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1.
筛胸梳爪叩甲(Melanotus cribricollis)是我国南方竹林区重要的地下害虫,监测及防治相当困难。为了探索竹林金针虫搜索地下食物的机制,利用四臂嗅觉仪测定了筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫对不同食物的行为反应,并通过扫描电镜技术观察了筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫触角、下颚须和下唇须感器的类型、数量、形态及分布特征。结果表明:发芽的玉米、小麦种子及竹笋均能吸引到金针虫,鲜竹笋的引诱能力显著强于发芽种子和燕麦。筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫触角上分布有刺形感器、锥形感器、钩形感器、圆盘形感器4类8种,下颚须上分布有锥形感器、腔锥形感器和坛形感器3类4种,下唇须上则分布有锥形感器、腔锥形感器、坛形感器、毛形感器、乳突形感器、凹槽形感器、哑铃形感器7类9种。这些研究结果证实了植物挥发物在金针虫觅食过程中发挥着重要作用,同时为揭示幼虫头部感器在觅食过程中的功能和作用奠定了基础。  相似文献   

2.
汶川地震对大熊猫主食竹——拐棍竹竹笋生长发育的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
廖丽欢  徐雨  冉江洪  郑雯  缪宁  尚涛 《生态学报》2012,32(10):3001-3009
为了了解汶川地震对大熊猫主食竹生长发育的影响,2009年10月—2011年4月,在地震重灾区四川龙溪-虹口国家级自然保护区内设置150个样方,就地震强度、中度、轻度干扰对大熊猫主食竹拐棍竹(Fargesia robusta)竹笋生长发育的影响进行了研究。研究结果显示:(1)发笋物候上,地震强度干扰的发笋时间(Julian时间)较中度和轻度干扰显著推迟,而发笋期不受影响。(2)发笋量和当年生幼竹数是拐棍竹更新生长的数量指标。地震强度和中度干扰样方的发笋量都显著高于轻度干扰,而发笋量在强度和中度干扰间差异不显著;地震强度干扰样方的当年生幼竹数显著高于中度和轻度干扰,中度和轻度干扰样方间差异不显著。这说明地震的强度和中度干扰都有利于拐棍竹竹笋和当年生幼竹数量的更新。(3)基径和株高是拐棍竹更新生长的质量指标。强度干扰下拐棍竹的基径和株高都显著小于中度和轻度干扰,中度干扰样方的基径与轻度干扰差异不显著,但株高显著矮于轻度干扰样方。表明强度干扰下拐棍竹的质量最差,中度干扰的基径已基本得到恢复,但株高仍受到抑制。(4)地震不同干扰等级拐棍竹退笋原因划分为:外力机械损伤、动物取食、生长停止、其他4种。对地震不同干扰等级拐棍竹退笋原因比率的分析发现,强度干扰样方因外力机械损伤和生长停止退笋的比率显著高于中度和轻度干扰样方,而因动物取食退笋的比率显著低于中度和轻度干扰样方。证明强度干扰样方的竹笋更容易受到外力机械损伤和生长停止退笋,而中度和轻度干扰的竹笋更倾向于动物取食致退,揭示了拐棍竹的生长是与震后不同程度的干扰相适应的。  相似文献   

3.
巴西是全球生物多样性最丰富的地区,其竹类多样性也极为丰富。结合现存资料及野外调查,对巴西全境的竹类分布格局进行了讨论。巴西全国有原生竹亚科植物256种(含2亚种及3变种),北部地区草本竹类(莪莉竹族)最丰富,有61种,而东南部地区木本竹类(箣竹族)最丰富,有96种。偏穗竹属(Merostachys)(43种)和丘斯夸竹属(Chusquea)(45种)是最常见的属,并是最具潜在经济利用的竹类。属种的特有性分别高达32.4%和68.8%。特有属有11个,分别为莪莉竹族的双药莪利草竹属(Diandrolyra)、独焰草竹属(Eremitis)、小百瑞草竹属(Parianella)、赖茨草竹属(Reitzia)、苏克蕾草竹属(Sucrea)和箣竹族的南美梨藤竹属(Alvimia)、离枝竹属(Apoclada)、密穗竹属(Athroostachys)、卡姆巴珠瓦竹属(Cambajuva)、菲尔盖拉斯竹属(Filgueirasia)、无枝竹属(Glaziophyton)。  相似文献   

4.
竹象鼻虫主要分布于竹产区,是我国主要的竹类害虫。通过野外观察和实验室培养探究竹象鼻虫的生活史。竹象鼻虫的发育过程经历卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫4个时期,幼虫蛀食竹笋,使竹笋枯死,成虫土茧内越冬,次年4月底至5月初出笋旺盛期出土蛀食竹笋。幼虫的形态结构和习性与成虫显著不同,属于典型的变态发育。  相似文献   

5.
毛竹笋体的生长极其迅速,在快速生长阶段,日平均生长量为35—50厘米,在高峰时可达1米(熊文愈,1962)。但出土的毛竹笋不是全部都能生长成竹,不成竹的笋称为退笋(退败),约占出笋的50%,除部分为虫害所致外,生理退笋占很大比例。本文从生理角度来研究毛竹笋体的生长和退败与内源生长调节物质的关系,为减少或克服生理退笋提供参考。  相似文献   

6.
叩甲科昆虫是叩甲总科中最大的一科,广泛分布于全世界。但是直到现在叩甲科的分类系统还存在着不确定的地方,因为早期的分类系统是基于成虫和幼虫的外部形态特征建立的,很多的族、属、甚至亚科的划分都有争议。本研究利用核糖体28S rD NA片段,对国内采集的叩甲科昆虫共80种进行系统发育分析。分析中还采用了Gen Bank已有的86种叩甲科昆虫序列作为内群,14种外群,利用邻接法、最大似然法、最大简约法和贝叶斯法构建系统发育树。不同方法构建的系统发育树结构相同,并部分支持了基于外部形态特征建立的分类系统。结果显示,叩甲科共分为5个分支,分别为齿胸叩甲亚科分支、小叩甲亚科分支、心盾叩甲亚科分支、萤叩甲亚科分支以及叩甲亚科分支。其中,方胸叩甲属属于叩甲科类群,在系统树中却更加接近于红萤科,并且外群中萤科的位置也与以前的观点不同。研究的结果支持叩甲科昆虫具有良好的单系性。并且根据结果提出以下假设:尖鞘叩甲亚科、异角叩甲亚科和胖叩甲亚科可以纳入齿胸叩甲亚科内部;单叶叩甲亚科和槽缝叩甲亚科并入萤叩甲亚科;梳爪叩甲亚科并入叩甲亚科。这个结论还需要引入更多的种类及分子标记来加以证实。  相似文献   

7.
本文报道福建三明地区引种刚竹属69个竹种(含变种、变型)的种植成活率、年繁殖系数、竹径和竹高的基本生长情况,并观测各竹种笋物候期,根据开始发笋时间和历期,将其划分为15类。为闽中亚热带地区引种推广与开发应用刚竹属竹种提供理论依据。  相似文献   

8.
【目的】采用叩甲科昆虫的内转录间隔区(ITS-2)片段对叩甲科昆虫部分种类进行系统发育分析,明确各亚科类群间的亲缘关系并同传统分类系统进行比较,验证ITS-2片段是否能用于叩甲科昆虫的分子系统学研究。【方法】基于叩甲科昆虫的内转录间隔区(ITS-2)片段,对10个亚科69个种类的叩甲进行了系统发育分析。进行系统发育信号检测,计算各亚科之间的遗传距离,采用邻接法、似然法和简约法三种模型构建系统发育树。【结果】3种方法构建系统发育树结构基本一致,各亚科都能被很好的聚类,且各亚科间遗传距离符合传统分类学观点。同时,分析结果也支持对传统分类系统进行修改:尖鞘叩甲亚科Oxynopterinae和异角叩甲亚科Pityobiinae被聚入齿胸叩甲亚科Denticollinae,建议将尖鞘叩甲亚科和异角叩甲亚科同齿胸叩甲亚科合并;槽缝叩甲亚科Agrypninae和单叶叩甲亚科Conoderinae并入萤叩甲亚科Pyrophorinae;梳爪叩甲类群Melanotinae被聚类到叩甲亚科Elaterinae内,建议将梳爪叩甲亚科并入叩甲亚科。【结论】分析结果显示,ITS-2片段适用于叩甲科昆虫低级分类阶元的系统发育分析,各亚科之间的亲缘关系符合传统的分类学观点,但聚类结果也有同传统分类系统有所不同,可为分类系统的修改提供依据。  相似文献   

9.
<正> 膨胸卷叶甲Leptispa godwini Baly属鞘翅目,龟甲总科,铁甲科,卷叶甲属。目前在江西兴国均福山林场海拔600—900余米之间竹林发现大面积严重危害毛竹、苦竹、淡竹等竹类。 一、危害情况 膨胸卷叶甲以幼虫和成虫危害竹叶。幼虫在竹叶上呈直线状啃食叶肉,仅留下叶脉和下表皮。竹叶受害后常常形成半边枯黄卷起,幼虫被卷入继续危害,直至化蛹。成虫羽化后,仍继续在卷叶中危害或迁至它叶危害。成虫有群集性食叶习性。危害严重时,整株竹叶呈半枯状态,严重地影响着光合作用,使竹林营养代谢降低,大大降低出笋成竹率和成竹质量。  相似文献   

10.
以6种地被竹(菲黄竹、菲白竹、铺地竹、美丽箬竹、白纹椎谷笹和狭叶倭竹)为材料,设计3个土壤铅浓度处理(0、300、1 500 mg·kg-1),研究土壤铅胁迫对地被竹出笋成竹数量和新竹抗逆生理特性的影响,并采用隶属函数法对地被竹出笋成竹期的土壤铅耐受性进行综合评价。结果表明:(1)土壤铅胁迫对地被竹笋期节律的影响主要出现在出笋盛期(4~5月),发笋数的降低会导致多数竹种退笋率下降,以稳定新竹数量,只有菲白竹、白纹椎谷笹、狭叶倭竹的新竹数在高浓度土壤铅胁迫下显著低于CK,降幅分别为15.87%、23.64%和31.25%。(2)土壤铅胁迫会普遍引起地被竹新竹超氧阴离子和丙二醛含量的增加,在高浓度铅胁迫下铺地竹中二者含量最低(9.96 μg·g-1、0.016 μmol·g-1),狭叶倭竹的超氧阴离子含量最高(15.99 μg·g-1),菲黄竹的丙二醛含量最高(0.021 μmol·g-1)。(3)与其余4个竹种不同,在土壤铅胁迫下白纹椎谷笹和狭叶倭竹不能显著积累游离脯氨酸,细胞渗透调节作用弱。(4)6种地被竹在出笋成竹期对高浓度土壤铅的耐受性排序为:美丽箬竹(0.79)>铺地竹(0.75)>菲白竹(0.70)>狭叶倭竹(0.49)>白纹椎谷笹(0.39)>菲黄竹(0.38),其中美丽箬竹、铺地竹和菲白竹出笋成竹数量正常,且具有较强的抗逆生理特性,具有在高浓度土壤铅污染地区应用的潜力。  相似文献   

11.
《Journal of Asia》2019,22(1):140-150
Wireworms are recognized as economically important oligophagous pests of Phyllostachys bamboo shoot, which have caused a huge economic loss in South China. Studies of bamboo shoot wireworm control and management were seriously hampered by the lack of reliable identification of larvae. DNA barcoding has been proved to be an important and useful tool in species identification of morphologically cryptic insects. Accurate knowledge of damage-causing species and the phylogenic structure of elaterids will provide insight into their sustainable and effective management. Here, we use interspecific variation in COI and EF1-a as a robust method of identification and consider the intra- and interspecific genetic variation of bamboo wireworms. This approach has revealed that three Melanotus larvae occurred in Phyllostachys forest. The dominance of one species in different sampling location suggests there maybe underlying difference in habit and host plant preference. These data provide a starting point for determining the distribution of wireworm species feeding on bamboo shoots in South China. The inclusions would further aid identification of wireworm species and relationships between certain wireworm species with specific environments.  相似文献   

12.
在冬季对福建省华安县竹园14属46种(含变种和栽培型)竹类植物叶的热值和灰分含量进行了研究。结果表明:竹类植物叶的灰分含量在8.05%~28.14%之间,平均为15.18%;干重热值在14957.3 ~19111.4 J/g之间,平均为17672.1 J/g;去灰分热值在19473.1~24646.2 J/g之间,平均为20845.6 J/g;竹类植物叶干重热值和灰分含量有显著的线性关系,相关方程为Y=-169.21X+20241(r=0.7370**,df=44),高灰分含量是竹叶干重热值相对较低的重要原因之一。  相似文献   

13.
季节性高温和干旱对亚热带毛竹林碳通量的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
采用涡度相关技术对安吉亚热带毛竹林生态系统碳通量进行连续观测,选取2011和2013年月尺度净生态系统生产力(NEP)、生态系统呼吸(Re)和总生态系统生产力(GEP)数据,探讨季节性高温、干旱对毛竹林生态系统碳通量的影响.结果表明: 安吉毛竹林年际间NEP有较大差异;2013年7和8月由于水热不同步而造成的高温干旱使其NEP明显下降,相比于2011年同期分别下降了59.9%和80.0%.对2011和2013年月尺度下NEP、Re和GEP与环境因子进行相关分析发现,Re和GEP与温度因子均呈显著相关(P<0.05),但两者对空气和土壤水分的响应方式和程度有所不同,GEP相比于Re更易受到土壤水分降低的影响,而饱和水汽压差的升高会在一定程度上促进Re、同时抑制GEP,这是造成2013年7和8月安吉毛竹林NEP降低的根本原因.  相似文献   

14.
Soil‐dwelling insects commonly co‐occur and feed simultaneously on belowground plant parts, yet patterns of damage and consequences for plant and insect performance remain poorly characterized. We tested how two species of root‐feeding insects affect the performance of a perennial plant and the mass and survival of both conspecific and heterospecific insects. Because root damage is expected to impair roots’ ability to take up nutrients, we also evaluated how soil fertility alters belowground plant–insect and insect–insect interactions. Specifically, we grew common milkweed Asclepias syriaca in low or high nutrient soil and added seven densities of milkweed beetles Tetraopes tetraophthalmus, wireworms (mainly Hypnoides abbreviatus), or both species. The location and severity of root damage was species‐specific: Tetraopes caused 59% more damage to main roots than wireworms, and wireworms caused almost seven times more damage to fine roots than Tetraopes. Tetraopes damage decreased shoot, main root and fine root biomass, however substantial damage by wireworms did not decrease any component of plant biomass. With the addition of soil nutrients, main root biomass increased three times more, and fine root biomass increased five times more when wireworms were present than when Tetraopes were present. We detected an interactive effect of insect identity and nutrient availability on insect mass. Under high nutrients, wireworm mass decreased 19% overall and was unaffected by the presence of Tetraopes. In contrast, Tetraopes mass increased 114% overall and was significantly higher when wireworms were also present. Survival of wireworms decreased in the presence of Tetraopes, and both species’ survival was negatively correlated with conspecific density. We conclude that insect identity, density and soil nutrients are important in mediating the patterns and consequences of root damage, and suggest that these factors may account for some of the contradictory plant responses to belowground herbivory reported in the literature.  相似文献   

15.
竹简为我国古代早期文字记录的一种重要载体。湖南长沙竹简博物馆珍藏了一大批走马楼出土的三国时期东吴竹简,具有极为重要的史料价值。以吴简为材料,从竹简中分离微生物,获得10株细菌纯培养,并对这些分离菌株进行多相分类学鉴定。根据其培养特征、生理生化特性、细胞脂肪酸组份的测定以及部份菌株16S rRNA基因序列分析,将10个菌株划归为4个属。这些菌株可作为进一步探讨竹制品文物的微生物腐蚀提供有价值的材料。  相似文献   

16.
An evaluation of the pest potential of millipede species occurring in Ontario sweet potato and carrot fields was conducted in response to recent grower concerns about the presence of millipedes in close proximity to damaged vegetables. This study is the first North American survey of millipedes on arable soils and the first evaluation of North American millipede damage to sweet potatoes and carrots. Through field surveys, Cylindroiulus caeruleocinctus was found to be the dominant millipede species in Ontario sweet potatoes and carrots. Fields were surveyed over the growing season, and the factors important to each species’ abundance were evaluated using Minimum AIC Estimation (MAICE). Post‐harvest damage assessments were performed, and MAICE analysis was used to determine which arthropod and environmental parameters were most important in explaining damage to sweet potatoes and carrots. Wireworm (Elateridae) abundance was consistently found to explain root damage better than C. caeruleocinctus abundance, and it is concluded that the majority of field‐observed damage was caused by wireworms. C. caeruleocinctus was negatively correlated with both wireworms and damage in carrot fields and is not likely to be a pest of that vegetable. However, abundance of C. caeruleocinctus in sweet potatoes was positively correlated with both wireworms and damage. This species may cause some damage to sweet potato tubers under field conditions, but management tactics should focus on wireworms as the primary source of damage.  相似文献   

17.
【目的】三叶斑潜蝇Liriomyza trifolii和美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae是一类危害蔬菜、花卉的世界性害虫,也是我国重要的外来入侵害虫。了解其发生危害特征,可为这两种斑潜蝇的防治提供科学依据。【方法】于2015年对江苏地区的两种斑潜蝇的发生分布、危害程度以及在扬州地区的发生动态进行了调查,采集含有潜道的叶片,待蛹羽化为成虫后鉴定斑潜蝇种类,同时统计叶片上的潜道数量划分危害等级。【结果】美洲斑潜蝇主要在苏北地区发生危害,三叶斑潜蝇主要在苏南、苏中地区发生危害;两种斑潜蝇在江苏地区的发生危害程度均未超过3级。在扬州地区的蔬菜上仅调查到三叶斑潜蝇的危害,其危害的寄主植物有6科、12种,主要包括茄科、豆科、葫芦科、十字花科的蔬菜。三叶斑潜蝇的发生危害从3月开始,11月结束,全年有3个发生危害高峰,其中在7月下旬至8月初的发生危害最重。【结论】两种斑潜蝇在江苏地区的种类分布呈现出明显的地理差异,同时扬州地区三叶斑潜蝇的虫口密度随寄主和时间不同呈现的明显,因此生产上需加强对斑潜蝇发生危害进行监测,并指导斑潜蝇防治。  相似文献   

18.
In Australia, sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is vulnerable to root feeding insect pests such as wireworms (e.g., Agrypnus spp.). The number of registered insecticides to control these insect pests is limited and often pest pressure, for example by wireworms, is severe close to harvest, further limiting what insecticides can be applied. Incorporating biological control agents such as entomopathogenic fungi (e.g., Metarhizium anisopliae) into integrated pest management programmes may be feasible in sweetpotato. M. anisopliae has been shown to be effective in controlling more than 200 insects and it is able to reside and grow in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane, suggesting that M. anisopliae could be a promising candidate against soil insect pests. In the study presented here, M. anisopliae was formulated into calcium alginate granules fortified with nutrients. The resporulation of the fungal granules was tested on four different soil types in the laboratory. The biocontrol efficacy of the resulting fungal growth was also examined using larval mealworms, Tenebrio molitor as a model insect in the laboratory and the glasshouse. Our results indicated that sterilised soil favoured optimal fungal resporulation, although different soil types did not have a significant effect on fungal resporulation. The resulting fungal resporulation and growth on sterilised soil caused high mortality (up to 76%) of larval mealworms in the glasshouse, whereas the fungal granules applied to non-sterile soil demonstrated poor resporulation that led to low mortality (13%) of larval mealworms. The result of this study indicates that the manipulation of microbial populations in field soil is required to enhance the fungal growth and potential insect control against wireworms in the field.  相似文献   

19.
冈崎姬小蜂是我国多种潜叶蝇的优势寄生蜂。鉴于蔬菜潜叶蝇尤其是入侵斑潜蝇在我国的肆意扩散和危害,本文总结了冈崎姬小蜂的分类地位、分布和田间发生、寄主种类、取食和繁殖、性比等生物生态学特性和田间应用进展。冈崎姬小蜂是一种抑性、卵育型的幼虫内寄生蜂,通过产卵寄生和取食2种方式致死寄主;雌蜂对寄主的偏好具有“寄主大小依赖型性别分配”现象;寄生蜂具有广泛的温度适应性和极强的控害潜力,尤其适用于控制入侵我国的相对耐高温的美洲斑潜蝇和三叶草斑潜蝇。未来将以更高效利用该寄生蜂为目标,主要集中于:(1)生物生态学和环境适应性的全面深入研究;(2)雌蜂寄主取食行为特性及生理机制的研究;(3)因地制宜的规模化饲养技术和释放应用技术研究;(4)与其他潜叶蝇寄生蜂的协同控害及竞争共存机制研究。  相似文献   

20.
Bamboo is a special forest type in subtropical regions of china. Its huge biomass and carbon storage and its ecological function play an important role in global carbon sink. In this paper, Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla var. pubescens) forest in Anji county, Zhejiang province, China was selected to examine the relationships between Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data, and aboveground biomass (AGB, Kg), This research indicates that (1) near infrared (TM4) and mid-infrared bands (TM5,TM7) are more important in explaining Moso bamboo AGB than the visible bands. In particular, TM band5 has higher path coefficient with AGB than any other TM bands, implying its important role in explaining Moso bamboo AGB; (2) the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has weak correlation with Moso bamboo AGB, however, other vegetable indices such as Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index(EVI), and Soil Adjust Vegetation Index (SAVI) which are related to soil adjustment parameters are significantly correlated with Moso bamboo AGB; (3) the new vegetation index developed in this paper is significantly correlated with Moso bamboo AGB (correlation coefficient is 0.48), and has higher correlation coefficient (R) than any other selected vegetation indices, implying that this new vegetation index can better explain Moso bamboo AGB than any other vegetation indices.  相似文献   

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