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1.
【目的】为了解红火蚁Solenopsis invicta在我国叮咬人后的流行病学特征、临床表现及红火蚁在我国环境中的分布情况。【方法】我们通过互联网搜索并分析红火蚁在中国伤人事件。【结果】通过调查统计发现,红火蚁的快速广泛传播,是导致红火蚁频繁地侵扰人类的重要原因。所有被叮咬过的人均出现过痛痒症状,大多数都有过肿痛感,也有少许人出现过发烧、暂时性失明、荨麻疹或者是其他系统性的反应例如休克,甚至是死亡。【结论】研究结果表明,红火蚁的快速蔓延传播严重地危及了公共健康,政府和相关部门应给予重度重视。  相似文献   

2.
【目的】分析红火蚁Solenopsis invicta工蚁在室内长时间饲养时,体内生物碱主要成分的含量变化。【方法】每10 d取0.5 g红火蚁工蚁用正己烷溶剂浸提48 h,浸提液通过硅胶柱分离,经气相色谱(GC)和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)鉴定其生物碱的主要成分,并用外标法测其生物碱各个主要成分的含量。【结果】红火蚁工蚁体内生物碱主要成分为9种顺式生物碱和5种反式生物碱,并测出90 d内这14种化合物在红火蚁工蚁体内的含量变化。其中,反式生物碱2-甲基-6-(4'-十三烯)哌啶的含量最高,第1天为3 391.57μg/g,90 d后为556.70μg/g;顺式生物碱2-甲基-6-十五烷基哌啶的含量最低,第1天为10.27μg/g,90 d后为2.93μg/g。【结论】红火蚁工蚁在室内长时间饲养时,体内生物碱的含量开始时持续下降,当生物碱含量下降到一个极低的水平后,基本不再变化,处于平衡状态。结合室内饲养时红火蚁工蚁死亡情况,可推测出当红火蚁蚁巢中生物碱含量很低时,蚁巢中体型较大的工蚁数量会比较少。  相似文献   

3.
红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren是一种严重危害农林业生产、生命健康、公共安全和生态环境的国际性重大外来入侵害虫。2004年9月中国大陆首次发现红火蚁,2021年12月该蚁已入侵了12个省区近500个县区。本研究根据中国大陆红火蚁入侵发生县区数量变化,结合潜在适生区域评价信息,建立了红火蚁入侵县区数量与入侵时间长度间关系模型,并对入侵县区数量变化趋势作出长期预测。当中国大陆红火蚁潜在入侵县区数量上限分别为1 400、1 500和1 600个时,入侵县区数量与入侵时间长度关系模型分别为N=1400/(1+e5.4048-0.1784T)、N=1500/(1+e5.4335-0.1757T)和N=1600/(1+e5.464-0.1734T)。基于以上模型的分析结果显示,我国红火蚁快速扩散传播从2009-2010年开始,快速扩张期可能持续26~28年,年平均新增县区41~52个/年,预测2035-2037年入侵县区数量增长速率将开始减缓,2041-2043年及之后将进入缓慢增长期。  相似文献   

4.
为明确国内红火蚁研究发展历程、研究热点及趋势,以Web of science和中国知网(CNKI)数据库收录的期刊文献为数据源,运用CiteSpace可视化技术绘制图谱,结合关键词共现和突现词分析,揭示外来入侵昆虫红火蚁研究历程及当前研究热点问题。结果表明,自2004年中国首次发现红火蚁以来,国内对红火蚁研究大致可以分为3个阶段:研究初期(2004-2007年),主要研究红火蚁生物学特性和蚁巢的空间分布等;研究中期(2008-2016年),随着红火蚁扩散蔓延,危害日益严重,红火蚁防治技术及其对当地蚁群影响等研究备受关注;近期(2017-2018年),红火蚁研究趋势逐渐向早期"风险评估"和"风险管理"方向发展,为全国范围内红火蚁防控工作提供科学的理论指导。红火蚁防治是我国现在乃至将来面临的热点科学问题,高效低污染的化学防治和有效的生物防治可能是未来的研究趋势。智能预警、快速识别、疫情扑灭等成熟健全的红火蚁综合管理方案仍有待进一步研究。  相似文献   

5.
红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren是一种重要的入侵害虫,可对农林生产、人体健康等造成严重威胁.毒饵诱杀是红火蚁防治的重要措施,高效的红火蚁毒饵有效成分需要通过胃毒测试筛选获得,而用于测试的胃毒药剂的配制则需借助对红火蚁微毒或无毒性的助溶剂.本文通过糖水饲喂法研究了不同剂量丙酮、吐温20、吐温80、二甲基亚砜和Triton X100对红火蚁存活、取食以及运动的影响.结果表明,2%和10%吐温80、1%和5%吐温20、5%二甲基亚砜、2%和10%的Triton X100严重影响红火蚁的存活并影响其取食行为,1%二甲基亚砜溶液处理10 d后会降低工蚁存活率,而2%丙酮溶液、10%丙酮溶液处理不会对红火蚁的存活和行为产生负面影响.研究发现,2%和10%丙酮对红火蚁没有毒性,可作为红火蚁胃毒药剂筛选的助溶剂.  相似文献   

6.
本文在3个类型生境中使用同一剂量茚虫威饵剂处理3个密度红火蚁区域,评价了该饵剂对红火蚁活蚁巢、工蚁的防治效果。结果显示,不同生境中随着处理时间的延长,茚虫威饵剂对低密度、中等密度、高密度红火蚁的防效总体变化动态趋势相近,均为由低到高,并趋于稳定;生境植被越茂盛,该饵剂对红火蚁的防效越低,由低到高以依次为浅草草坪、深草草坪、荒草地;蚁巢密度越大,同一剂量饵剂对蚁巢防效越低,由高到低依次为1-3个/100 m~2、4-7个/100 m~2、8个/100 m~2。研究结果表明,生境植被、红火蚁密度会对毒饵剂的防效产生明显影响。  相似文献   

7.
红火蚁对新入侵龙眼园和荒草地蚂蚁类群多样性的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
吴碧球  陆永跃  梁广文  曾玲 《生态学报》2010,30(8):2075-2083
于2007年7月至2008年2月期间在增城龙眼园及周边的荒草地人工移殖1蚁巢及10蚁巢红火蚁,并采用陷阱法和诱饵诱集法调查研究红火蚁对新入侵龙眼园区和荒草地区蚂蚁类群多样性的影响。结果表明,在荫蔽、少干扰的龙眼园和杂草茂密、少干扰的未割草区,红火蚁难以成功定殖,对这两种生境蚂蚁类群的多样性几乎没有影响;在红火蚁成功定殖的1蚁巢割草区和10蚁巢割草区,红火蚁以这两种密度入侵对蚂蚁类群多样性的影响程度不同。在1蚁巢割草区,红火蚁入侵后5个月期间,由于其数量占蚂蚁个体总数的比例很少,对蚂蚁类群多样性的影响很小;在红火蚁成功定殖5个月后,第6—7个月其工蚁所占比例增加,蚂蚁类群个体数和优势度下降,多样性和均匀度增加;第8—9个月其工蚁所占比例继续增加,而蚂蚁个体数、多样性和均匀度下降,优势度增加。在10蚁巢割草区,红火蚁入侵后,蚂蚁类群个体数、多样性和均匀度下降,优势度增加。红火蚁入侵对1蚁巢割草区和10蚁巢割草区蚂蚁物种数的影响较小。  相似文献   

8.
红火蚁弃尸堆的食物结构   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
许益镌  曾玲  陆永跃  梁广文 《生态学报》2009,29(11):5791-5798
通过对红火蚁弃尸堆进行收集、整理、鉴定和分析,研究了自然条件下华南地区典型生境中红火蚁食物结构的季节性变化.结果表明:红火蚁弃尸堆中主要包括了8个目的昆虫和种子共41个种类.其中鞘翅目Coleoptera昆虫的出现频率最高,在4个生境荔枝园、苗圃、荒地、公路路边中分别为69.05%、41.7%、51.8%和66.67%;同翅目Homoptera昆虫出现频率最低,只在荒地中发现占1.20%.其余依次为膜翅目Hymenoptera(14.92%)、半翅目Hemiptera(11.96%)、种子(11.66%)、直翅目Orthoptera(2.08%)、鳞翅目Lepidoptera(0.60%)、等翅目Isoptera(0.60%)和蜻蜓目Odonata(0.60%).弃尸堆中的昆虫碎片以成虫为主,蛹和幼虫较少.不同生境弃尸堆内红火蚁觅食对象的种类虽然较为接近,但在组成与数量上存在差异,其相似度不高.弃尸堆中红火蚁觅食对象的种类和碎片数随着时间呈现明显的变动,上半年的4、5月份和下半年9、10月份红火蚁的觅食到的对象多样性丰富,这两个阶段属于觅食活跃期.  相似文献   

9.
【背景】红火蚁入侵后对新发生地区生物多样性的影响及与土著物种的关系是入侵生物学研究的重点之一,解释红火蚁与类似生态位的土著蚂蚁的关系对全面了解该蚁入侵的生态学效应具有重要意义。【方法】通过野外模拟设置蚁巢,观察、记录距离红火蚁和黑头酸臭蚁蚁巢30 cm处诱集到的黑头酸臭蚁工蚁在红火蚁入侵前、入侵中及移除后的数量变化,研究短期入侵红火蚁实验种群与荒草地和荔枝园黑头酸臭蚁间的干扰竞争。【结果】红火蚁实验种群短期入侵对荒草地生境黑头酸臭蚁的干扰较明显,而对荔枝园生境黑头酸臭蚁的干扰较小;红火蚁未入侵荒草地生境黑头酸臭蚁受干扰最明显,移除红火蚁20 min后,处理诱饵上召集的黑头酸臭蚁数量才与入侵前差异不显著;红火蚁未入侵荔枝园生境黑头酸臭蚁受干扰最小,移除红火蚁仅5 min后,处理诱饵上黑头酸臭蚁数量就恢复到入侵前,甚至超过入侵前数量。【结论与意义】红火蚁入侵对黑头酸臭蚁的觅食行为存在较大的干扰抑制作用,其影响程度与生境的复杂性有着密切关系。研究结果可为了解红火蚁入侵的生态学效应提供证据。  相似文献   

10.
红火蚁Solenopsis invicta自入侵我国以来已扩散到十多个省,对我国经济、生态和人畜健康等均造成巨大危害。为了降低红火蚁的为害,各级政府每年都投入了一定费用用于红火蚁的防控,但具体投入防治的费用尚无系统的统计资料可查。本文通过中国政府采购网、各省市政府采购网以及采招网等网站搜索2004-2020年各级政府对红火蚁防治药剂和防治服务的采购投入,分析了全国红火蚁防治费用、各省防治总费用、药剂采购投入、专业化防治服务以及监理服务费用的变化趋势。结果表明:各级政府在上述方面的经费投入均呈现出逐年上升的趋势,2019年投入的总防治费用达到高峰并超过1亿元。然而,与其它入侵害虫相比,用于红火蚁防控的费用仍较低,不同省份不同地区的费用投入差异较大,较少省份投入监理费用。建议各省市加大在红火蚁检疫方面的经费投入力度,做好红火蚁疫情监理监测工作,做到早发现、早防治,提高红火蚁防治效果。  相似文献   

11.
何少华  梁志奇  何卫东 《蛇志》2016,(4):410-411
目的观察季德胜蛇药对黄蜂蛰伤的治疗效果。方法将200例黄蜂蛰伤患者随机分为两组,其中对照组的100例患者给予常规西医治疗,治疗组100例患者给予中成药季德胜蛇药联合常规西医治疗,两组患者均治疗3天进行临床疗效比较。结果两组疗效比较,治疗组的痊愈率为92%,明显高于对照组的71%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论季德胜蛇药有助于缓解黄蜂蜇伤患者的临床症状。  相似文献   

12.
The females of the palaearctic digger wasp species Liris niger hunt crickets (e.g., Acheta domesticus) as food for their future brood. The wasps paralyze the prey by injecting their venom directly into each of the three thoracic ganglia and the suboesophageal ganglion. This study describes the effects produced by the Liris venom at the level of the intact prey animal (by chronic electromyogram) and at the level of a dissected preparation (by extra- and intracellular records) during the immediate action. Natural or artificial injections of the Liris venom into various ganglia revealed that: (a) The venom injection induced an about 15- to 35-s long tonical discharge of the neurons located in the stung ganglion. This discharge is usually accompanied by convulsions of the prey's limbs. (b) Subsequently, the generation and propagation of action potentials are blocked for up to 30 min (total paralysis). (c) During total paralysis, the venom blocks synaptic transmission. (d) The effects of the venom are restricted to the stung ganglion. Responses of mechanoreceptors in the legs can be recorded from the peripheral nerves of the stung ganglion during the whole period of total paralysis. (e) The neurons almost completely recover after this period. The venom does not selectively affect leg motoneurons, but affects any neuron (e.g., internerneurons or neurosecretory neurons) in any part of the central nervous system of the prey where it was released.  相似文献   

13.
The parasitoid wasp A. compressa hunts cockroaches as a live food supply for its offspring. The wasp selectively injects venom into the cerebral ganglia of the prey to induce long-term hypokinesia [1-5], during which the stung cockroach, although not paralyzed, does not initiate spontaneous walking and fails to escape aversive stimuli. This allows the wasp to grab the cockroach by the antenna and walk it to a nest much like a dog on a leash. There, the wasp lays an egg on the prey, seals the nest, and leaves. The stung cockroach, however, does not fight to escape its tomb but rather awaits its fate, being consumed alive by the hatching larva over several days. We investigated whether the venom-induced hypokinesia is a result of an overall decrease in arousal or, alternatively, a specific decrease in the drive to initiate or maintain walking. We found that the venom specifically affects both the threshold for the initiation and the maintenance of walking-related behaviors. Nevertheless, the walking pattern generator itself appears to be intact. We thus report that the venom, rather than decreasing overall arousal, manipulates neuronal centers within the cerebral ganglia that are specifically involved in the initiation and maintenance of walking.  相似文献   

14.
When eggs of the caterpillar Trichoplusia ni are stung by Chelonus sp. (near C. curvimaculatus) (Braconidae), the developing host larvae precociously spin a cocoon but then remain developmentally stationary in the prepupal stage. The latter event happens even in hosts which were stung and precociously spin cocoons but which, upon dissection, contain no obvious parasite. Injection of radiolabeled ecdysone into either pseudoparasitized or allatectomized larvae demonstrates suppressed rates of conversion of ecdysone to 20-hydroxyecdysone when compared with controls. The data indicate that the occurrence of developmentally stationary pseudoparasitized prepupae is due to less production of ecdysteroid and less conversion of ecdysone to 20-hydroxyecdysone, both probably as a result of suppressed juvenile hormone titer.  相似文献   

15.
1. Parasitoid wasps sting and inject venom into arthropod hosts, which alters host metabolism and development while keeping the host alive for several days, presumably to induce benefits for the parasitoid young. 2. This study investigates the consequences of host envenomation on development and fitness of wasp larvae in the ectoparasitoid Nasonia vitripennis, by comparing wasps reared on live unstung, previously stung, and cold‐killed hosts. Developmental arrest and suppression of host response to larvae are major venom effects that occur in both stung and cold‐killed hosts, but not in unstung hosts, whereas cold‐killed hosts lack venom effects that require a living host. Thus, cold‐killed hosts mimic some of the effects of venom, but not others. 3. Eggs placed on live unstung hosts have significantly higher mortality during development; however, successfully developing wasps from these hosts have similar lifetime fecundity to that of wasps from cold‐killed or stung hosts. Therefore, although venom is beneficial, it is not required for wasp survival. 4. While wasps developing on both cold‐killed and stung hosts have similar fitness levels, rearing multiple generations on cold‐killed hosts results in significant fitness reductions of wasps. 5. It is concluded that the largest benefits of venom are induction of host developmental arrest and suppression of host response to larva (e.g. immune responses), although more subtle benefits may accrue across generations or under stressful conditions.  相似文献   

16.
The parasitic wasp Ampulex compressa stings a cockroach Periplaneta americana in the neck, toward the head ganglia (the brain and subesophageal ganglion). In the present study, our aim was to identify the head ganglion that is the target of the venom and the mechanisms by which the venom blocks the thoracic portion of the escape neuronal circuitry. Because the escape responses elicited by a wind stimulus in brainless and sham-operated animals were similar, we propose that the venom effect is on the subesophageal ganglion. Apparently, the subesophageal ganglion modulates the thoracic portion of the escape circuit. Recordings of thoracic interneuron responses to the input from the abdominal giant interneurons showed that the thoracic interneurons receive synaptic drive from these interneurons in control and in stung animals. Unlike normal cockroaches, which use both fast and slow motoneurons for producing rapid escape movements, stung animals activate only the slow motoneuron. However, we show that in stung animals, the fast motoneuron still can be recruited with bath application of pilocarpine, a muscarinic agonist. These results indicate that the descending control from the subesophageal ganglion is presumably exerted on the premotor thoracic interneurons to motoneurons connection of the thoracic escape circuitry. Accepted: 19 December 1998  相似文献   

17.
Life table data forAphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), an important pest in glasshouse cucumber crops, were studied at 20, 25 and 30°C on two cucumber cultivars (Cucumis sativus L.) in controlled climate cabinets. The development time on the cucumber cv. ‘Sporu’ ranged from 4.8 days at 20°C to 3.2 days at 30°C. Immature mortality was approximately 20% and did not differ between temperatures. Most mortality occurred during the first instar. Reproduction periods did not differ among temperatures, but at 25 and 30°C more nymphs were produced (65.9 and 69.8 nymphs/♀, respectively) than at 20°C (59,9 nymphs/♀) because of a higher daily reproduction. Intrinsic rate of increase was greatest at 25°C (r m =0.556 day−1). At 20 and 30°C the intrinsic rate of increase was 0.426 and 0.510, respectively. On cv. ‘Aramon’, the development time ofA. gossypii was approximately 20% longer at all temperatures. Immature mortality did not differ between the two cultivars. The intrinsic rate of increase on cv. ‘Aramon’ was 15% smaller than on cv. ‘Sporu’. The use of cucumber cultivars partially resistant to aphids is discussed in relation to biological control of cotton aphid in glasshouses. Development time and immature mortality on leaves of the middle and upper leaf layer of glasshouse grown cucumber plants (cv. ‘Aramon’) were comparable to development in the controlled climate cabinets. On the lower leaves immature mortality was much higher (approximately 82%) than on leaves of the middle (24.0%) and upper leaf layer (24.5%). Reproduction was less on the lower leaf layer (45.9, 70.5 and 70.1 nymphs/♀ on leaves of the lower, middle and upper leaf layer, respectively). Aphids, successfully parasitized byAphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) only reproduced when they were parasitized after the third instar. Fecundity was 0.1 to 0.9 and 10.5 to 13.3 nymphs/♀ for aphids parasitized in the fourth instar or as adults, respectively. Reproduction of aphids that were stung but survived the attack was lower than for aphids not stung. Average longevity of these aphids was equal to the longevity of aphids not stung byA. colemani.  相似文献   

18.
Unlike other venomous predators, the parasitoid wasp Ampulex compressa incapacitates its prey, the cockroach Periplaneta americana, to provide a fresh food supply for its offspring. We first established that the wasp larval development, from egg laying to pupation, lasts about 8 days during which the cockroach must remain alive but immobile. To this end, the wasp injects a cocktail of neurotoxins to manipulate the behavior of the cockroach. The cocktail is injected directly into the head ganglia using biosensors located on the stinger. The head sting induces first 30 min of intense grooming followed by hypokinesia during which the cockroach is unable to generate an escape response. In addition, stung cockroaches survive longer, lose less water, and consume less oxygen. Dopamine contained in the venom appears to be responsible for inducing grooming behavior. For the hypokinesia, our hypothesis is that the injected venom affects neurons located in the head ganglia, which send descending tonic input to bioaminergic neurons. These, in turn, control the thoracic premotor circuitry for locomotion. We show that the activity of identified octopaminergic neurons from the thoracic ganglia is altered in stung animals. The alteration in the octopaminergic neurons' activity could be one of the mechanisms by which the venom modulates the escape circuit in the cockroach's central nervous system and metabolism in the peripheral system.  相似文献   

19.
The wasp Ampulex compressa injects a cocktail of neurotoxins into the brain of its cockroach prey to induce an enduring change in the execution of locomotory behaviors. Our hypothesis is that the venom injected into the brain indirectly alters the activity of monoaminergic neurons, thus changing the levels of monoamines that tune the central synapses of locomotory circuits. The purpose of the present investigation was to establish whether the venom alters the descending control, from the brain, of octopaminergic neurons in the thorax. This question was approached by recording the activity of specific identified octopaminergic neurons after removing the input from the brain or after a wasp sting into the brain. We show that the activity of these neurons is altered in stung and "brainless" animals. The spontaneous firing rate of these neurons in stung and brainless animals is approximately 20% that in control animals. Furthermore, we show that an identified octopamine neuron responds more weakly both to sensory stimuli and to direct injection of current in all treated groups. The alteration in the activity of octopamine neurons is likely to be part of the mechanism by which the wasp induces a change in the behavioral state of its prey and also affects its metabolism by reducing the potent glycolytic activator fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in leg muscle. To our knowledge, this is the first direct evidence of a change in electrical activity of specific monoaminergic neurons that can be so closely associated with a venom-induced change in behavioral state of a prey animal.  相似文献   

20.
Unlike predators, which immediately consume their prey, parasitoid wasps incapacitate their prey to provide a food supply for their offspring. We have examined the effects of the venom of the parasitoid wasp Ampulex compressa on the metabolism of its cockroach prey. This wasp stings into the brain of the cockroach causing hypokinesia. We first established that larval development, from egg laying to pupation, lasts about 8 days. During this period, the metabolism of the stung cockroach slows down, as measured by a decrease in oxygen consumption. Similar decreases in oxygen consumption occurred after pharmacologically induced paralysis or after removing descending input from the head ganglia by severing the neck connectives. However, neither of these two groups of cockroaches survived more than six days, while 90% of stung cockroaches survived at least this long. In addition, cockroaches with severed neck connectives lost significantly more body mass, mainly due to dehydration. Hence, the sting of A. compressa not only renders the cockroach prey helplessly submissive, but also changes its metabolism to sustain more nutrients for the developing larva. This metabolic manipulation is subtler than the complete removal of descending input from the head ganglia, since it leaves some physiological processes, such as water retention, intact.  相似文献   

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