滨海沙地木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)人工林细根养分与能量动态

2005年1月到2005年11月对福建省惠安县赤湖林场不同林龄木麻黄人工林细根养分和能量的季节动态进行了观测,结果表明:(1)6种元素的含量在不同林龄木麻黄细根中都具有明显的季节变化。各林龄细根的N含量一般在冬夏季节较高,且死细根的N浓度高于相同林龄的活细根,除12林龄活细根P浓度在7月份有最大值外,其他各林龄活、死细根在一年中呈波动性下降,K含量在冬季较高,而在其他季节变化幅度不大,除5林龄活细根和18林龄死细根在3月份和7月份有两个峰值外,其他林龄细根Ca含量随季节变化较小,Mg含量随季节变化总体呈下降趋势,而在11月份上升;各林龄C则呈波浪形变化;(2)随着林龄的增大,细根N、P、Mg含量的变化模式相似,都呈先增加,后降低,再增加的趋势,K和Ca含量变化趋势相似,但变动幅度存在差别,C则呈波浪形变化;(3)随着季节的变化,灰分、干重热值和去灰分热值呈"V"形变动,一年中都存在两个峰值,分别在3月份和7月份或9月份;(4)灰分、干重热值和去灰分热值随林龄的增大表现为波浪形增加。由此可见,不同森林类型的细根养分和能量动态具有季节和林龄的特殊性,在进行整个地区森林生态系统物质循环和能量流动研究时,应考虑不同森林类型的特性。     

不同林龄尾细桉人工林的生物量和能量分配

对广东省遂溪县北坡林场1～4年生尾细桉人工林的生物量和能量进行研究.结果表明:林龄对林分现存生物量影响极显著(P0.01),1～4年生林分生物量在10.61～147.28t.hm-2,随林龄增加,各组分和林分的生物量均增加,叶片、枝、树皮生物量占林分总生物量的比例逐年减小,而树干则呈逐年升高趋势.4个林龄阶段各组分生物量的分布规律,1～2年生为树干枝树皮根叶片,3～4年生为树干根枝树皮叶片.不同林龄各组分的平均灰分含量在0.47%～5.91%,以树皮的灰分含量最高、树干最低.各组分的平均干质量热值和去灰分热值分别为17.33～20.60kJ.g-1和18.42～21.59kJ.g-1,均以叶片数值最高、树皮最低.林龄对枝、树干、树皮的干质量热值及对叶片、树干、树皮的去灰分热值有显著影响(P0.05),对叶片和根的干质量热值、枝和根的去灰分热值及植物体热值的影响不显著(P0.05).1～4年生尾细桉的林分能量现存量在199.98～2837.20GJ.hm-2,林龄对其的影响达极显著水平(P0.01),随林龄增长,各组分和林分能量现存量增加,且各组分能量分配比例的变化趋势与生物量相同.     

几种红树植物的热值和灰分含量研究

本文主要研究我国东南沿海红树植物叶的灰分含量和热值含量的变化。在海南琼山沿海不同种红树植物之间,随叶灰分含量增加(7.11—9.8%)而干重热值减少(20.62—18.87kJ／g),但去灰分热值变化不大,在21.5kJ／g左右。同一种秋茄植物,在纬度较低(低于24˚N)的地区,叶灰分含量较低,干重热值较高;在纬度较高时(高于24˚N)则相反。秋茄幼树(1—7龄间)随年龄增长灰分含量下降,干重热值提高,而去灰分热值变化不大。热值季节变化中,夏秋较高,冬春较低。     

不同年龄阶段杉木人工林植物热值分析

应用会同国家野外科学观测研究站的连续定位测定资料,研究了杉木林不同林龄阶段乔木、灌木、草本和枯死物热值动态变化。结果表明:同一林龄阶段,杉木叶的热值皮枝干根,杉木各器官热值随林龄增加而增大;相同林龄的灌木叶热值枝根,草本地上部分热值根,灌木和草本的热值随林龄增大而减少;同一林龄的凋落叶的热值凋落枝碎屑死根,枯死物热值随林龄增加而增大;整个杉木林系统,乔木层热值灌木草本枯死物;灰分含量与会同杉木器官热值的大小与变化关联性不密切,与灌木、草本呈显著负相关(P0.05);会同杉木热值随林龄变化与器官随林龄增大木质化程度提高,以及不同年份的降水量、太阳辐射、温度有关;林分不同层次植物热值的变化与某个层次的植物接受的光能资源量关系密切。     

福建东山几种木麻黄的物质与能量特征

对福建东山 7种木麻黄 (普通木麻黄、粗枝木麻黄、细枝木麻黄、肥木木麻黄、山神木麻黄、鸡冠木麻黄、滨海木麻黄 )及其距海岸不同远近的普通木麻黄的小枝的物质和能量特征进行了研究。结果表明 :(1)东山 7种木麻黄小枝的灰分含量、干重热值和去灰分热值因种而异 ,灰分含量在 3.0 6 %～ 5 .98%之间 ,干重热值在 19.4 6± 0 .0 7～ 2 0 .82± 0 .15 k J/ g之间 ,去灰分热值在2 0 .5 9± 0 .0 5～ 2 1.4 8± 0 .15 k J/ g之间 ;其中 ,山神木麻黄小枝的灰分含量最低 ,而干重热值和去灰分热值最高 ,符合理想燃料对低灰分含量和高热值的要求 ;木麻黄小枝具有相对较高的热值现象 (特别是山神木麻黄 )是在贫瘠的土壤条件下适应环境的结果 ,在小枝中进行了高能化合物的积累。木麻黄对环境的特殊适应也反映其主动适应环境的能力 ,是植物自身的高能量对物质的一种补偿作用 ;7种木麻黄小枝的干重热值与灰分含量具有显著的线性负相关 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;干重热值与粗脂肪含量具有极显著的线性正相关 (P<0 .0 1) ,而与蛋白质、可溶性糖含量相关性不显著 (P>0 .0 5 ) ;(2 )距海岸不同远近的普通木麻黄小枝的物质与能量特征存在差异 ,灰分含量在 3.5 8%～ 8.75 %之间 ,平均为 6 .0 3% ;干重热值在 2 0 .33± 0 .0 0～ 2 1.6     

天津滨海盐渍土上几种植物的热值和元素含量及其相关性

研究了天津开发区滨海防护圈9种植物的热值,灰分含量和元素含量以及他们之间的相关关系。结果表明：平均干重热值和去灰分热值都表现为乔木（18442．72J/g、19136．23J/g）＞灌木（18138．18J/g、18701．295J/g）＞多年生草本（15643．11J/g、18622．185J/g）＞1年生草本（13119．33J/g、17907．91J/g）。具体数值随植物种和组分的不同而异。从植物的元素含量看,常量元素N、P、K在乔木的根、枝、皮中含量较干高;在灌木中N和P表现为根＞枝,K则反之;而多年生草本地上部分和地下部分含量较接近,对于本研究区土壤主要盐分元素Na,Ca,Mg,Cl^-而言,乔木基本与常量元素N、P、K一致,仍是根、皮、枝含量高于干;灌木均为根＜枝,与K一样,和N、P相反。多年生草本除大米草Ca含量外都是地上部分含量比地下部分高。植物碳含量总体上根的含量低于其他组分。植物的干重热值与碳含量呈极显著的正相关关系,与灰分含量及Na,Mg,Cl^-含量呈极显著的负相关关系,与Ca含量呈显著负相关关系,去灰分热值与碳含量和干重热值呈极显著的正相关关系。     

布迪椰子不同器官热值的季节变化研究

对布迪椰子的幼叶、成熟叶、叶柄和根在不同季节的干重热值、去灰分热值和灰分含量进行了研究,结果表明:干重热值四个季节的平均值为成熟叶(20.65kJg-1)>幼叶(19.84kJg-1)>根(19.55kJg-1)>叶柄(18.77kJg-1),秋季的干重热值明显高于其它三个季节的干重热值,冬季的干重热值最低,去灰分热值与干重热值的变化趋势基本相同。灰分含量四个季节的平均值为根(5.14%)>叶柄(4.33%)>幼叶(4.21%)>成熟叶(3.97%)。成熟叶的灰分含量一直维持在比较低的水平,而幼叶的在秋季明显下降,在冬季明显上升,幼叶灰分含量的季节变化趋势与成熟叶的相同,叶柄灰分含量在冬季明显低于根部。布迪椰子这种不同器官在不同季节的热值和灰分的变化规律显示其具有较强的耐寒适应性。     

亚热带不同林龄杉木林叶-根-土氮磷化学计量特征

以亚热带地区湖南会同5、10、15、20、25年生杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林的针叶、细根及土壤(0—15、15—30、30—45 cm)为研究对象,在测定植物叶、细根、土壤中全N、全P含量的基础上,探讨杉木人工林全生命过程叶-根-土N、P化学计量特征的变化,为其经营过程提供基础数据。研究结果表明:(1)林龄对土壤N、P含量及N∶P具有极显著的影响(P0.01)。土层对土壤N含量影响显著(P0.01)。各层土壤N、P含量随林龄呈先减后升的趋势,变化显著(P0.05),土壤N、P含量的最大值分别出现在成熟林、幼龄林阶段,最小值出现在中龄林阶段。土壤N∶P随林龄呈增加趋势,但变化不显著。(2)林龄、器官均对植物N、P含量及N∶P具有极显著的影响(P0.01)。叶和细根的N、P含量随林龄呈"V"字型的变化趋势,且变化显著(P0.05),叶和细根N、P含量的最大值均出现在幼龄林、成熟林阶段,最小值出现在中龄林阶段。杉木叶的N∶P随林龄无显著变化,细根的N∶P随林龄显著增加(P0.05),杉木叶和细根N∶P变化范围分别为11.79—14.86,9.00—22.89。(3)5个林龄杉木叶、细根、土的N、P含量均表现为叶细根土,且差异显著(P0.05)。叶与细根的N、P含量及N∶P均显著正相关(P0.05)。0—15 cm土壤N与植物叶、细根N无显著相关性,15—30、30—45 cm土壤N与植物叶、细根N在5、10年生时存在显著相关性(P0.05)。5个林龄杉木叶、细根、土壤之间的P含量及N∶P均存在显著相关性。这些结果说明:在杉木的生长过程中,植物叶、细根以及土壤中养分不断变化,叶、细根、土之间的N、P化学计量特征显示出一定的相关关系。     

帽儿山温带落叶阔叶林细根生物量、生产力和周转率

细根在森林生态系统能量流动与物质循环中占有重要地位,但其生物量、生产和周转测定尚存在很大的不确定性,而且局域尺度空间变异机制尚不清楚。本研究分析了帽儿山温带天然次生林活细根生物量和死细根生物量在0～100 cm剖面的垂直分布与0～20 cm细根的季节动态、生产力和周转率,对比了采用连续根钻法(包括决策矩阵法和极差法)和内生长袋(直径3和5 cm)估测细根生产力和细根周转率,并探讨了可能影响细根的林分因子。结果表明: 76.8%的活细根生物量和62.9%的死细根生物量均集中在0～20 cm土层,随着深度增加,二者均呈指数形式减少。活细根生物量和死细根生物量的季节变化不显著,可能与冬季几乎无降雪而夏季降雨异常多有关。2种直径内生长袋估计的细根生产力无显著差异;对数转换后决策矩阵、极差法和内生长法估计的细根生产力和细根周转率差异显著。随着土壤养分增加,活细根生物量和死细根生物量比值显著增加,死细根生物量显著减少,但活细根生物量、细根生产力和细根周转率均无显著变化;细根周转率与前一年地上木质生物量增长量呈显著正相关,但与当年地上木质生物量增长量无显著相关关系。     

广东黑石顶自然保护区南亚热带常绿阔叶林5种优势植物的热值研究

研究了黑石顶自然保护区南亚热带常绿阔叶林５种乔木优势种的热值及其季节变化。结果如下：５种植物各器官干重热值和去灰分热值因种在是异,同种植物不同器官之间热值存在明显差异,干重热值受灰分含量影响变异增大。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.