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1.
共情可以帮助人们建立和谐的人际关系,更好地适应现实社会,是一种重要的社会认知功能。已有研究表明,诸多神经和精神类疾病的发生发展和复发与共情缺陷有关。非侵入性脑刺激技术(经颅磁刺激和经颅直流电刺激)可以通过调节大脑皮层兴奋性来调控个体的共情水平,缓解共情缺陷症状。针对健康群体使用该技术的现有证据显示:内侧前额叶、初级运动皮层、额下回、背外侧前额叶和颞顶交界处的活动有助于提升个体的认知共情水平,其中双侧背外侧前额叶的活动还有助于下调个体的情感共情水平,而右侧颞顶交界处的活动则可以增强自我表征从而支持个体在共情时进行自我和他人的区分。少数针对共情缺陷群体使用该技术的临床证据提示,增强左侧背外侧前额叶和内侧前额叶的活动可以分别提升精神疾病和神经退行性疾病患者的认知共情水平。未来的研究应探讨在统一的行为测量范式下针对不同刺激参数和刺激位点进行共情干预研究,通过融合其他神经生理技术进一步考察非侵入性脑刺激技术改善共情功能的作用机制,并考虑个体差异性对大脑共情功能干预效果的影响。  相似文献   

2.
概率类别学习是探讨人们如何习得线索与结果之间的"概率"关系.研究者借助天气预报等任务,探讨了概率类别学习的认知策略、无意识性及其与工作记忆和注意的关系,并借助脑成像技术和脑损伤病人,探讨了基底神经节、内侧颞叶、前额叶和顶叶等脑区在概率类别学习中的作用.但是,由于概率类别学习涉及内隐和外显学习系统的分离问题,目前对其相关研究结果和理论解释还存在很大争议,概率类别学习的认知神经机制仍有待进一步研究.  相似文献   

3.
默认模式网络(default-mode network,DMN)是由在脑处于静息状态时相互联系、维持健康代谢活动的若干脑区组成的网络,主要包括楔前叶/后扣带回皮质、顶下小叶、内侧前额叶皮层的背侧和腹侧、内侧颞叶以及海马等脑区,在个体从事如自传性记忆提取、监控外界环境以及控制自身心理状态等多种事务中发挥着重要作用,且与记忆有关的结构被证实是DMN的核心成分。现已有研究表明DMN功能障碍可能会诱导β-淀粉样蛋白沉积形成老年斑,并最终导致阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)的发病。因此,越来越多的学者将研究的重心放在了DMN功能障碍与AD发病的关系上。本文就近年来有关DMN组成、功能特别是与AD发病关系的研究作一简要回顾。  相似文献   

4.
α2肾上腺素受体与前额叶皮层认知功能   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
灵长类动物上的一系列研究表明,去甲肾上腺素通过作用于前额叶皮层突触后α2A受体增强前额叶皮层的认知功能,如注意力调节,工作记忆及反应抑制等。这些基础性的研究结果有助于开发新的药物治疗方法,用于治疗前额叶皮层认知功能障碍(如注意力缺损多动症)。  相似文献   

5.
儿童失神癫痫的默认模式网络的结构连接研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
大脑结构连接是其功能连接的物质基础.已有研究表明,失神癫痫患者默认模式网络(default mode network,DMN)中的功能连接发生了改变.为了探索这些改变相应的结构基础,对11名儿童失神癫痫患者和12名正常对照,使用基于弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)的纤维束追踪技术,构建了每个被试DMN脑区间的纤维束连接.结果表明,在所有被试的DMN网络中一致发现后扣带/楔前叶到内侧前额叶、后扣带/楔前叶到左右双侧的内侧颞叶都存在纤维束连接.通过两组间统计比较这些纤维束连接的平均长度、连接强度、平均部分各向异性(fractional anisotropic,FA)值和平均弥散度(mean diffusivity,MD)值等参数,发现患者组的后扣带/楔前叶到内侧前额叶纤维束连接上的平均FA值及连接强度都显著降低,而平均MD值显著增加,并且其FA值与癫痫病程呈显著的负相关关系,这些改变可能影响了患者DMN网络的功能连接.本研究结果为DMN功能连接异常提供了相关的结构上的依据,提示后扣带/楔前叶到内侧前额叶的连接异常可能在儿童失神癫痫中起着非常重要的作用.  相似文献   

6.
社会认知神经科学的取向与研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
社会认知神经科学是社会心理学和认知神经科学相结合的新兴多学科研究领域,其强调在社会、认知与脑神经等三个层面的交互作用上去理解心理现象。前几年主要是对刻板印象、态度与态度改变、他人知觉、自我认知以及情绪与认知交互作用等方面进行了深入研究,其主要范式是应用认知神经科学的方法来验证社会心理学在这些范围内上的各种不同的理论观点,当前的研究主要集中在知觉和再认的社会标记、社会判断和归因、评价调节知觉和经验以及社会交互作用等传统的社会心理学方面,并取得了突破性进展。展望未来的研究,其将在系统准则研究发展的基础上,把当今的社会认知研究与认知神经科学在理论和方法论上整合起来,为揭示人类高级社会心理现象的神经基础,开辟一条崭新的研究道路。  相似文献   

7.
目的:探讨慢性间断性低氧(CIH)大鼠认知功能的进行性变化及其与脑胆碱能神经元变化的关系。方法:成年雄性SD大鼠40只,随机均分为对照组、慢性间断性低氧1,3,5周组。应用Morris水迷宫检测认知功能的变化;利用HE染色在光镜下计数前额叶皮层和海马坏死神经元数;利用免疫组化方法检测前额叶皮层和海马胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)阳性表达。结果:CIH各组大鼠学习记忆能力呈进行性下降趋势;与对照组比较,CIH5w组出现明显学习记忆功能障碍(P〈0.05)。CIH各组前额叶皮层和海马变性坏死神经元数增多,且随低氧时间延长,上述改变呈慢性进行性加重趋势。CIH各组前额叶皮层和海马ChAT阳性表达逐渐下降;与对照组比较,CIH3w组和CIH5w组前额叶皮层和海马ChAT阳性表达明显减少,差异具有显著性(P〈0.05)。结论:慢性间断性低氧大鼠认知功能进行性下降与前额叶皮层和海马神经元病理性损伤、ChAT表达进行性减少有关。  相似文献   

8.
寻找中国人的自我: 一项fMRI研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
文化影响自我概念是社会认知神经科学中一个极其重要的课题, 然而迄今为止, 却很少有人在神经层面上对这一问题进行探索. 本研究从中国文化影响自我概念的角度(集体主义自我包含母亲成分)探索这一问题. 在西方文化中, 自我参照的回忆成绩优于其他形式的语义加工, 如母亲参照、他人参照和一般语义加工的回忆成绩, 这一记忆优势可能缘起于自我在内侧前额叶(medial prefrontal cortex, MPFC)的定位. 然而, 我们的行为研究发现, 中国人母亲参照与自我参照无论在记忆成绩上, 还是在自我觉知的程度上都非常类似. 本研究试图揭示MPFC是否是这两种参照共同的神经机制. 实验一被试在3种条件下(自我、他人和语义加工)对描述人格的形容词进行判断: 实验二我们用母亲参照代替他人参照(自我、母亲和语义加工). 研究结果表明, 当和他人/语义比较时, 自我参照激活了内侧前额叶和扣带回; 但是, 当和母亲比较时, 自我参照并不激活内侧前额叶, 这暗示了母亲可能和自我共同分享了这一区域. 换句话说, 在神经水平上, 母亲也是中国人集体主义自我的一个组成部分.  相似文献   

9.
为了研究去甲肾上腺素在大脑认知功能中的作用,在3只猕猴进行延缓辨别作业的同时,在额叶弓状沟上支内侧部的皮层区,记录了230个作业相关神经元的电活动。对其中159个神经元观察了微量电泳去甲肾上腺素、妥拉苏林或心得安的效应。这些神经元在作业各期的分布是:开始期11个,暗示期28个,延缓期66个,反应期54个。约2/3的神经元在作业中出现兴奋反应(放电增多),1/3为抑制反应(放电减少)。在延缓期出现抑制反应的神经元,绝大多数对去甲肾上腺素敏感。在电泳去甲肾上腺素时,神经元的自发放电减少,延缓期的抑制加深。电泳妥拉苏林或心得安则出现相反的效应,即自发放电增多,延缓期的抑制减弱或不出现抑制,并可拮抗电泳去甲肾上腺素的抑制效应。实验结果提示,在额叶弓状沟上支内侧皮层神经元的注意、短时记忆等认知功能中,可能有去甲肾上腺素参与作用,主要参与神经活动的抑制过程。  相似文献   

10.
前额叶皮层和纹状体是大脑内两个重要的区域,研究表明它们都参与了许多高级认知过程,如学习记忆、奖励信息处理、行为决策等。单细胞电生理记录实验已显示前额叶皮层和纹状体的神经元能够编码奖励信息,但不清楚这两个区域的局域场电位(local field potential,LFP)是否也能编码奖励信息。为研究这个问题,当猴子在进行一个奖励预测实验时,用多通道电极同时记录了前额叶皮层和纹状体的LFP。采用短时傅里叶变换,将记录的LFP转换为时、频域上的信号,比较不同奖励条件(大容量水奖励和小容量水奖励)下功率值的分布。结果显示前额叶皮层和纹状体的LFP的功率能够区分不同的奖励条件,并且小容量水奖励条件下的功率值大于大容量水奖励条件下的功率值;进一步研究显示LFP在β频段(14~30 Hz)能更好地编码奖励信息。以上结果表明前额叶皮层和纹状体的LFP能够有效地编码奖励信息,有助于进一步理解LFP在处理奖励信息过程中的作用。  相似文献   

11.
The social brain in adolescence   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The term 'social brain' refers to the network of brain regions that are involved in understanding others. Behaviour that is related to social cognition changes dramatically during human adolescence. This is paralleled by functional changes that occur in the social brain during this time, in particular in the medial prefrontal cortex and the superior temporal sulcus, which show altered activity during the performance of social cognitive tasks, such as face recognition and mental-state attribution. Research also indicates that, in humans, these parts of the social brain undergo structural development, including synaptic reorganization, during adolescence. Bringing together two relatively new and rapidly expanding areas of neuroscience--social neuroscience and the study of brain development during adolescence--will increase our understanding of how the social brain develops during adolescence.  相似文献   

12.
Faces transmit a wealth of social information. How this information is exchanged between face-processing centers and brain areas supporting social cognition remains largely unclear. Here we identify these routes using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging in macaque monkeys. We find that face areas functionally connect to specific regions within frontal, temporal, and parietal cortices, as well as subcortical structures supporting emotive, mnemonic, and cognitive functions. This establishes the existence of an extended face-recognition system in the macaque. Furthermore, the face patch resting state networks and the default mode network in monkeys show a pattern of overlap akin to that between the social brain and the default mode network in humans: this overlap specifically includes the posterior superior temporal sulcus, medial parietal, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, areas supporting high-level social cognition in humans. Together, these results reveal the embedding of face areas into larger brain networks and suggest that the resting state networks of the face patch system offer a new, easily accessible venue into the functional organization of the social brain and into the evolution of possibly uniquely human social skills.  相似文献   

13.
Uniquely human social cognition   总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21  
Recent data identify distinct components of social cognition associated with five brain regions. In posterior temporal cortex, the extrastriate body area is associated with perceiving the form of other human bodies. A nearby region in the posterior superior temporal sulcus is involved in interpreting the motions of a human body in terms of goals. A distinct region at the temporo-parietal junction supports the uniquely human ability to reason about the contents of mental states. Medial prefrontal cortex is divided into at least two subregions. Ventral medial prefrontal cortex is implicated in emotional empathy, whereas dorsal medial prefrontal cortex is implicated in the uniquely human representation of triadic relations between two minds and an object, supporting shared attention and collaborative goals.  相似文献   

14.
社交行为对于个体身心健康和社会发展都极其重要。社交行为障碍已成为多种精神类疾病的典型临床表征,对个体的发展有严重不良影响。前额叶皮层作为调节社交行为的关键脑区之一,参与了社交、情绪、决策等高级功能,其内部神经元、神经胶质细胞的活动变化及相互作用对调节社交行为有着重要影响,而且前额叶皮层与其他脑区之间的协作也会影响不同的社会行为。本文回顾了前额叶皮层中神经元、神经胶质细胞以及脑区投射与社交行为关系的最新研究,系统综述了前额叶皮层在社交行为调节中的作用,以期为社交障碍的神经机制和有效诊疗提供参考。  相似文献   

15.
Neural plasticity in the ageing brain   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The mechanisms involved in plasticity in the nervous system are thought to support cognition, and some of these processes are affected during normal ageing. Notably, cognitive functions that rely on the medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex, such as learning, memory and executive function, show considerable age-related decline. It is therefore not surprising that several neural mechanisms in these brain areas also seem to be particularly vulnerable during the ageing process. In this review, we discuss major advances in our understanding of age-related changes in the medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex and how these changes in functional plasticity contribute to behavioural impairments in the absence of significant pathology.  相似文献   

16.
Children who have experienced chronic parental rejection and exclusion during childhood, as is the case in childhood emotional maltreatment, may become especially sensitive to social exclusion. This study investigated the neural and emotional responses to social exclusion (with the Cyberball task) in young adults reporting childhood emotional maltreatment. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated brain responses and self-reported distress to social exclusion in 46 young adult patients and healthy controls (mean age = 19.2±2.16) reporting low to extreme childhood emotional maltreatment. Consistent with prior studies, social exclusion was associated with activity in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex. In addition, severity of childhood emotional maltreatment was positively associated with increased dorsal medial prefrontal cortex responsivity to social exclusion. The dorsal medial prefrontal cortex plays a crucial role in self-and other-referential processing, suggesting that the more individuals have been rejected and maltreated in childhood, the more self- and other- processing is elicited by social exclusion in adulthood. Negative self-referential thinking, in itself, enhances cognitive vulnerability for the development of psychiatric disorders. Therefore, our findings may underlie the emotional and behavioural difficulties that have been reported in adults reporting childhood emotional maltreatment.  相似文献   

17.
Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
Social interaction is a cornerstone of human life, yet the neural mechanisms underlying social cognition are poorly understood. Recently, research that integrates approaches from neuroscience and social psychology has begun to shed light on these processes, and converging evidence from neuroimaging studies suggests a unique role for the medial frontal cortex. We review the emerging literature that relates social cognition to the medial frontal cortex and, on the basis of anatomical and functional characteristics of this brain region, propose a theoretical model of medial frontal cortical function relevant to different aspects of social cognitive processing.  相似文献   

18.
When humans are engaged in goal-related processing, activity in prefrontal cortex is increased. However, it has remained unclear whether this prefrontal activity encodes a subject's current intention. Instead, increased levels of activity could reflect preparation of motor responses, holding in mind a set of potential choices, tracking the memory of previous responses, or general processes related to establishing a new task set. Here we study subjects who freely decided which of two tasks to perform and covertly held onto an intention during a variable delay. Only after this delay did they perform the chosen task and indicate which task they had prepared. We demonstrate that during the delay, it is possible to decode from activity in medial and lateral regions of prefrontal cortex which of two tasks the subjects were covertly intending to perform. This suggests that covert goals can be represented by distributed patterns of activity in the prefrontal cortex, thereby providing a potential neural substrate for prospective memory. During task execution, most information could be decoded from a more posterior region of prefrontal cortex, suggesting that different brain regions encode goals during task preparation and task execution. Decoding of intentions was most robust from the medial prefrontal cortex, which is consistent with a specific role of this region when subjects reflect on their own mental states.  相似文献   

19.
This review outlines recent findings from human neuroimaging concerning the role of a highly interconnected network of brain areas including orbital and medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, striatum and dopaminergic mid-brain in reward processing. Distinct reward-related functions can be attributed to different components of this network. Orbitofrontal cortex is involved in coding stimulus reward value and in concert with the amygdala and ventral striatum is implicated in representing predicted future reward. Such representations can be used to guide action selection for reward, a process that depends, at least in part, on orbital and medial prefrontal cortex as well as dorsal striatum.  相似文献   

20.
The term "theory of mind" (ToM) describes an evolved psychological mechanism that is necessary to represent intentions and expectations in social interaction. It is thus involved in determining the proclivity of others to cooperate or defect. While in cooperative settings between two parties the intentions and expectations of the protagonists match, they diverge in deceptive scenarios, in which one protagonist is intentionally manipulated to hold a false belief about the intention of the other. In a functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm using cartoons showing social interactions (including the outcome of the interaction) between two or three story characters, respectively, we sought to determine those brain areas of the ToM network involved in reasoning about cooperative versus deceptive interactions. Healthy volunteers were asked to reflect upon the protagonists' intentions and expectations in cartoons depicting cooperation, deception or a combination of both, where two characters cooperated to deceive a third. Reasoning about the mental states of the story characters yielded substantial differences in activation patterns: both deception and cooperation activated bilateral temporoparietal junction, parietal and cingulate regions, while deception alone additionally recruited orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal regions. These results indicate an important role for prefrontal cortex in processing a mismatch between a character's intention and another's expectations as required in complex social interactions.  相似文献   

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