单细胞因子支持人胚胎干细胞生长的培养体系

[目的]为2株中国人胚胎干细胞系建立培养液中仅添加1种细胞因子的培养体系。[方法]两株人胚胎干细胞h ES-846XX和h ES-18 46XY分别使用含有成纤维细胞生长因子(b FGF)160ng/ml、转化生长因子(TGFβ1)20ng/ml和noggin 200ng/ml的培养液进行无饲养层培养,观察细胞的生长情况并对所得细胞进行鉴定。[结果]培养液中添加b FGF 160ng/ml可以有效地支持人胚胎干细胞的长期增殖,传代8次的细胞仍然保持胚胎干细胞的特性。添加TGFβ1或noggin的培养基无法维持人胚胎干细胞的长期增殖,3代以后细胞完全分化。[结论]证明培养液单独添加高浓度b FGF 160ng/ml支持2株中国人胚胎干细胞长期保持未分化状态增殖,实际未分化率为68.2±1.08%。     

鸡胚胎原始生殖细胞体外培养

以14-15期鸡胚血液为材料,采用Ficoll密度梯度离心方法,提取鸡胚胎原始生殖细胞(primordial germ cells,PGCs),在无基质细胞和基质细胞上分别进行体外培养。从实验结果可以看出：在含有胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum,FBS)、鸡血清(chicken serum,CS)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)、人胰岛素样生长因子(hIGF-1)、小鼠白血病抑制因子(mLIF)和青,链霉素双抗的M199培养液中培养时,鸡PGCs最多能够存活4天：当采用细胞因子和5天鸡胚胎性腺基质细胞共培养时能存活23代且每代细胞增殖可达近10倍。提纯后的PGCs细胞冻存复苏后,经台盼蓝染色鉴定存活率可达80％左右。     

免疫外科法分离克隆BALB/c小鼠胚胎干细胞

目的　使用免疫外科法分离克隆BALB c小鼠胚胎干细胞 (embryonicstemcells,ES细胞 ) ,为进一步建立BALB c小鼠ES细胞系打下基础。方法　用免疫外科法从 4 5枚BALB c小鼠囊胚中分离得到 2 0枚去除滋养层细胞的ICM ,接种在MEF饲养层上 ,使用DMEM(高糖 ) 15 ?S 0 1mmol Lβ 巯基乙醇 0 0 1mmol L非必需氨基酸 10 0 0IU mlLIF 10 0IU mL青霉素 10 0IU ml链霉素培养液 ,17枚形成典型的ICM集落 (85 0 % ) ,有一枚胚胎传至第 10代。用于全胚培养的BALB c小鼠胚胎共 10 2枚 ,使用与免疫外科相同的培养方法 ,6 6枚形成典型的ICM集落 (6 4 7% ) ,其中一枚胚胎传至第 8代。结果　免疫外科法较全胚培养法有利于小鼠ES细胞的分离与克隆 ;添加LIF(10 0 0IU ml)有利于小鼠ES细胞的分离与传代 (P <0 0 5 ) ;0 0 5 %胰酶 0 0 0 8?TA是较好的ES细胞消化液 ,对细胞综合损伤力小 ,且传代后ES细胞集落形成能力也较高 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　分离得到的ES细胞经形态学观察 ,AKP染色 ,体外分化实验 ,核型分析等证明其具有胚胎干细胞的诸多特性。     

小鼠白血病抑制因子基因的克隆、表达及其对维持鸡原始生殖细胞未分化状态的影响

为了探索鸡原始生殖细胞(Primordial germ cells,PGCs)适合的培养体系,我们在已构建的分泌型真核表达载体pSecTag-mlif(sp-)的基础上,通过脂质体介导将mlif转染到鸡PGCs和鸡胚胎成纤维(Chicken embryonic fibroblast, CEF)细胞中,48 h后收集细胞上清液,蛋白印迹均检测到小鼠白血病抑制因子(mLIF)的表达.以CEF细胞作饲养层,分七组来培养鸡PGCs,结果发现四组和五组培养的PGCs生长状态最好,三组传代后开始2-3天生长状况较好,3天后克隆周围有明显的分化现象.本实验将已构建了含mLIF基因的分泌型真核表达载体成功地瞬时转染到PGCs和CEF细胞中,且表达的mLIF具有维持鸡PGCs未分化状态的功能.     

bFGF和BMP-2联合应用对体外培养兔骨髓间充质干细胞增殖与骨向分化的影响

目的:研究碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)和骨形成蛋白-2(BMP-2)联合应用对体外培养兔骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)增殖与骨向分化的影响.方法:体外培养兔骨髓间充质干细胞,在第2代细胞培养液中加入不同浓度的bFGF和BMP-2,依据加入bFGF和BMP-2浓度的不同分为5个实验组(组1:80 ng/ml bFGF;组2:80 ng/ml BMP-2;组3:30 ng/ml bFGF 30 ng/ml BMP-2;组4:50ng/ml bFGF 50ng/ml BMP-2;组5:80ng/ml bFGF 80ng/ml BMP-2)和对照组(不加任何生长因子),采用绘制生长曲线,四唑盐比色法(MTT),碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性检测法和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)免疫组化染色法比较各组间差异,观察不同浓度的bFGF和BMP-2联合应用对兔骨髓间充质干细胞增殖与骨向分化的影响.结果:与对照组相比,单独应用80 ng/ml bFGF可显著促进BMSCs的增殖,但对BMSCs的骨向分化显著抑制;单独应用80 ng/ml BMP-2对BMSCs的增殖和骨向分化均有促进作用;30ng/ml bFGF 30 ng/ml BMP-2、50 ng/ml bFGF 50 ng/ml BMP-2和80 ng/ml bFGF 80 ng/ml BMP-2可显著地促进BMSCs增殖和促进BMSCs的骨向分化,且呈正性剂量-效应关系,联合应用两种生长因子较二者单独应用促细胞增殖及骨向分化的效果更为显著.结论:一定浓度范围内,bFGF和BMP-2的联合应用促进BMSCs增殖的同时也促进其骨向分化,两者对BMSCs有明显的协同增强的生物学效应.     

提高人胚胎干细胞建系率的优选培养体系与方法

目的:建立一种从废弃胚胎中提高囊胚形成率和质量的培养体系,寻找多种促进内细胞团(ICM)数目增多、贴壁、增值的方法,提高人胚胎干细胞(human embryonic stem cell,hESC)建系效率,建立人胚胎干细胞库。方法:将179枚IVFDay3废弃的胚胎放入优选培养体系中培养(G2.5培养液中添加10%人血清蛋白,人白细胞抑制生长因子(hLIF),碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF))。到Day7将形成的囊胚全部用机械法分离ICM,接种于丝裂霉素C灭活处理的原代小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(MEF)上,培养8-9天,每4-5天传代1次。结果:优选培养体系的囊胚形成率为29.1%(52/179),其中A级囊胚形成率为11.2%(20/179),50个ICM贴壁生长,20个出现克隆形态,成功建立11株hESC(FY-hES-11至FY-hES-21)。11株hESC均具有共同的多能性生物学特性。结论:优选培养体系可以明显提高囊胚形成的质量,促进ICM的增值,纯熟的机械切割法可以避免损伤ICM并提高其贴壁率,原代灭活的MEF饲养层可以明显促进细胞增殖。     

胚胎大鼠脑和脊髓神经干细胞的分离和培养

研究采用显微解剖、无血清细胞培养和免疫荧光细胞化学染色等实验技术 ,成功地建立了胚胎大鼠脑和脊髓神经干细胞 (NSCs)的分离和培养方法。结果显示 ,( 1)在含成纤维细胞生长因子 2 (FGF 2 )和表皮生长因子(EGF)的无血清培养液中 ,两种来源的NSCs经体外培养 8- 10代后 ,其细胞数呈指数级增加 ,其中脑来源的NSCs数由原代培养时的 1× 10 6 增加至 1× 10 12 ,脊髓来源的NSCs数从 1× 10 6 增加至 1× 10 11。增殖的细胞表达神经上皮干细胞蛋白 (nestin) ;( 2 )在含 1%胎牛血清 (FBS)的培养条件下 ,它们都能被诱导分化为神经元、少突胶质细胞和星型胶质细胞。但其分化比例可随细胞传代次数的增加而改变 ,其中 ,大脑来源的NSCs分化为神经元的比例从第二代 (P2 )的 11 95± 2 5 %下降至第五代 (P5)的 1 97± 1 16% (P <0 0 1) ,而少突胶质细胞的分化比例则基本保持不变 ,这一分化格局同样可在脊髓来源的NSCs中发现。结果表明 ,我们所分离和培养的细胞在体外经多次传代后仍具有很强的增殖能力和多向分化潜能 ,它们都表达nestin ,属于中枢神经系统的干细胞     

25-羟基胆甾醇对鸡原始生殖细胞增殖的影响

本研究为了优化现有的鸡PGCs(原始生殖细胞)的培养系统,为今后研究生殖细胞发育与生产转基因鸡奠定良好基础。分别用含0μmol/L(对照组)、0.1μmol/L、0.5μmol/L、1.0μmol/L 25-羟基胆甾醇的培养液培养鸡PGCs,5 d后细胞计数检测其细胞增殖情况。与对照组(不添加25-羟基胆甾醇的鸡PGCs培养液)相比,0.1μmol/L处理组细胞数目没有显著差异,0.5μmol/L和1μmol/L处理组细胞数目均显著增加。对1.0μmol/L 25-羟基胆甾醇处理的鸡PGCs用RT-PCR、细胞免疫染色、细胞注射迁移的方法检测处理后的生物学特性,发现处理后的鸡PGCs仍然保持正常的生殖细胞生物学特性。本研究表明25-羟基胆甾醇能有效的促进鸡P GCs的增殖,且不改变鸡PGCs的生物学特性。     

一种新的培养人胚胎干细胞的包被基质

目的开发一种新的培养人胚胎干细胞(hESCs)的包被基质,使hESCs的培养更加简便。方法用甲醇固定的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(MEF)作为包被基质,人胚胎干细胞系X-01在该基质上生长,每隔5~6 d传代一次,培养10代后,对人胚胎干细胞特性进行检测,包括细胞形态、碱性磷酸酶染色、相关多能性基因的表达和分化能力。结果 hESCs在新的基质上生长良好,经10次传代后仍能保持典型的hESCs克隆形态。碱性磷酸酶染色阳性,免疫荧光染色Oct4、SSEA4、Tra-1-60为阳性,体外分化可形成拟胚体。结论此种固定的基质可以大量制备,长期保存,并可以长期维持hESCs的未分化状态,为人胚胎干细胞的体外扩增探索出了一个新的途径。     

不同防冻剂对兔胚胎干细胞慢速冷冻保存的影响

干细胞冷冻保存是干细胞研究和临床应用中的必需技术。为提高兔胚胎干细胞在慢速冻存过程中的保存效果，比较了二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和乙二醇(ethylene glycol，EG)对兔胚胎干细胞冷冻保护效果。对冷冻复苏后的细胞进行台盼蓝染色，并研究其胚胎干细胞分子特性，结果表明DMSO比EG具有更好的冷冻保护效果。再在以10% DMSO为基础的防冻液中添加膜稳定剂海藻糖(trehalose)或谷氨酰胺(glutamine)，细胞冷冻复苏后结果显示，谷氨酰胺对兔胚胎干细胞有明显的冷冻保护作用，使细胞存活率从71%提高到83.7%。当谷氨酰胺浓度为0、5、10、20、40 mmol/L分别加入防冻液中后，20 mmol/L的谷氨酰胺具有最佳的冷冻保护效果。以上结果得出兔胚胎干细胞慢速冷冻的防冻液改进配方为：在胚胎干细胞培养液中添加10% DMSO＋20 mmol/L谷氨酰胺。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).