长江宜昌至武汉段岸线1 km近二十年土地利用及景观格局时空变化研究

长江拥有中国最长、开发条件最好的内陆岸线, 岸线资源的存量大且开发潜力高。了解岸线资源的利用现状, 为保障岸线资源开发、生态环境保护提供科学依据。研究以2000、2005、2010、2015和2019年土地利用为数据源, 分析长江宜昌至武汉段岸线1 km区域不同时期土地利用类型面积与景观格局指数。研究结果表明, 2000—2019年, 研究区域土地利用主要以农田和建筑用地为主, 变化的明显特点是农田面积在2019年较2000年下降了9.39%, 建筑用地和草地/林地面积扩张, 其中农田-建筑用地的转化较为剧烈。研究区域湿地资源丰富, 湿地总面积占比均在70%以上, 人工湿地占总湿地面积比均在92%以上。从斑块类型水平上看, 各用地类型斑块数量增长明显, 均发生了不同程度的景观破碎化现象; 其中草地/林面积虽增加了35.63 km2, 但斑块数量从0.114万个增加到0.618万个, 景观形状指数由34.92增加到95.19, 景观聚集度指数下降了10.82%, 其斑块趋向破碎化、形状不规则化, 这会阻碍种群间的基因交流、改变物种生存的生物地理环境, 减少生物物种多样性, 结构趋向紧凑对某些干扰的蔓延如虫灾、火灾等的抑制作用减弱。在景观类型层级, 斑块数量由1.24万个增加到2.34万个, 香农多样性指数增加了0.14, 蔓延度指数下降了8.48%, 整个研究区域景观的破碎化现象加剧, 区域原本优势的斑块类型破裂, 优势度差距逐渐缩小, 且空间的连通性降低, 空间优势减弱。文章定量揭示了长江宜昌至武汉岸线土地利用景观格局时空变化特征, 可为该区域景观格局的进一步优化提供依据。     

基于GIS的上海市景观格局梯度分析

 定量分析景观格局及其变化对于监测和评价城市化的生态后果十分重要。该研究应用基于GIS的梯度分析与景观指数相结合的方法定量分析了上海市城市化的空间格局。沿一条自西向东64 km长6 km宽和另一条自南向北66 km长6 km宽的样带,应用移动窗口计算了一系列景观指数。结果表明,城市化的空间格局可以用梯度分析与景观指数来定量,不同的土地利用类型沿景观格局梯度确实表现出明显的“空间特征”。多项景观指数可准确地、定量地指示上海地区东西和南北发展轴线上城市化的前沿和城市景观梯度分异的特征。城市化的总体格局是随着城市化程度增加,景观在组分上更多样化,形状上更为复杂以及生态学上更破碎化。此外,该文显示的上海市城市化景观格局比较符合同心圆论的城市发展理论,研究结果支持斑块密度随城市化程度而增加,斑块大小和景观连接度则下降的假说,但与随人类干预程度增强,斑块形状变得更规则的假说不相符和,因此,需要进一步研究来证实该发现。     

北京市近二十年景观破碎化格局的时空变化

基于1993—2013年3期时间序列的遥感影像获得的一、二级景观类型的土地覆盖数据,利用移动窗口法和空间主成分分析法研究景观破碎度空间分布格局和破碎化过程。结果表明:北京市正处于快速城市化阶段,20年间其建设用地面积增加了1000.8 km~2,增长47.14%,而耕地面积减少21.86%;全市破碎化程度增加,其中,景观斑块总数增加了15.26%,而景观斑块的平均面积缩小了15.35%,景观形状指数(LSI)从88.426增加到98.897;北京市景观破碎化格局的空间异质性较大,但没有方向性偏好,却表现了"两极化"发展趋势,其中,高破碎化区域和低破碎化区域的面积增加,中等破碎化的区域面积减少,核心大城区和山区的景观破碎度降低,而新兴城区和郊区的景观破碎度增大;北京市景观破碎化格局的距离效应显著,呈现倒"U"型二次函数关系,其中,2013年的破碎度距离函数为:Y_3=0.1767+0.02898X_3-0.0005167X_3~2,距城市中心20—35 km处的城郊交错区景观破碎化程度最高。景观破碎化格局的分析有助于了解大城市快速发展阶段的景观格局演变规律,为城市生物多样性保护、绿地廊道维护和生态文明城市建设提供理论依据。     

基于景观格局与过程的云南省典型地区道路网络生态效应

利用概率连接度指数的量化分析方法,分析了云南省典型地区道路网络对景观格局、生态过程以及景观功能的影响.结果表明：研究区道路网络加剧了区域景观的破碎化程度;道路网络对不同生态过程的迁移路径结构、数目以及分布的影响有所不同,影响程度随迁移扩散能力的增加而增加;道路网络总体上降低了景观维持生态过程连续性的功能（不同情景平均下降超过10%）,使各个斑块在景观中的功能退化（平均下降超过40%）,影响程度随迁移扩散能力的增加而增加.     

陕北黄土高原景观破碎化及其土壤裸露效应

破碎化是黄土高原典型的景观特征 ,深刻影响着区域的景观格局与功能。为深入探讨黄土高原景观破碎化的格局特征及其生态效应 ,选择陕北黄土高原为研究区 ,结合景观格局指数与主成分分析对破碎化程度进行量化 ,并针对研究区相应的景观格局特征、造成破碎化的景观类型及土壤裸露程度 ,进行组成、分布及动态分析。研究结果发现陕北黄土高原景观格局中的斑块密度特征对破碎化有较强的指示意义 ,其次则是景观的空间构型特征。草地和农地等与人为活动关系较为密切的景观类型是造成研究区景观破碎化的主要原因 ,且高破碎化区域的土壤裸露值明显高于低破碎化区域     

塔里木河中下游地区湿地景观格局变化

在RS和GIS技术的支持下,结合塔里木河中下游的区域特点,确定了塔里木河中下游湿地景观分类系统.通过采用景观多样性指数、优势度、景观破碎化指数、分布质心和平均斑块形状指数等景观的空间格局指数,较系统地分析了1980～2000年塔里木河中下游湿地景观空间格局变化.结果表明：塔里木河中下游湿地的分布面积呈显著下降趋势.1980～1990年湿地面积减少,斑块数量和密度增加.1990～2000年湿地面积有所增加,斑块数量和密度持续增加;随着人类干扰强度增加,景观多样性增加,优势度降低,湿地的破碎化程度越来越大;湿地景观要素中,河渠湿地、水库坑塘湿地面积有所增加,而湖泊、滩地、沼泽面积均在不断减少,其中沼泽湿地面积减少幅度最大.     

泾河流域平凉市城市化影响下景观格局梯度分析

基于GIS的梯度分析与景观格局定量分析相结合的方法,研究了平凉市城市化的空间格局。采用以TM为基础的1∶10 0000土地利用遥感制图,以城市中心为原点分别在东西和南北方向上布设1条30 km长3、km宽的生态样带,通过移动窗口取样并利用Fragstas软件分别在景观水平和类型水平上选取一系列景观指数进行计算分析。结果表明,在城市化的影响下,平凉市与市郊的过渡地带,景观在组分上表现出多样化,斑块形状比较复杂,破碎化程度较高。不同的土地利用类型随梯度变化的空间格局并不唯一,人类活动对平凉市景观的影响依赖于土地利用格局和土地的利用类型。     

甘肃永登县土地利用景观格局的空间尺度效应

依据“斑块-廊道-基质”模式,研究了甘肃省兰州市永登县景观格局的空间尺度效应.结果表明:草地为整个研究区景观结构的基质;廊道包括道路和河流;其余景观组分(耕地、林地、园地,住宅用地、工矿用地、公共管理与服务用地和其他土地)均为斑块.斑块类型水平指数与景观水平指数均表现出明显的空间幅度依赖性.不同景观组分的斑块类型指数的尺度效应在不同幅度区间存在差异性,景观水平指数的尺度效应在不同幅度区间也存在差异性.在1～20 km幅度区间,尺度效应的组分类型、指标类型之间差异最为明显;在21～90 km幅度区间,尺度效应的组分类型、指标类型之间差异较小;在>90 km幅度后,尺度效应消失.90 km×90 km为研究景观格局尺度依赖性的有效幅度.     

莱州湾南岸滨海湿地的景观格局变化及累积环境效应

在湿地景观类型分类基础上,利用遥感技术及GIS技术提取了1987和2002年莱州湾南岸滨海湿地Landsat 5、Landsat 7 卫星假彩色合成影像的空间属性数据,利用斑块动态度、斑块密度指数、景观多样性指数、斑块破碎化指数研究了湿地景观格局变化及其累积环境效应.结果表明,15年间莱州湾南岸滨海湿地景观总面积基本不变,但自然湿地总面积减少了49.1%,减少的自然湿地主要转化为养殖池、盐田等人工湿地.湿地景观格局的变化还表现为景观多样性指数下降、斑块破碎化指数升高.湿地景观格局变化引起自然湿地的总净初级生产量下降,环境净化功能、抗御自然灾害功能降低,陆地中生植物、旱生植物外来及有害植物侵入湿地,湿地生态系统服务价值下降等累积环境效应.     

城市景观格局演变的水环境效应研究综述

人类活动导致的城市土地利用覆被变化在景观生态学上表现为城市景观类型的更替和城市景观格局的演变。我国城市景观格局中自然植被景观基质大幅被人工硬化地面所取代,自然景观斑块破碎化,城市道路和排水管网等人工廊道大量增加,造成"源""汇"景观的比例失衡和格局失调,从而产生城市景观格局演变的水环境负效应,如非点源污染、水生生态系统失衡和城市内涝等,且水环境负效应存在时间尺度差异和空间尺度响应多样性。对城市景观类型及其格局演变产生的城市水环境效应相关研究进行总结,针对现有研究中存在的城市景观格局演变带来的生态过程变化研究较少、影响城市水环境的景观格局变化阈值不明确、研究结果推广难和重复性较差、人工廊道与城市水环境效应关系关注度较低和水环境负效应综合度研究欠缺等不足之处,提出未来研究的着力点,对实现可持续城市具有一定意义。     

北京东灵山地区景观格局及破碎化评价

 人类活动已将北京东灵山地区地带性原生暖温带落叶阔叶林破坏殆尽。本项研究基于植被图,在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下,选择多种景观格局指数,从斑块面积、斑块数、斑块周长、分形维数和多样性的角度进行了格局分析和破碎化评价。结果表明,该区景观类型以次生林和灌丛为主,面积分布极不均衡,且多呈小面积零散分布。各森林类型的分布面积、周长和斑块数一般小于灌丛、草地和农田,且边界密度和斑块密度较高,显示出较高程度的破碎化。各景观类型的平均斑块面积和周长遵从分形规律,分形维数1.30,景观整体的斑块边界的褶皱程度较低。景观多样性的Shannon指数,景观组分的类型面积(2.262)<类型周长(2.435)<类型斑块数(2.675),均小于等概率情形(2.940)。上述结果均显示,该区森林景观破碎化程度较高。     

黑龙江林口林业局森林景观格局特征

以黑龙江林口林业局1∶50000林相图作为基本信息源,利用地理信息系统软件ArcView和景观结构分析软件Fragstats,从景观格局的总体特征、景观破碎度、景观形状指数、分形维数和平均最近距离等方面,对该林业局的景观格局进行了分析.结果表明:该林业局以森林景观为主体(56.74%),居民点和农田景观也占有较高比例,而沼泽、灌木、荒山荒地、河流、迹地和裸地等景观零星分布于森林景观中;该林业局的森林景观主要以人工针叶纯林(40.47%)和天然蒙古栎林(20.96%)为主,斑块分布集中、形状复杂、边缘褶皱度高.人工林与天然林的面积基本相等,但破碎度较大、斑块形状相对简单、斑块分布较集中,软阔叶林及硬阔叶林斑块分别占11.89%和7.38%.研究表明,该林业局的森林景观受人为干扰程度过大,景观结构不合理,要实现林业的可持续发展,必须对景观斑块结构进行调整.     

济南城市森林景观生态格局

城市森林景观生态格局研究不仅是城市森林系统规划与城市生态建设的基础和前提,而且是优化城市空间结构、充分发挥城市森林生态功能以及创建生态宜居环境的重要途径和手段.本研究以RS和GIS技术为支撑,通过总体景观生态格局定量分析和梯度分析等研究方法,采用10个景观指数从斑块水平和景观水平两方面,对济南市建成区城市森林景观生态格局进行定量分析,并提出优化对策.结果表明: 济南市建成区城市森林覆盖率为15.8%;城市森林总体景观生态格局在景观水平上表现为城市森林景观斑块类型较齐全、景观破碎化程度较大、各类型城市森林所占面积存在差异、以大斑块为主且同种斑块高度连接,在斑块类型水平上表现为生态公益林以大斑块为主且占优势地位、风景游憩林形状较规则且以大中型斑块为主、道路林及附属林形状复杂且以小斑块为主、生产经营林缺乏;在斑块类型水平上,以风景游憩林为主导类型、生态公益林斑块面积最大、道路林及附属林破碎度大,在景观水平上,城市中心森林景观破碎度大、人为干扰严重、景观形状复杂;在城市森林景观生态格局分析基础上,提出“一环二网、三片四轴、多点棋布”的济南市城市森林生态网络构建方案,从而加强各类型城市森林的连接度,发挥大尺度生态系统的整体生态效益.     

Movement patterns of selected insect groups between natural forest,open land and rubber plantation in a tropical landscape (southern Yunnan,SW China)

In many regions of tropical Asia, the expansion of rubber monoculture plantations is conducted by replacement of natural forest areas and strongly affects biodiversity and movement patterns of wild species, including insects. Against this background, we conducted a study on selected insect groups (longhorn beetles, bark beetles, wild bees and hoverflies) along transects between rainforest patches, open uncultivated land and rubber plantation habitats in a region of Xishuangbanna (southern Yunnan, China), with the objectives to identify (a) movement directions and patterns of selected insect groups based on their abundances in modified Malaise traps in the different habitats, and (b) the role of remaining natural rainforest patches and rubber plantations, respectively, for insect diversity maintenance and conservation. The highest total numbers of species and individuals of bark beetles, longhorn beetles and wild bees were recorded from the natural forest edge compared to open land and rubber plantation edge. This result clearly indicates that the natural forest plays an important role in maintenance of these three insect groups. However, the highest number of hoverfly species and individuals was recorded from the open land sites, indicating the most relevant habitat type for this group of species. Overall, the lowest species and individual numbers were recorded from the rubber plantation edge, indicating the unsuitability of this habitat type for all insect groups considered. The distribution of species and individuals in the opposite trap sides along the transect indicates that longhorn beetles, bark beetles and wild bees show not only movements from the forest to the surrounding habitats, but also return back after encountering the unsuitable rubber plantation habitat. Bark beetle composition showed the relatively highest similarity between all trap sites and opposite trap sides among the insect groups considered, indicating a higher movement activity than the other groups. The four insect groups considered in this study show different movement modes between the forest, open land and rubber plantation, which are not the same for all taxa. Except for hoverflies, the natural forest was found to be the most important habitat for the maintenance of species diversity in the different land use types of the study area.     

Landscape connectivity dynamics based on network analysis in the Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve,China

Lack of landscape connectivity and habitat loss is major threats to biodiversity and ecosystem integrity in nature reserves aimed at conservation. In this study, we used structural pattern and functional connectivity metrics to analyze the spatial patterns and landscape connectivity of habitat patches for the Shangyong sub-reserve of the Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve from 1970, 1990, and 2000. On the basis of vegetation and land cover data, we applied the equivalent connected area ECA(PC) indicator to analyze the changes in forest connectivity. Four distance thresholds (2, 4, 8, 12 km) were considered to compare the patch importance of connectivity by dECA values. The results showed the declining trends of landscape connectivity measured by ECA(PC) index from 1970 to 2000. The importance of connectivity in each forest patch varied with the increment of dispersal distances at the patch level, and some important habitat patches, which exhibit a potential to enhance landscape connectivity, should be given more attention. The least-cost pathways based on network structure were displayed under four dispersal distances in three periods. The results showed that the number of paths among the fragments of forest patches exhibited radical increases for larger dispersal distances. Further correlation analyses of AWF, ECA (IIC), and ECA (PC) showed the weakest and least-frequent correlations with the structural pattern indices, while H presented more significant correlations with the PD fragmentation metric. Furthermore, Kendall's rank correlations between the forest patch area and functional connectivity indicators showed that dECA (PC) and dAWF indicators should provided the area-based prioritization of habitat patches. Moreover, the low-rank correlations showed that dF and dLCP can be considered as effective and appropriate indicators for the evaluation of habitat features and network patterns.     

广西滨海区域景观格局分析及土地利用变化预测

研究滨海湿地景观动态及其发展趋势对于维持沿海地区可持续发展具有重要意义。利用移动窗口法分析广西滨海湿地景观格局时空变化,同时提取珍珠湾、茅尾海和丹兜海典型区进一步分析景观变化趋势,最后采用土地利用变化模型(Land Change Modeler,LCM)预测区域未来的景观演化趋势。结果表明,2000—2014年间,草地、乔木园地和常绿阔叶灌木林面积减少,而工业用地面积明显增加。研究区总体的景观异质性变化不大,破碎化趋势不明显。比较景观格局指数发现,边缘密度和多样性指数的空间分布特征相似,多样性指数较大的区域,边缘密度也大,并且多集中于珍珠湾、茅尾海和研究区的中东部。3个典型区的格局变化趋势相似,景观多样性指数降低而均匀度增加,其中,湿地斑块数目减少且所占面积比也减少。LCM模型结果表明,至2020年,草本湿地与森林灌丛湿地面积进一步降低,而工业用地和居民区则持续增长;其中,3个典型区土地利用变化均受到了工业发展的影响,以珍珠湾土地利用动态度最高,茅尾海其次,而丹兜海最小。当前,区域景观的变化明显降低了湿地植被的质量,加强湿地植被保护,限制工业区域的无序发展是维持区域生境完整和安全的有效途径。     

Modelling land use changes for landscape connectivity: The role of plantation forestry and highways

Landscape connectivity is a key aspect for the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem viability. Nowadays, the competition between economic development and nature conservation is intense. In most territories natural vegetation is being replaced by exotic tree plantations, which have a better performance in terms of timber productivity but often, a lower ecological value. We evaluated potential natural forest connectivity improvement in the Cantabria region (Northern Spain) through two main actions: protection of environmentally valuable forest areas, and reforestation with indigenous species of those patches of exotic plantation trees with a particularly important role for the connectivity of the forest network. We established a variety of scenarios to calculate least cost paths, considering the presence or absence of plantation forestry and highways to examine connectivity. Then, we applied two habitat availability indices (integral index of connectivity and probability of connectivity) attending to different dispersal distances. Our analyses show a great potential for improving connectivity using plantation forests in the natural forest network, and a dramatic impact of the highway in the north–south connectivity of the study area. Based on these results, we identified those patches of plantation forest and natural forest that are more important for the maintenance of overall landscape connectivity, and propose their protection or conversion through reforestation. The final proposed network constitutes a larger and better connected natural forested landscape than the existing one.     

黑龙江省完达山地区马鹿生境破碎化及其影响因子

应用景观生态学原理和地理信息系统技术,分析黑龙江省完达山地区马鹿生境相关因子重要性、对景观连接度进行模糊相对赋值,建立了景观连接度评价模型及景观斑块指数,研究了黑龙江省完达山地区关于马鹿生境的景观连接度水平、生境的适宜性以及景观的空间结构。结果表明:(1)在155.6km2的面积中,适宜地区的总面积仅为14.81km2,占研究地区的9.52%;次适宜地区的总面积为9.57km2,占研究地区的6.15%;一般适宜地区的总面积为130.05km2,占研究地区的83.58%;不适宜地区的总面积为1.17km2,占研究地区的0.75%;(2)研究地区马鹿各类适宜地区呈多个斑块且相互隔离,在空间分布上处于破碎状态,而且不适宜地区斑块(人为活动景观)的面积比例虽小,在生态系统中形态上的破碎化程度较小,但对马鹿的生境的生态功能的丧失起到重要作用。     

Forest pattern dynamics and landscape connectivity changes in the Manwan Basin after dam construction in the Lancang River,China

Regional habitat quality and landscape connectivity can be greatly impaired by dam construction and subsequent land-use changes. This study examined landscape pattern and connectivity changes in the Manwan Basin from 1974 to 2006 to quantify the effects of dam construction. Landscape pattern indices and kernel density estimation (KDE) were used to analyze forest pattern dynamics, while the probability of connectivity (PC) index was applied to evaluate landscape connectivity changes. The results showed that forest area decreased by nearly 20 %, while the number of forest patches increased more than sixfold from 1974 to 2006 in the Manwan Basin. During the study period, forest fragmentation mainly occurred in the western and northern parts of the Manwan Basin. Due to the changes in the forest landscape pattern, landscape connectivity decreased by an average of 54.74 %. In addition, we detected changes to key stepping-stone patches by calculating the percentage importance of each resource patch. The results showed that 300.38 km² of high-importance forest patches transformed to medium- and low-importance patches from 1974 to 2006.     

Landscape mosaic of Araucaria forest and forest monocultures influencing understorey spider assemblages in southern Brazil

Abstract This study investigates how abundance, diversity and composition of understorey spiders were influenced by four different forest habitats in a southern Brazilian Araucaria forest. The study area encompasses a landscape mosaic comprised of Araucaria forest, Araucaria plantation, Pinus plantation, and Eucalyptus plantation. Understorey spiders were collected by beating the vegetation inside three patches of each forest habitat. To assess possible predictors of spider assemblage structure, several patch features were analysed: potential prey abundances, estimation of vegetation cover, diversity index of vegetation types, patch ages, patch areas, and geographical distance between patches. To assess the influence of high‐level taxa approaches on spider assemblage patterns, analyses were carried out individually for family, genera and species levels. Additionally, Mantel tests were carried out in underlying similarity matrices between each taxon. Significant differences in spider abundances among forest habitats were found. Pinus plantations showed the highest abundance of spiders and Eucalyptus plantations showed the lowest abundance. Spider abundance was significantly influenced by patch ages, geographical distance and vegetation cover. Expected numbers of families, genera and species did not vary among forest habitats. Spider composition of two Eucalyptus patches differed from the other forest patches, probably due to their low vegetation cover and isolation. Genera composition was the best correlate of species composition, showing that a higher‐level surrogate can be an alternative to the species approach. The understorey spider diversity in this managed area could be maintained when suitable habitat structures are provided, thus ensuring the connectivity between different habitat types. Further studies should focus on individual species responses to the conversion of native forest to monocultures.