铁皮石斛DORCA基因的克隆及表达分析

为了研究铁皮石斛的光合特性,根据Rubisco活化酶(RCA)基因的保守序列设计兼并引物,采用RT-PCR和RACE方法从铁皮石斛叶中分离到一个RCA基因,命名为DORCA(GenBank登录号KT205841)。DORCA基因cDNA全长为1 724bp,包含1 317bp开放阅读框(ORF),编码438个氨基酸。系统进化分析显示,DORCA与马蹄莲ZaRCA(AAK25801.1)亲缘关系最近。生物信息学分析表明,DORCA与其他植物的RCA蛋白具有较高一致性,属于RCA的β亚基。DORCA蛋白具有定位于叶绿体的N端转运肽,2个保守的ATP结合结构域和多个磷酸化位点。实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分析表明,DORCA基因在茎、叶中表达;在自然光周期条件下,DORCA基因在8:30时表达量最高,20:30时表达量最低,具有明显的光诱导表达特性。     

巴西橡胶树一个编码含有C2结构域蛋白cDNA的克隆及表达分析

本研究根据从巴西橡树胶乳cDNA文库中获得的一个EST片段的序列信息设计引物,通过RACE的方法获得了橡胶树编码含有C2结构域蛋白的cDNA(命名为HbC2)。序列分析表明,HbC2长为1185bp,含有813bp的阅读框,140bp的5'-UTR和232bp的3'-UTR,编码270个氨基酸,分子量为30.9KD,等电点为6.29,含有保守的C2结构域。半定量RT-PCR分析表明HbC2在花、芽、叶、胶乳和树皮中都有表达,其中在胶乳中表达量最高。茉莉酸可抑制HbC2的表达,乙烯对HbC2的表达没有影响。此研究为进一步研究C2蛋白基因在橡胶树中的生物学功能奠定基础。     

澳洲坚果MtMADS1-like基因的克隆与表达分析

MADS～box家族基因广泛分布于植物中,在植物花发育的整个阶段起着至关重要的作用.为了探索MADS-box基因在澳洲坚果花发育过程中的分子机理,本研究以澳洲坚果'695'为试材,采用RT-PCR及RACE技术克隆获得澳洲坚果MADS-box类转录因子基因cDNA全长,命名MtMADS1-like(GenBank登录号:MK491608).该基因全长967 bp,开放阅读框ORF长672 bp,编码223个氨基酸,5'-UTR和3'-UTR分别为58 bp和237 bp.序列分析表明,MtMADS1-like具有保守的MADS-box结构域(MADS-MEF2-like)和半保守的K-box结构域,属于Type Ⅱ型MADS-box家族基因.进化分析表明,MtMADS1-like与其他植物中MADS-box蛋白具有较高的同源性,且与猴面花(Erythranthe guttata)MADS-box家族中SVP254的同源性高达67.10％,亲缘关系最近.生物信息学分析表明MtMADS1-like属于不稳定的亲水性蛋白,不具备信号肽,属于非分泌蛋白,α-螺旋和无规则卷曲构成了二级结构的主要蛋白框架,三级结构中MADS-box结构域和K-box形成该蛋白的核心结构,并且作为转录因子定位于细胞核.qPCR分析表明,MtMADS1-like基因在不同的澳洲坚果品种中差异表达,在品种'333'中表达量最高,在品种'344'中表达量最低.研究结果为进一步验证MtMADS1-like的功能及阐明澳洲坚果花发育和开花调控的分子机制奠定了基础.     

澳洲坚果MtMADS1-like基因的克隆与表达分析

MADS～box家族基因广泛分布于植物中,在植物花发育的整个阶段起着至关重要的作用.为了探索MADS-box基因在澳洲坚果花发育过程中的分子机理,本研究以澳洲坚果'695'为试材,采用RT-PCR及RACE技术克隆获得澳洲坚果MADS-box类转录因子基因cDNA全长,命名MtMADS1-like(GenBank登录号:MK491608).该基因全长967 bp,开放阅读框ORF长672 bp,编码223个氨基酸,5'-UTR和3'-UTR分别为58 bp和237 bp.序列分析表明,MtMADS1-like具有保守的MADS-box结构域(MADS-MEF2-like)和半保守的K-box结构域,属于Type Ⅱ型MADS-box家族基因.进化分析表明,MtMADS1-like与其他植物中MADS-box蛋白具有较高的同源性,且与猴面花(Erythranthe guttata)MADS-box家族中SVP254的同源性高达67.10％,亲缘关系最近.生物信息学分析表明MtMADS1-like属于不稳定的亲水性蛋白,不具备信号肽,属于非分泌蛋白,α-螺旋和无规则卷曲构成了二级结构的主要蛋白框架,三级结构中MADS-box结构域和K-box形成该蛋白的核心结构,并且作为转录因子定位于细胞核.qPCR分析表明,MtMADS1-like基因在不同的澳洲坚果品种中差异表达,在品种'333'中表达量最高,在品种'344'中表达量最低.研究结果为进一步验证MtMADS1-like的功能及阐明澳洲坚果花发育和开花调控的分子机制奠定了基础.     

优雅蝈螽水溶性和类膜结合型海藻糖酶编码cDNA的鉴定及其在体内的表达（英文）

海藻糖酶是一种二糖水解酶,催化海藻糖转换为葡萄糖,为昆虫包括发育、壳多糖合成及飞翔代谢在内的多种生理过程所必需。尽管某些昆虫的海藻糖酶基因已被鉴定,但优雅蝈螽的海藻糖酶编码序列尚未见报告。本研究采用RACE结合多重PCR技术,分离鉴定优雅蝈螽的水溶性海藻糖酶(Gg Tre1)和类膜结合型海藻糖酶(Gg Tre2-like)的全长编码序列(cDNA),包括携带不同长度3'-非翻译区(3'-UTR)的3个Gg Tre1 cDNA亚型(Gen Bank:No.KY400001-KY400003)和3个Gg Tre2-like cDNA亚型(Gen Bank:No.KY400004-KY400006)。3个Gg Tre1 cDNA序列分别为2 107,2 021和1 914bp,具有相同长度的5'-UTR(33 bp),但3'-UTR长度不同,分别为322,248和129 bp。Gg Tre1-2 cDNA含1 740 bp,编码579个氨基酸残基组成的多肽链,分子量为67.29 k D;与之不同,根据cDNA演绎的Gg Tre1-1和Gg Tre1-3序列较Gg Tre1-2多4个氨基酸残基,多肽链的分子量为67.88 k D。3个Gg Tre2-like cDNA(Gg Tre2-like-1,-2和-3)序列全长分别为2 491,2 460和2 381 bp。5'-UTR均为284 bp,3'-UTR分别为398,367和285 bp。Gg Tre2-like cDNA开阅读框为1 809 bp,编码602氨基酸残基组成的多肽链,分子量为67.88 k D。实时定量PCR,分析Gg Tre1和Gg Tre2-like基因在雌、雄个体(各20个)的组织特异性表达。结果显示,Gg Tre1在卵巢和附腺表达量最高;Gg Tre2-like主要在卵巢表达,在雄性肌肉和马氏管的表达量高于其他组织。上述结果表明,本研究从优雅蝈螽分离到3'-UTR长度不同的3个水溶性和3个类膜结合型海藻糖酶cDNA序列。结果还提示,Gg Tre1在各组织的表达差异较大,而Gg Tre2-like在各组织的表达相对稳定。不同长度3'-UTR的Gg Tre1和Gg Tre2-like亚型的存在,以及不同长度的3'-UTR在翻译过程中的特殊作用,尚待今后研究证实。     

无乳链球菌诱导吉富罗非鱼分泌型免疫球蛋白M(sIgM)重链基因的克隆及原核表达

以灭活的无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)诱导后的吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)为材料,构建其头肾SMART cDNA文库,应用同源性克隆和RACE-PCR技术克隆到吉富罗非鱼(O.niloticus)分泌型免疫球蛋白M(sIgM)重链基因的全长cDNA序列并对其进行生物信息学分析。sIgM基因cDNA全长为1 921 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为1 740 bp,5'端非编码区(5'-UTR)41 bp,3'端非编码区(3'-UTR)140 bp,编码579个氨基酸,N端有信号肽结构。预测分子量(MW)为64.26 kD,理论等电点(pI)为5.36。系统进化树分析显示,吉富罗非鱼(O.niloticus)sIgM与牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)和军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)的亲缘关系较近。sIgM基因有4个恒定区。将吉富罗非鱼(O.niloticus)sIgM基因恒定区序列克隆到原核表达载体pET-28a(+)中,构建原核表达质粒pET28-sIgM,诱导表达后确定最优条件为37℃条件下,IPTG浓度为0.05 mmol/L时诱导4 h蛋白表达量最大。纯化蛋白后经Western blot分析,sIgM融合蛋白与鼠抗His-Tag发生特异结合,表明目的蛋白成功表达。     

中国水仙水杨酸甲酯合成酶基因克隆与表达分析

为了解中国水仙(Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis)花香气形成的分子机理,以花发育形成相关基因的SSH文库获得的cDNA片段为基础,利用RACE技术从中国水仙花朵中克隆了水杨酸甲酯合成酶基因,命名为NtSAMT1 (GeneBank No. JX273470),其cDNA全长1323 bp,包含1个1131 bp完整阅读框架,编码376个氨基酸,具有Methyltransf_7 superfamily蛋白保守区,与仙女扇(Clarkia breweri) SAMT蛋白(1m6eX)的三维结构相似。系统进化树分析表明,中国水仙与粳稻的SAMT蛋白亲缘关系最近。原核表达结果表明NtSAMT1在大肠杆菌中能高效表达。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,NtSAMT1在花蕾期就有表达,第1天完全开放时各部位均有表达,以雄蕊与雌蕊的表达量最高,第8天已检测不到表达。     

苎麻转录因子基因BnMYB3的克隆及表达分析

该研究采用RACE技术,从苎麻中克隆到1个MYB转录因子基因(BnMYB3)的全长cDNA序列(GenBank登录号为MF741320.1)。生物信息学分析表明,BnMYB3基因cDNA全长为1 216bp,包括900bp编码区序列,编码含有299个氨基酸的蛋白,其分子量约为33.63kD,理论等电点为9.16;该蛋白质含有2个典型的MYB结构域,属于R2R3-MYB。从苎麻基因组中克隆了BnMYB3基因1 681bp启动子序列,该序列包含ABRE、GARE-motif、CGTCA-motif和TGACG-motif等多个逆境相关的顺式作用元件。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,BnMYB3为组成型表达基因,在茎和叶中的表达量显著高于根;BnMYB3基因能够响应镉胁迫,且表达量随镉胁迫处理时间和处理浓度的增加而显著上升。     

甘菊ClHSP70与ClHSP90基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以甘菊(Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium)为实验材料,通过RT-PCR方法从甘菊转录组数据中分离出热激蛋白合成相关基因,命名为ClHSP70和ClHSP90。序列分析表明,ClHSP70基因ORF全长为2 559bp,编码852个氨基酸,蛋白功能区预测表明含有典型的HSP70蛋白NBD和SBD保守结构域;ClHSP90基因ORF全长为2 094bp,编码697个氨基酸,含有HATPase结构域和HSP90保守结构域。生物信息学分析表明,甘菊ClHSP70与大豆(Glycine max)和烟草(Nicotiana tomentosiformis)HSP70蛋白有较高的一致性,ClHSP90基因编码的氨基酸序列与紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)HSP90高度相似;实时荧光定量表达分析表明,在42℃处理不同时间,甘菊叶片中ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因表达均在0.5h时显著增加,1h达到最大值,2h后缓慢下降;不同组织表达分析表明,甘菊在42℃处理1h后,ClHSP70在成熟叶中的表达量显著高于嫩叶和根等其他组织;ClHSP90在成熟茎中的表达量最高。研究说明,ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因具有热激蛋白特征,参与了甘菊热胁迫应答过程,该研究结果为以后深入研究其基因功能奠定了基础。     

芒果SEPALAATA基因的克隆与表达分析

以芒果品种‘吕宋’(Mangifera indica L.Carabao)为试材,利用同源克隆和RACE技术从花序中获得了1个芒果SEPALAATA(SEP)基因cDNA全长,命名为MSEP1(GenBank中登录号为KP702299)。MSEP1基因的cDNA全长为921bp,包含一个长度为726bp开放阅读框,编码241个氨基酸,蛋白质相对分子质量为27.7kD,理论等电点为5.79。序列比对和系统进化树分析表明,MSEP1具有保守的MADS-box及半保守的K区,属于MADS-box家族的SEP亚家族。器官特异性表达分析表明,MSEP1基因在芒果根、茎中表达量较低,在叶片、花芽中表达量较高,而在花序中表达量最高。研究推测,MSEP1基因可能在芒果生殖生长中发挥重要作用。     

Enhanced Thermostability of Arabidopsis Rubisco activase improves photosynthesis and growth rates under moderate heat stress

Plant photosynthesis declines when the temperature exceeds its optimum range. Recent evidence indicates that the reduction in photosynthesis is linked to ribulose-1,5-bis-phosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) deactivation due to the inhibition of Rubisco activase (RCA) under moderately elevated temperatures. To test the hypothesis that thermostable RCA can improve photosynthesis under elevated temperatures, we used gene shuffling technology to generate several Arabidopsis thaliana RCA1 (short isoform) variants exhibiting improved thermostability. Wild-type RCA1 and selected thermostable RCA1 variants were introduced into an Arabidopsis RCA deletion (Deltarca) line. In a long-term growth test at either constant 26 degrees C or daily 4-h 30 degrees C exposure, the transgenic lines with the thermostable RCA1 variants exhibited higher photosynthetic rates, improved development patterns, higher biomass, and increased seed yields compared with the lines expressing wild-type RCA1 and a slight improvement compared with untransformed Arabidopsis plants. These results provide clear evidence that RCA is a major limiting factor in plant photosynthesis under moderately elevated temperatures and a potential target for genetic manipulation to improve crop plants productivity under heat stress conditions.     

Rubisco activase is a key regulator of non-steady-state photosynthesis at any leaf temperature and, to a lesser extent, of steady-state photosynthesis at high temperature

The role of Rubisco activase in steady-state and non-steady-state photosynthesis was analyzed in wild-type (Oryza sativa) and transgenic rice that expressed different amounts of Rubisco activase. Below 25°C, the Rubisco activation state and steady-state photosynthesis were only affected when Rubisco activase was reduced by more than 70%. However, at 40°C, smaller reductions in Rubisco activase content were linked to a reduced Rubisco activation state and steady-state photosynthesis. As a result, overexpression of maize Rubisco activase in rice did not lead to an increase of the Rubisco activation state, nor to an increase in photosynthetic rate below 25°C, but had a small stimulatory effect at 40°C. On the other hand, the rate at which photosynthesis approached the steady state following an increase in light intensity was rapid in Rubisco activase-overexpressing plants, intermediate in the wild-type, and slowest in antisense plants at any leaf temperature. In Rubisco activase-overexpressing plants, Rubisco activation state at low light was maintained at higher levels than in the wild-type. Thus, rapid regulation by Rubisco activase following an increase in light intensity and/or maintenance of a high Rubisco activation state at low light would result in a rapid increase in Rubisco activation state and photosynthetic rate following an increase in light intensity. It is concluded that Rubisco activase plays an important role in the regulation of non-steady-state photosynthesis at any leaf temperature and, to a lesser extent, of steady-state photosynthesis at high temperature.     

Regulation of Rubisco activation in antisense plants of tobacco containing reduced levels of Rubisco activase

Following an increase in photon flux density (PFD), ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) undergoes a slow activation which substantially limits the rate of photosynthesis. This activation process is mediated in part by Rubisco activase. Antisense DNA plants of tobacco were used to quantify the degree to which activase limits Rubisco activation. Reductions in leaf activase content caused proportional reductions in the rate of Rubisco activation following a PFD increase from 110 to 1200 micromol m(-2) sec(-1). This was the case for activase levels up to and slightly beyond normal wild-type activase levels. Activase therefore has a flux control coefficient of unity with respect to the Rubisco activation flux. Such a high control coefficient has rarely been measured for any metabolic system, and this is the highest control coefficient measured for an important photosynthetic flux. In contrast, the rate of Rubisco inactivation in leaves following a drop in PFD of 1200 to 110 micromol m(-2) sec(-1) was unchanged by a 60% reduction in activase levels. Despite the high degree of control that activase exerts over the rate of activation, and thus non-steady-state photosynthesis, it was shown that steady-state photosynthesis was largely unaffected by activase concentration until it was reduced below approximately 15% of the wild-type level. The significance of these results and their implications for published models of Rubisco activation are discussed.     

Rubisco和RCA在青菜叶绿体中的分布及病毒侵染对其细胞定位的影响

运用免疫金标电镜术观察了青菜叶细胞中光合作用关键酶Rubisco和Rubisco活化酶(RCA)的细胞化学定位,结果显示Rubisco和RCA免疫金颗粒主要分布于薄壁组织叶绿体的间质中,在基粒片层上很少,表皮的气孔保卫细胞和维管束薄壁细胞叶绿体内也有分布,在细胞质及线粒体等细胞器中无特异性分布。同时比较观察了感染芜菁花叶病毒(TuMV)的青菜叶绿体Rubisco和RCA免疫金标记结果,发现病组织中结构尚完整的叶绿体Rubisco和RCA标记率略有下降,而结构严重破坏的叶绿体中两种酶标记率分别仅为正常叶绿体的58.44%和64.67%,表明病毒侵染可导致Rubisco和RCA含量下降,影响寄主植物的光合作用。     

Rubisco和RCA在青菜叶绿体中的分布及病毒侵染对其细胞定位的影响

运用免疫金标电镜术观察了青菜叶细胞中光合作用关键酶Rubisco和Rubisco活化酶(RCA)的细胞化学定位,结果显示Rubisco和RCA免疫金颗粒主要分布于薄壁组织叶绿体的间质中,在基粒片层上很少,表皮的气孔保卫细胞和维管束薄壁细胞叶绿体内也有分布,在细胞质及线粒体等细胞器中无特异性分布。同时比较观察了感染芜菁花叶病毒(TuMV)的青菜叶绿体Rubisco和RCA免疫金标记结果,发现病组织中结构尚完整的叶绿体Rubisco和RCA标记率略有下降,而结构严重破坏的叶绿体中两种酶标记率分别仅为正常叶绿体的58．44％和64．67％,表明病毒侵染可导致Rubisco和RCA含量下降,影响寄主植物的光合作用。     

Rubisco, Rubisco activase, and global climate change

Global warming and the rise in atmospheric CO(2) will increase the operating temperature of leaves in coming decades, often well above the thermal optimum for photosynthesis. Presently, there is controversy over the limiting processes controlling photosynthesis at elevated temperature. Leading models propose that the reduction in photosynthesis at elevated temperature is a function of either declining capacity of electron transport to regenerate RuBP, or reductions in the capacity of Rubisco activase to maintain Rubisco in an active configuration. Identifying which of these processes is the principal limitation at elevated temperature is complicated because each may be regulated in response to a limitation in the other. Biochemical and gas exchange assessments can disentangle these photosynthetic limitations; however, comprehensive assessments are often difficult and, for many species, virtually impossible. It is proposed that measurement of the initial slope of the CO(2) response of photosynthesis (the A/C(i) response) can be a useful means to screen for Rubisco activase limitations. This is because a reduction in the Rubisco activation state should be most apparent at low CO(2) when Rubisco capacity is generally limiting. In sweet potato, spinach, and tobacco, the initial slope of the A/C(i) response shows no evidence of activase limitations at high temperature, as the slope can be accurately modelled using the kinetic parameters of fully activated Rubisco. In black spruce (Picea mariana), a reduction in the initial slope above 30 degrees C cannot be explained by the known kinetics of fully activated Rubisco, indicating that activase may be limiting at high temperatures. Because black spruce is the dominant species in the boreal forest of North America, Rubisco activase may be an unusually important factor determining the response of the boreal biome to climate change.     

Characterization and expression of Rubisco activase genes in Ipomoea batatas

Two-dimensional electrophoresis, coupled with MALDI-TOF-MS, was used to identify differentially expressed proteins between young and mature leaves of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam]. The results showed that there were 25 differential proteins between young and mature leaves. The Rubisco activase (RCA) that catalyzes the activation of Rubisco in vivo and plays a crucial role in photosynthesis was among these 25 proteins. So far, little was known about the molecular biology of RCA in sweet potato. Here, this research reports the cloning and characterization of two genes encoding the short isoform and the long isoform of sweet potato RCAs. Analysis of DNA sequences of RCA suggested that the corresponding mRNAs were transcribed from two different genes. To study the roles of these two RCA isoforms in photosynthesis, we investigated the expression patterns of these RCA genes at the mRNA and protein levels every 2 h in a photoperiod and under different temperatures conditions. The results indicated that these two RCA isoforms may play different roles in regulating photosynthesis and they may be regulated by light, heat or both. In addition, there were interactions between Rubisco large subunit (RBCl) and short isoform RCA (RCAs) as well as RCAs and long isoform RCA (RCAl), but no interaction between RBCl and RCAl, implying they might form a sandwich-like structure (RBCl–RCAs–RCAl), at least in yeast cells. These results provided new information on the modulation of RCA genes in sweet potato, which could be useful in improving photosynthesis and plant growth in sweet potato.     

Antisense inhibition of Rubisco activase increases Rubisco content and alters the proportion of Rubisco activase in stroma and thylakoids in chloroplasts of rice leaves

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activase (RCA) is a nuclear-encoded chloroplast protein that modifies the conformation of Rubisco, releases inhibitors from active sites, and increases enzymatic activity. It appears to have other functions, e.g. in gibberellin signalling and as a molecular chaperone, which are related to its distribution within the chloroplast. The aim of this research was to resolve uncertainty about the localization of RCA, and to determine whether the distributions of Rubisco and RCA were altered when RCA content was reduced. The monocotyledon, Oryza sativa was used as a model species. METHODS: Gas exchange and Rubisco were measured, and the sub-cellular locations of Rubisco and RCA were determined using immunogold-labelling electron microscopy, in wild-type and antisense rca rice plants. KEY RESULTS: In antisense rca plants, net photosynthetic rate and the initial Rubisco activity decreased much less than RCA content. Immunocytolocalization showed that Rubisco in wild-type and antisense plants was localized in the stroma of chloroplasts. However, the amount of Rubisco in the antisense rca plants was greater than in the wild-type plants. RCA was detected in both the chloroplast stroma and in the thylakoid membranes of wild-type plants. The percentage of RCA labelling in the thylakoid membrane was shown to be substantially decreased, while the fraction in the stroma was increased, by the antisense rca treatment. CONCLUSIONS: From the changes in RCA distribution and alterations in Rubisco activity, RCA in the stroma of the chloroplast probably contributes to the activation of Rubisco, and RCA in thylakoids compensates for the reduction of RCA in the stroma, allowing steady-state photosynthesis to be maintained when RCA is depleted. RCA may also have a second role in protecting membranes against environmental stresses as a chaperone.