表达传染性法氏囊病毒VP2蛋白的重组马立克氏病毒的构建

用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法从真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-VP2中扩增出包含CMV和polyA的VP2表达盒基因片段,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳大小为2.4kb;将该基因片段插入马立克氏病病毒(MDV)CVI988//Rispens的非必需区US10片段中,经SphI酶切分析获得大小为6.0和2.4kb两个片段,表明成功构建出表达VP2基因的MDVCVI988转移载体pUC18-US10-VP2质粒。将质粒与CVI988/Rispens疫苗毒共转染鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF),通过免疫荧光方法筛选,结果获得了表达VP2基因的重组MDV(rMDV-VP2)。用IBDV特异性单克隆抗体进行间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)证实,rMDV-VP2病毒传至第8代仍能稳定表达VP2蛋白,这为进一步研究其免疫学特性奠定了基础。     

表达IBDV VP2融合蛋白的重组MDV的构建及其免疫特性

将增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因(eGFP)与鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)的VP2基因融合,插入马立克氏病毒(MDV)CVI988/Rispens的非必需区US10片段中,成功构建表达VP2融合蛋白的MDVCVI988转移载体pUC18-US10-VP2。将转移载体质粒与CVI988/Rispens疫苗毒共转染鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF),筛选获得表达VP2融合蛋白的重组MDV(rMDV)。聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和间接免疫荧光实验(IFA)证明,rMDV传至第31代仍能稳定表达VP2融合蛋白。用rMDV免疫SPF鸡,进行IBDV攻毒保护试验,1日龄SPF鸡分别用1000PFU、2000PFU、5000PFU的rMDV进行免疫,33日龄用100LD50的IBDVJS超强毒进行攻毒,鸡的免疫保护率分别为50%、60%、80%。值得注意的是,5000PFU的rMDV一次免疫1日龄SPF鸡,其法氏囊组织病理损伤等级与IBD中等毒力活疫苗常规二次免疫相当(2·0/1·5),其保护效果无显著差异(p>0·05),而与非重组病毒免疫组相比较,保护效果差异显著(P<0·01),这表明构建的表达IBDVVP2融合蛋白的rMDV可以有效地为SPF鸡提供免疫保护作用。     

利用细菌人工染色体技术构建整合F基因的重组MDV疫苗株*

目的:预防马立克氏病病毒(MDV)和新城疫病毒(NDV)混合感染鸡引起的疾病,构建表达NDV F蛋白的MDV疫苗株CVI988 BAC重组载体,并包装成重组病毒,为疫苗免疫提供更多的重组疫苗选择。方法:首先利用PCR扩增带有卡那霉素(Kanamycin,Kana)抗性基因片段的F基因,采用同源重组的方法将其整合到CVI988 BAC上,进一步诱导I-SceI表达敲除Kana基因而获得重组质粒CVI988 BAC-F。通过磷酸钙法转染鸡胚成纤维细胞获得重组病毒。结果:Western blot和间接免疫荧光实验证实重组病毒能够表达F蛋白。病毒生长曲线和蚀斑大小测定结果表明,F基因的插入不影响病毒的体外增殖。结论:利用BAC技术成功构建了整合F基因的重组MDV病毒CVI988 BAC-F,为MDV重组疫苗研发,防控NDV与MDV共感染奠定了基础。     

含HVT部分gB基因马立克氏病病毒的转移载体的构建及表达

根据己发表马立克氏病病毒(MDV)血清Ⅰ型短独特区(US)基因序列,设计一对引物用PCR方法扩增出CVI988/Rispens株的包括部分sorf2和sorf3基因及全部us1和us10基因,并克隆入SK( )载体中,筛选出阳性载体pBUS10。用PCR的方法在火鸡疱疹病毒(HVT)gB基因主要抗原决定簇的前端及后端分别加上血凝素基因(HA)及终止子TAA,并克隆到pcDNA3载体中,构建出在CMV启动于和增强于控制下含HA及gB基因主要决定簇的表达盒;将此表达盒克隆入pBUS10载体的us10基因中,构建出一种含HA及gB基因主要决定簇的转移载体pBUS10gB3。转染CHO细胞后,用兔抗鸡IgY进行间接免疫荧光试验,证实该转移质粒载体可有效地表达HVT gB基因。     

表达禽流感病毒M2基因的重组马立克氏病病毒的构建

将禽流感病毒M2基因克隆于真核表达质粒pIRES-EGFP中,使其位于pCMV启动子的调控下,并与绿色荧光蛋白基因（EGFP）串联后,将上述串联基因插入到含MDV CVI988的非必需区US基因的重组质粒pUS2中,构建带标记的重组质粒,然后将此重组质粒转染感染了MDV CVI988的鸡胚成纤维细胞,利用同源重组的方法,筛选了表达禽流感病毒M2基因的重组病毒MDV1。经PCR、Dot-blotting,Western-blotting等实验的结果表明,禽流感病毒M2基因的确插入到MDV1（CVI988）基因组中并获得表达。重组MDV1免疫1日龄SPF鸡21天后,用ELISA可检测到M2蛋白的特异性抗体。接种了重组病毒rMDV的鸡体内针对H9N2疫苗血凝素的抗体滴度(p<0.05)明显提高,以禽流感病毒AIV A/Chicken/Guangdong/00（H9N2）攻毒后进行病毒重分离试验的结果发现,重组病毒能有效地降低病毒的排出量(p<0.01),说明该重组病毒可以用于防制禽流感的免疫。     

含HVT部分gB基因马立克氏病病毒的转移载体的构建及表达

根据已发表马立克氏病病毒(MDV)血清Ⅰ型短独特区(US)基因序列,设计一对引物用PCR方法扩增出CVI988/Rispens株的包括部分sorf2和sorf3基因及全部us1和us10基因,并克隆入SK(+)载体中,筛选出阳性载体pBUS10.用PCR的方法在火鸡疱疹病毒(HVT)gB基因主要抗原决定簇的前端及后端分别加上血凝素基因(HA)及终止子TAA,并克隆到pcDNA3 载体中,构建出在CMV启动子和增强子控制下含HA及gB基因主要决定簇的表达盒;将此表达盒克隆入pBUS10载体的us10基因中,构建出一种含HA及gB基因主要决定簇的转移载体pBUS10gB3.转染CHO细胞后,用兔抗鸡IgY进行间接免疫荧光试验,证实该转移质粒载体可有效地表达HVT gB基因.     

表达GFP基因的马立克氏病病毒(MDV)转移载体的构建及初步应用

利用Primer primer 5.0软件设计两条引物,将loxP位点分别引入正、反向引物,以质粒载体pIRES-gpt为模板,扩增获得LoxP-CMV-gpt-IRES-LoxP基因表达盒(约2.9kb),将其克隆入质粒pBUS10 (含有MDV US10区) 的BalⅠ位点,获得重组质粒 pUS-gptIRES(L);对重组质粒pUS-gptIRES(L)进行测序分析,发现两同向的loxP位点正确插入到pUS-gptIRES(L)中;将含有完整的GFP基因以及poly A尾的基因片断,连入pUS-gptIRES(L)中,把gpt基因替换掉,从而获得重组质粒pUS-GFPIRES(L)。将转移载体pUS-GFPIRES(L)瞬时转染CHO细胞,可以观察到绿色荧光,说明GFP基因获得有效表达;将pUS-GFPIRES(L) 转染已感染MDV CVI988株的CEF细胞,可以筛选到表达绿色荧光蛋白的重组病毒;通过测定重组病毒在细胞上的生长曲线,发现重组病毒与亲本毒生长曲线相吻合。本研究为进一步探讨MDV在体内的特性奠定基础,同时,为Cre/LoxP重组酶系统在MDV中的应用奠定基础。     

MDV-1 VP22羧基端在大肠杆菌中高效可溶性表达

VP22是血清Ⅰ型马立克氏病病毒(MDV-1)的复制和传播必不可少的组分.本研究从MDV-1无致病性的CVI988/Rispens疫苗感染的鸡胚成纤维细胞DNA中扩增得到VP22基因,并在大肠杆菌中表达其C端功能区.SDS-PAGE电泳发现,VP22 C端得到高效可溶性表达,大小为42kDa左右.将获得的阳性条带经切胶免疫和细菌超声波裂解的上清作为抗原免疫6周龄Balb/C小鼠,均能诱导产生特异性抗VP22 C端抗体.通过免疫荧光试验,检测到VP22在感染MDV CEF所有细胞核中呈特异性表达.这一抗体对深入研究VP22蛋白转导功能起到重要的作用.     

马立克氏病病毒可感染鸡大脑小胶质细胞并促进其Toll样受体15和1LB基因的转录

体外培养雏鸡大脑神经胶质细胞并纯化得到小胶质细胞。分别用马立克氏病病毒(Marek’s disease virus,MDV)广西超强毒力(vv)株YL040920和弱毒疫苗株CVI988/Rispens感染小胶质细胞,每日观察病毒感染后的细胞病变效应(CPE);用免疫组织化学法检测病毒感染后小胶质细胞中MDV MEQ蛋白的表达,并用荧光定量PCR(qPCR)以及qRT-PCR法分别检测MDVmeq基因(meq-DNA)的复制以及gB基因mRNA(gB-mRNA)的转录水平。同时用qRT-PCR法检测MDV感染对小胶质细胞Toll样受体家族(TLRs)基因转录的影响。结果发现,YL040920株和CVI988/Rispens株病毒均能感染小胶质细胞,病变细胞呈多灶性脱落并形成空斑,随病变进展迅速增大并融合。可在MDV感染的小胶质细胞核内检测到MEQ蛋白,并在感染细胞中检测到meq-DNA的复制和gB-mRNA的转录。YL040920株感染的小胶质细胞中病毒载量和gB-mRNA的转录水平显著低于以相同病毒量CVI988/Rispens株感染的小胶质细胞中的相应量(P≤0.05/0.001)。MDV感染可上调小胶质细胞TLR15和TLR1LB基因的转录水平。小胶质细胞中TLR15和TLR1LB mRNA的转录水平在YL040920感染1 d后升高,于3 dpi达到最高值,到5 dpi时有所降低。检测到小胶质细胞中TLR1LB mRNA转录水平在CVI988/Rispens感染1 d后升高,到3 dpi时达最高值;而TLR15 mRNA的转录水平在3 dpi后开始升高,二者在5 dpi时均降低。比较YL040920和CVI988/Rispens对TLRs mRNA转录的影响发现vvMDV YL040920感染小胶质细胞后主要促进其TLR15基因的转录(P≤0.01/0.001),而弱毒疫苗株CVI988/Rispens感染后主要促进TLR1LB基因的转录(P≤0.001)。     

表达绿色荧光蛋白的重组CVI988病毒的构建及特性

提取马立克氏病毒I型疫苗毒株CVI988的总DNA为模板,利用PCR技术扩增出病毒生长非必需的US2基因并克隆入T-easy载体.将CMV启动子和增强子控制的含GFP基因表达盒克隆入US2基因中,成功构建了含GFP基因的转移质粒载体pGUS2GFP.用脂质体将其与CVI988 株共转染CEF细胞,用96孔板稀释法得到纯化的表达绿色荧光蛋白的重组CVI988病毒株rCVIGFP,并分别测定其在体内和体外的生长情况.表达EGFP基因的重组病毒在细胞上生长曲线与亲本毒CVI988类似,体外实验表明,1日龄腹腔接种该重组毒后,可以从鸡体内分离到表达绿色荧光的病毒.     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Shapes of curves of pH-dependence of reactions

A simple case is considered in which the rate of a two-step reaction depends on pH because the intermediate formed in the first step has to gain (or lose) a proton before it can react in the second step, and in which the rate-determining step therefore changes with pH. The curves of reaction rate against pH are shown to be symmetrical, and the sharpest peak possible has a width at half its height of 1.53pH units, i.e. of 2log(3+2 radical2). Any particular curve for this situation proves to be identical with a curve that could be generated for the pH-dependence of a single-step reaction in which the rate is proportional to the concentration of a particular ionic form of a reactant. Curves for the latter situation, however, can have forms impossible for the former case in which the rate-determining step changes, but only if the protonations that activate and deactivate the reactant are co-operative. The peak can then become even sharper, and its width at half its height can fall to 1.14pH units, i.e. to 2log(2+ radical3).     

Overview of mechanisms of action of lycopene

Dietary intakes of tomatoes and tomato products containing lycopene have been shown to be associated with decreased risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases in numerous studies. Serum and tissue lycopene levels have also been inversely related to the risk of lung and prostate cancers. Lycopene functions as a very potent antioxidant, and this is clearly a major important mechanism of lycopene action. In this regard, lycopene can trap singlet oxygen and reduce mutagenesis in the Ames test. However, evidence is accumulating for other mechanisms as well. Lycopene at physiological concentrations can inhibit human cancer cell growth by interfering with growth factor receptor signaling and cell cycle progression specifically in prostate cancer cells without evidence of toxic effects or apoptosis of cells. Studies using human and animal cells have identified a gene, connexin 43, whose expression is upregulated by lycopene and which allows direct intercellular gap junctional communication (GJC). GJC is deficient in many human tumors and its restoration or upregulation is associated with decreased proliferation. The combination of low concentrations of lycopene with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 exhibits a synergistic effect on cell proliferation and differentiation and an additive effect on cell cycle progression in the HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell line, suggesting some interaction at a nuclear or subcellular level. The combination of lycopene and lutein synergistically interact as antioxidants, and this may relate to specific positioning of different carotenoids in membranes. This review will focus on the growing body of evidence that carotenoids have unexpected biologic effects in experimental systems, some of which may contribute to their cancer preventive properties in models of carcinogenesis. Consideration of solubility in vitro, comparison with doses achieved in humans by dietary means, interactions with other phytochemicals, and other potential mechanisms such as stimulation of xenobiotic metabolism, inhibition of cholesterogenesis, modulation of cyclooxygenase pathways, and inhibition of inflammation will be considered. This review will point out areas for future research where more evidence is needed on the effects of lycopene on the etiology of chronic disease.