳝其感染率降低。这可能宿主鱼的食性改变及对寄生虫的感染产生免疫力等有关。胃瘤线虫的种群平均丰度随宿主体长的增加而缓慢地增加 ,其种群平均丰度 (M)与宿主体长 (L)符合直线方程M =- 1 0 76 0 0 0 0 85L的变化规律。随着黄鳝体长的增加 ,胃瘤线虫种群在黄鳝中的频率分布的尾增长 ,即黄鳝感染较多线虫所占的比例增加。 4— 5月份黄鳝体内的胃瘤线虫种群组成中以体长较大的虫体 (4 0— 6 0mm)为主。胃瘤线虫种群在宿主黄鳝种群中呈聚集分布 ,且聚集强度随线虫种群平均丰度的增加而增加。     

长江禁捕后长江口刀鲚资源特征

研究于2019—2021年对长江口刀鲚(Coilia nasus)生物学、资源密度及其时空分布特征等展开调查, 并结合刀鲚生产性捕捞退出前(2017—2018年)的调查结果, 对长江禁捕后长江口水域刀鲚资源恢复效果进行了评估。结果显示, 2021年共采集刀鲚2895尾, 抽样解剖1960尾, 雌雄比为1.87﹕1, 平均体长和平均体质量分别为(272±32) mm和(91.4±33.4) g, 较2019—2020年分别增加4.41%和37.55%, 较2017—2018年分别显著增加5.84%和22.85% (P<0.05); 平均丰满度系数为0.44±0.10, 较2019—2020年增加18.28%, 较2017—2018年增加12.82% (P>0.05)。2021年日均调查尾数N_B和重量W_B分别为170 尾/d和15.56 kg/d, 较2019—2020年分别增长1.09倍和1.48倍; 单网调查尾数N_t和重量W_t分别为50尾/网和4.56 kg/网, 较2019—2020年分别增长1.24倍和1.69倍, 资源密度呈逐年上升趋势。2020年和2021年长江口刀鲚的洄游时段主要集中在3—4月, 较2019年洄游高峰期提前, 深水水域资源密度显著高于浅水水域(P<0.05)。研究结果表明, 受前期过度捕捞的影响, 加之长江口其他渔业生产尚未全部退出, 2019年刀鲚专项捕捞退出后, 刀鲚资源并未立即出现恢复趋势。自2021年1月1日起, 长江流域重点水域全面禁捕及长江口禁捕管理政策的实施, 极大减轻了刀鲚捕捞压力, 长江口刀鲚种群生物学规格和资源密度均显著回升, 资源恢复趋势良好, 突出了长江禁捕效果的显著性。建议针对刀鲚等代表性洄游物种开展长期跟踪监测, 掌握长江禁捕期间其资源特征及变动趋势, 支撑长江禁捕效果评估及生物完整性评价。     

长江刀鲚体内菌群PCR-DGGE 指纹图谱及多样性比较分析

以长江刀鲚(Coilia nasus)洄游前幼鱼和洄游后成鱼为对象, 通过 PCR-DGGE 指纹技术探讨长江刀鲚菌群多样性及受洄游路径周围环境影响之后的稳定性。结果显示, PCR-DGGE 指纹谱带丰富, 共显示出70条可鉴别条带, 其中长江水体谱带数(28)高于洄游后刀鲚鳃(26)、胃(26)、肠道壁(20)、肠道内容物(21)和洄游前刀鲚鳃(21)、胃(20)、肠道壁(11)、肠道内容物(13), 洄游后刀鲚成鱼体内各对应部位菌群数显著高于洄游前刀鲚幼鱼。UPGMA 聚类和PCA 结果显示不同样品之间差异显著, 虽长江水体与洄游后刀鲚鳃、胃及肠道内容物样品在聚类图上聚为一簇, 但其菌群结构的相似度较低, 分别为43%、35%和28%。成功克隆测序其中43 条条带, 主要包含-变形菌(25.6%)、-变形菌(7%)、-变形菌(16.3%)、放线菌(25.6%)、厚菌门(9.3%)、拟杆菌(7%)、柔膜菌门(4.6%)、绿弯菌(2.3%)和未定义菌(2.3%)。以上结果表明长江刀鲚体内不同部位及其在洄游前后不同阶段, 菌群结构存在显著差异, 并受环境和宿主双层因素影响。       

Anisakid parasites of the pouting (Trisopterus luscus) from the Cantabrian Sea coast, Bay of Biscay, Spain

An epidemiological survey was undertaken of anisakids in 139 specimens (length: 13.2-24.5 cm) of pouting or bib (Trisopterus luscus) captured off the coast of northern Spain in the Cantabrian Sea. Third-stage larvae of two species of nematodes, Anisakis larvae type I and Hysterothylacium aduncum, were isolated. One adult female H. aduncum was also detected in the intestine of one pouting. Total prevalence of anisakids was 88.5%. Hysterothylacium aduncum and Anisakis showed, respectively, prevalence of 87.8% and 22.3%, mean intensity of 19.7 and 3.5, and mean abundance of 17.3 and 0.8. Analysis of infection parameters as a function of host length revealed a much higher prevalence in pouting specimens with length < 20 cm (94.4% for H. aduncum; 28.0% for Anisakis) than in those with length > or = 20 cm (65.6% for H. aduncum; 3.1% for Anisakis). The high mean intensity of Anisakis in muscle of parasitized pouting (5.9) may pose human health risks, although these are minimized by eating only thoroughly cooked pouting, as is the custom in Spain.     

Multiplex PCR for the identification of Anisakis simplex sensu stricto, Anisakis pegreffii and the other anisakid nematodes

A multiplex PCR method was established for the rapid identification of Anisakis simplex sensu stricto, A. pegreffii, A. physeteris, Pseudoterranova decipiens, Contracaecum osculatum and Hysterothylacium aduncum. The sequence alignment of the internal transcribed spacer 1 region (ITS-1) between A. simplex s. str. and A. pegreffii showed a high degree of similarity, but only two C-T transitions were observed. To differentiate A. simplex s. str. from A. pegreffii, an intentional mismatch primer with an artificial mismatched base at the second base from the primer 3' end was constructed. This intentional mismatch primer, which produced a PCR band only from A. pegreffii DNA, was able to differentiate the two morphologically indistinguishable sibling species of A. simplex. Specific forward primers for other anisakid species were also designed based on the nucleotide sequences of the ITS region. The multiplex PCR using these primers yielded distinct PCR products for each of the anisakid nematodes. The multiplex PCR established in this study would be a useful tool for identifying anisakid nematodes rapidly and accurately.     

Richness and diversity of helminth communities in the Japanese grenadier anchovy, Coilia nasus, during its anadromous migration in the Yangtze River, China

To determine the relationship between the species richness, diversity of helminth communities, and migration distance during upward migration from coast to freshwater, helminth communities in the anadromous fish Coilia nasus were investigated along the coast of the East China Sea, the Yangtze Estuary, and 3 localities on the Yangtze River. Six helminth species were found in 224 C. nasus . Changes in salinity usually reduced the survival time of parasites, and thus the number of helminth species and their abundance. Except for the 2 dominant helminths, the acanthocephalan Acanthosentis cheni and the nematode Contracaecum sp., mean abundance of other 4 species of helminths was rather low (<1.0) during the upward migration in the Yangtze River. Mean abundance of the 2 dominant helminths peaked in the Yangtze Estuary and showed no obvious decrease among the 3 localities on the Yangtze River. Mean species richness, Brillouin's index, and Shannon index were also highest in the estuary (1.93 ± 0.88, 0.28 ± 0.25, and 0.37 ± 0.34, respectively) and did not exhibit marked decline at the 3 localities on the Yangtze River. A significant negative correlation was not seen between the similarity and the geographical distance (R = -0.5104, P = 0.1317). The strong salinity tolerance of intestinal helminths, relatively brief stay in the Yangtze River, and large amount of feeding on small fish and shrimp when commencing spawning migration perhaps were responsible for the results.     

Anisakid parasites of two forkbeards (Phycis blennoides and Phycis phycis) from the Mediterranean coasts of Andalucía (Southern Spain)

An epidemiological survey of anisakids was carried out on 209 specimens of greater forkbeard (Phycis blennoides) and 58 of forkbeard (Phycis phycis) captured off the Mediterranean coasts of Andalucía (southern Spain). Four species of nematodes were identified: Anisakis simplex s.l., Anisakis physeteris, Hysterothylacium aduncum and Hysterothylacium fabri. The total prevalence was 62.06% in the forkbeard and 58.85% in the greater forkbeard. The highest values of prevalence (56.90%), mean intensity (5.21) and mean abundance (2.96) were all obtained for H. fabri in the forkbeard. The most frequent parasite in the greater forkbeard was H. aduncum with 51.20% prevalence and values of 3.00 and 1.53 for mean intensity and mean abundance, respectively. The infestation parameters were also analyzed according to the host length, observing a maximum of parasitized fish (91.67%) in samples of P. blennoides longer than 40 cm, while in P. phycis, the highest prevalence (82.35%), conditioned by H. fabri parasitization, was found in fish with lengths between 30 and 35 cm.     

Molecular characterization of Anisakis larvae from fish caught off Sardinia

Anisakis spp. larvae are parasitic, and potentially zoonotic, nematodes transmitted by marine fish and cephalopods, which are the main intermediate hosts of the third larval stage. The accidental consumption of infected raw or poorly cooked fish may cause gastroenteric diseases and allergies in humans. The aim of the present study was to use polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to define the occurrence, species variability, and host preferences of Anisakis spp. larvae in fish caught off the coast of Sardinia. Necropsy was used on 285 samples; 552 Anisakis spp. L3 larvae were isolated from 87 fish that tested positive for this nematode. Anisakis pegreffii was most frequently encountered (90.6%), with a primary preference for Scomber scombrus, Zeus faber, and Trachurus mediterraneus. In contrast, the prevalence of Anisakis physeteris was only 1.3%. A hybrid genotype of Anisakis simplex sensu stricto and Anisakis pegreffii was also observed, which confirms the results of previous studies carried out in the western Mediterranean. Interestingly, no Anisakis simplex s.s. larvae were recovered. These results indicate that the diversity of Anisakis species is low in Sardinia waters, probably because of its geographic position.     

Larval anisakids parasitizing the blue whiting, Micromesistius poutassou, from Motril Bay in the Mediterranean region of southern Spain

A total of 301 blue whiting, Micromesistius poutassou Risso, 1826, ranging in length from 17 to 28 cm, from Motril Bay (Mediterranean coast, south Spain) were examined for anisakid nematodes, as these fish are common items in the Spanish Mediterranean diet. Three anisakid species were morphologically identified with a total prevalence of 10.63%. Anisakis simplex s.l. Rudolphi, 1809 had a prevalence value of 6.65%, compared with 2.66% for A. physeteris Baylis, 1923 and 2.33% for Hysterothylacium aduncum Rudolphi, 1802. Variations in prevalence values with season and host size are discussed. Allozyme markers (leucine aminopeptidase-1) were used to identify anisakid nematodes assigned to the A. simplex complex and all examined larvae were found to correspond genetically to A. pegreffii Nascetti et al., 1986.     

长江刀鲚生殖洄游期间脂肪酸组成及含量变化分析

为探究长江刀鲚生殖洄游过程中脂肪酸组成及其含量变化规律,研究选择洄游距离、卵巢发育和规格大小3个影响因子设置梯度,对长江刀鲚肝胰腺、肌肉和卵巢的脂肪酸组成及含量进行实验分析。实验结果显示, 62尾雌性刀鲚3个组织均检测出28种脂肪酸,以单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量最高,大于各组织总脂肪酸含量的56.23%,各类脂肪酸中的C18:1、C16:0、C16:1、DHA和EPA含量较高,为主要脂肪酸。在生殖洄游过程中,刀鲚肝胰腺总脂肪含量随洄游距离的延长呈上升趋势,从崇明江段的(526.61±38.50) mg/g增加至安庆江段的(587.21±124.72) mg/g,而肌肉和卵巢总脂肪酸含量呈显著下降趋势,分别下降了33.03%和57.09%(P<0.05)。在各体长组中,肌肉总脂肪酸、SFA、MUFA和PUFA含量与体长呈正相关(P<0.05),而肝胰腺和卵巢总脂肪酸及各类脂肪酸含量与体长无显著相关性(P>0.05)。在卵巢发育过程中,刀鲚肝胰腺和肌肉总脂肪酸、MUFA和PUFA含量随卵巢由Ⅱ期发育至Ⅳ期均呈下降趋势,总脂肪酸含量分别减少了47.56%和22.40%,...     

Distribution of Anisakis species larvae from fishes of the Japanese waters

Human anisakiasis is caused by the consumption of raw, marinated or undercooked fish and squid infected with nematodes of the genus Anisakis Dujardin, 1845. In view of food safety, this study was carried out to examine the distribution of Anisakis species in marine fishes within Japanese waters. Seven fish species from six localities were collected and examined for Anisakis infection. Morphological and molecular (ITS region and mtDNA cox2 gene) characterization revealed the presence of two, among the three sibling species of Anisakis simplex, viz. A. simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) and A. pegreffii. Distribution data were collated with the results from the previous researches to better understand Anisakis distribution in Japanese waters. Distributions of Anisakis species were found to be locality-specific rather than host-specific, particularly between the two major species, A. simplex s.s. and A. pegreffii. Anisakis simplex s.s. is mainly found in fishes from northern Japan to Pacific sides, whereas A. pegreffii is in fishes from the Sea of Japan to East China Sea sides.     

Seasonal occurrence of helminths in the anadromous fish Coilia nasus (Engraulidae): parasite indicators of fish migratory movements

To understand the seasonal migration of the anadromous Coilia nasus , we attempted to identify the parasites infecting C. nasus and determine their seasonal occurrence. From June 2007 to July 2008, a survey of 775 C. nasus individuals from the estuary of the Yangtze River and the coast of the East China Sea revealed more than 7,300 parasites associated with the gills and alimentary tracts of C. nasus . The following 6 helminth taxa were identified, i.e., the monogeneans Heteromazocraes lingmueni and Helciferus tenuis, the digenean Elytrophallus coiliae, the acanthocephalan Acanthosentis cheni , and larvae of the nematodes Anisakis simplex and Contracaecum sp., all of which are marine or brackish-water parasites. The absence of freshwater helminths suggested that the parasites acquired in freshwater may have been accidentally, and easily, lost by the time the fish had reached the estuary and coast. Contrary to seasonal occurrence of the parasites' life cycles, the lowest mean abundance and prevalence of H. lingmueni and A. cheni occurred in August, which suggested the immigration of C. nasus from freshwater to the Yangtze estuary, with lower parasite burdens. The highest mean abundance and prevalence of the nematodes A. simplex and Contracaecum sp. in May and June, and the lowest in August, indicated the arrival of the fish from the coast and the Yangtze River, to the estuary, respectively. These findings suggested that a majority of the fish prepared for spawning migration in the estuary in spring and early summer and returned to the estuary after spawning in the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River in late summer.