碳酸钙对土壤镉吸附及解吸的影响

采用等温吸附法,并以1mol/L KNO3进行解吸试验,研究CaCO3对3种土壤镉吸附和解吸的影响。结果表明,3种土壤的原状土样对镉吸附总趋势为：栗钙土＞棕壤＞淋溶褐土,均符合Langmuir方程、Frenudlich方程和Temink方程,其中以Freumdlich方程最佳。镉的专性吸附量表现为栗钙土＞淋溶褐土＞棕壤。添加CaCO3使3种土壤中镉的吸附量增加,增加幅度棕壤为4％－11％,淋溶褐土2％－11％,栗钙土2％－8％。外界加入的镉浓度越高,增加幅度越大。Freundlich方程（lgX=lgK lgC/n）拟合的参数结果表明：加入CaCO3后,K和n值均下降;Langmuir方程中镉最大吸附值增加,吸附平均常数减小。可以推测,CaCO3的存在之所以能够使土壤体系吸附镉能力增加,除CaCO3本身的吸附作用增加,吸附平衡常数减小。可以推测,CaCO3的存在之所以能够使土壤体系吸附镉能力增加,除CaCO3本身的吸附作用外,还可能影响反应体系的平衡系数。加入CaCO3,土壤对镉的专性吸附明显增加,尤其以棕壤专性吸附的镉最多,淋溶褐土其次,而栗钙土增加较少,栗钙土去除CaCO3后,镉的吸附减少了2.0%-26.0%,土壤专性吸附的镉减少4.0%-38.2%。3种土壤镉的解吸能力表现为：棕壤＞淋溶褐土＞栗钙土。添加CaCO3,土壤镉的解吸量下降。去除CaCO3后,栗钙土匐解吸量明显增加。     

磷酸盐在土壤中的竞争吸附与解吸机制

本文概述了近年来国内外有关磷酸盐的竞争吸附与解吸的研究成果。土壤中许多阴离子都能与磷竞争吸附点位,使得磷的吸附下降。有机质可促进或抑制磷的吸附,pH是影响竞争吸附的主要因子。磷被吸附后大多固持在表面而难于解吸,往往呈现明显的滞后现象。通常只有拟物理吸附的磷能被解吸,化学吸附的磷因与表面金属离子作用形成双齿配位而极难被淋洗下来。解吸受多种因素的影响,其中解吸剂的类型是主要因子之一。     

不同来源生物炭对砷在土壤中吸附与解吸的影响

采用OECD Guideline 106批平衡方法研究了由凋落松针、玉米秸秆、牛粪制备的3种生物炭对As(Ⅴ)在棕壤中的吸附和解吸特性的影响.结果表明：3种生物炭的添加量为0.5%时,对As(Ⅴ)在土壤中的吸附量大小顺序为牛粪炭处理＞松针炭处理＞玉米秸秆炭处理,这与生物炭的基本性质密切相关;等温吸附曲线能用Langmuir方程进行很好的拟合(R² =0.997);与对照相比,生物炭处理对砷的吸附容量(lgK_f 为1.99～2.10)和吸附强度(1/N 为0413～0.449)降低,生物炭对As(Ⅴ)的主要吸附机制为物理吸附;生物炭处理对As(Ⅴ)解吸率大小顺序为：玉米秸秆炭处理＞松针炭处理＞牛粪炭处理,解吸率在14.5%～18.7%.添加3种来源生物炭降低了棕壤对As(Ⅴ)的吸附,这可能会导致砷的有效性增强,更易被生物吸收,进而增强土壤中砷的毒性.     

广西主要土类表层土壤对铅的吸附解吸特征研究

为研究广西地区主要类型土壤对Pb的吸附解吸特征及其影响因素, 采集湿润铁铝土、常湿富铁土、湿润富铁土、潮湿变性土、湿润淋溶土、湿润雏形土、潮湿变性土等7个亚纲9个土类表层土壤, 通过等温吸附-解吸实验研究其对Pb的等温吸附与解吸特征及其影响因素。结果表明, 供试土壤Pb的等温吸附曲线均可用Langmuir和Freundlich方程进行拟合, 拟合相关系数分别为0.926-0.998和0.845–0.998, 相关性均达到极显著水平。土壤铅的吸附量在不同铅浓度之间存在显著差异, 钙积潮湿变性土在不同原始铅浓度下的吸附量显著高于其他类型土壤。不同类型土壤对铅最大吸附量介于(2776±23)-(19447±4) mg·L–1之间, 钙质湿润富铁土>铁质湿润淋溶土>钙积潮湿变性土>简育潮湿变性土>黏化湿润富铁土>铝质湿润雏形土>黄色湿润铁铝土(花岗岩发育)>简育常湿富铁土>黄色湿润铁铝土(浅海沉积物发育)。土壤Pb最大吸附量与pH、CEC、游离氧化铁、黏粒、粉粒含量呈显著正相关, 与砂粒含量呈显著负相关, 土壤pH和CEC是影响Pb最大吸附量的主要因素。土壤铅的解吸率呈现出随原始铅浓度增加而增加的趋势。     

不同粒径生物炭对土壤磷吸附-解吸特性的影响

粒径是影响物质吸附性能的一个重要因素。本研究以不同粒径(0.25～1 mm、0.075～0.25 mm、<0.075 mm)油菜秸秆生物炭(SBC)和鸡粪生物炭(MBC)分别与两种土壤(高磷土、低磷土)混合进行室内培养30 d,通过土壤磷等温吸附试验与解吸试验,结合土壤磷吸附相关性质,评价不同粒径生物炭对土壤磷吸附-解吸特性的影响。结果表明：在水体系中,3个粒径的SBC与MBC对磷的吸附能力大小均表现为<0.075 mm(43125、20083 mg·kg^-1)>0.075～0.25 mm(37376、13199 mg·kg^-1)>0.25～1 mm(27749、12251 mg·kg^-1);在土壤体系中,同一种生物炭的3个粒径间土壤磷吸附量差异较小。与无生物炭处理相比,添加SBC提高了土壤对磷的最大吸附量(S_max),增幅为236.8%～755.7%,并降低了土壤磷解吸率;添加MBC的S_max增幅较SBC低,但提高了土壤磷解吸率(增幅为7.2%～295...     

泉州市不同利用方式下土壤磷的吸附与解吸特性

分析了不同利用方式下泉州市土壤磷素吸附-解吸特征.结果表明:Langmuir等温方程式可以很好地表征土壤磷素的吸附特性;旱地和轮作地土壤对磷的吸附能力较强,而草地和林地土壤对磷的吸附能力较弱;磷的流失风险顺序为轮作地＞草地＞林地＞旱地;指导施磷量与吸附常数、最大缓冲量的大小顺序一致,为旱地＞轮作地＞林地＞草地;轮作地和草地的解吸率高于旱地和林地,土壤的缓冲能力顺序为旱地＞林地＞轮作地＞草地.主成分分析表明,平均解吸率、易解吸磷、磷吸附指数和磷零吸持平衡浓度4个指标最能反映土壤磷素流失潜力,可作为评价流失潜力的主要指标.     

外源腐殖酸对三种土壤磷吸附与解吸特性的影响

通过对3种土壤（红壤、棕壤和褐土）施入不同腐殖酸的室内培养试验,探讨了外源腐殖酸对不同土壤磷素吸附和解吸的影响。结果表明：与对照土壤相比,不同腐殖酸降低了3种供试土壤磷素的吸附量,其降低顺序为：褐土＞红壤＞棕壤;外源腐殖酸提高了红壤和棕壤磷素的解吸量和解吸率,提高的幅度与腐殖酸的种类有关;而腐殖酸对褐土磷素的解吸量则无明显促进作用。表明外源腐殖酸对3种土壤磷素吸附-解吸作用最强的为红壤,其次为棕壤,最弱的为褐土;同时表明腐殖酸可提高红壤和棕壤磷素的利用率。     

表面活性剂对链霉素在内蒙古牧区土壤中吸附解吸的影响

通过静态吸附实验,研究了3种不同类型的表面活性剂(阳离子:十六烷基三甲基溴化铵,CTAB;阴离子:十二烷基苯磺酸钠,SDBS;非离子,曲拉通100,TX-100)对链霉素(Streptomycin,STR)在内蒙古牧区土壤中吸附解吸的影响。结果表明,3种表面活性剂的存在均会增加STR在土壤中吸附的线性程度。CTAB的存在抑制了STR在土壤表面的吸附同时抑制了STR的解吸,然而SDBS的存在降低了STR在土壤中的吸附量并增加了吸附过程的可逆性。与CTAB和SDBS不同,TX-100对STR在土壤中的吸附的影响取决于其添加浓度。低浓度的TX-100对STR的吸附促进作用大于高浓度。随着TX-100浓度的增加,TX-100对STR的增溶作用加剧。促使吸附在土壤表面的STR迁移到水相中,从而抑制了STR的吸附,进而促进了STR的解吸。     

退耕还湖后湿地土壤对磷的吸附解吸特性

以安徽菜子湖区不同退耕年限(3、5、9和11年)湿地为研究对象,以相邻油菜地和原始湿地为对照(共6个样地),研究退耕还湖后湿地土壤对磷的吸附解吸特性变化.结果表明: 退耕湿地土壤对磷的等温吸附曲线与Langmuir和Freundlich吸附方程拟合程度均达极显著水平(P<0.01);6个样地土壤对磷的最大吸附量(X_m)、吸附常数(K)和最大缓冲容量(MBC)范围分别为478～1074 mg·kg^-1、0.14～0.61和68.6～661.5 mg·kg^-1,且退耕湿地的这些参数均随着退耕年限的延长而升高,但未达到原始湿地水平;6个样地土壤磷的平均解吸率为6.2%～14.6%,且退耕湿地土壤磷解吸率随着退耕年限的延长呈先增高后降低的趋势,但均显著高于原始湿地.表明随着退耕年限的增加,湿地土壤对外源磷的固持能力不断增强,而土壤有机质和粘粒含量是影响湿地土壤对外源磷固持能力的重要因子.     

氧化还原条件对湿地土壤磷吸附与解吸特性的影响

采用室内模拟试验研究了氧化还原条件对盘锦天然湿地土壤磷吸附与解吸特性的影响,并对磷的吸附与解吸过程进行拟合。结果表明,氧化或还原条件下Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型均能较好地拟合磷的等温吸附曲线,且Langmuir方程的拟合效果好于Freundlich方程。淹水还原条件下,湿地土壤对磷的最大吸附量和解吸率比淹水前分别降低了9.5%和16.3%;吸附解吸平衡浓度升高,平均增加158.8%。淹水后土壤活性铁含量明显升高,淹水前后活性铁变化与吸附解吸平衡浓度变化之间的相关性达到了显著水平,与土壤中磷的最大吸附量和解吸率变化的相关性不显著,表明活性铁含量的变化是淹水还原条件下影响土壤磷吸附解吸平衡浓度变化的主要因素。     

土壤“慢”有机碳库研究进展

土壤“慢”有机碳库介于“活性”和“惰性”库之间,是植物残体迅速损失的一个重要中间分解阶段。本文主要综述了代表很大比例土壤“慢”有机碳库的微粒有机质(POM)的表征、意义,及影响土壤“慢”有机碳库中POM周转的主要因素,POM在土壤团聚体中和土壤剖面中的分布以及动态变化。     

南淝河沉积物中半挥发性有机污染物分析

采用GC/MS对南淝河沉积物中半挥发性有机污染物进行了分析,共检测出包括多环芳烃和酞酸酯在内的有机化合物有54种,沉积物中有机污染物种类多。对EPA优先控制污染物中的16种多环芳烃（PAHs）进行了定量监测,结果表明多环芳烃的总量已达到30.61mg/Kg。与国外生态风险评价标准对比表明有多种多环芳烃化合物的含量超过风险评价指标的低值,有的甚至超过高值,已有可能对生态环境产生了影响,为较高生态风险区,PAHs污染比较严重。     

Decrease in allochthonous organic inputs in dark submarine caves,connection with lowering in benthic community richness

Ten sediment trap arrays were deployed over two years for periods of 3 to 40 days in three different sampling points along a 50 m long Mediterranean submarine cave. Mean total particulate matter flux decreased strongly from the semi-dark area (3.3 g m^–2 d^–1) to the dark area (0.8 and 0.6 g m^–2 d^–1). Carbon represented 3.3% to 3.5% and nitrogen 0.34% to 0.38% of settling dry matter. The decrease in organic input from the entrance to the terminal part of the cave results in increasingly oligotrophic conditions with distance from the cave entrance. Horizontal resource limitation can be connected with a strong zonal decrease in fauna richness. Biomass declines both in hard substrate and soft bottom communities. Despite major differences, some similarities are noticed between oligotrophic conditions that may occur in the dark cave and those in around 1000 m depth ecosystems. Dark oligotrophic submarine caves can be considered to be good scale models for the study of some aspects of general trophic pathways.     

Method for liquid–liquid extraction of blood surrogates for assessing human exposure to jet fuel

A baseline method of liquid–liquid extraction for assessing human exposure to JP-8 jet fuel was established by extracting several representative compounds ranging from very volatile to semi-volatile organic compounds, including benzene, toluene, nonane, decane, undecane, tridecane, tetradecane and pentadecane, from PBS buffer. Some specific techniques for solvent selection, solvent evaporation, and GC analysis were developed to accommodate this wide range of constituents of JP-8. The application of the established method to the extraction and quantitative analysis of JP-8 from PBS and bovine plasma was demonstrated.     

岩溶土壤有机碳库分配、更新及其维持的微生物机制

在水-二氧化碳-碳酸盐岩-生物的相互作用下,岩溶碳循环活跃,在全球形成8.24×108 t C/a的岩溶碳汇,约占全球遗漏汇的29.4%,其中部分岩溶碳汇以土壤有机碳的形式固存,因此碱性土壤固碳是未来碳中和的主要途径。微生物作为土壤碳循环的重要驱动者,影响着土壤有机碳主要赋存形式即植物残体碳与微生物残体碳的动态变化。本文通过综述岩溶土壤有机碳库储量、岩溶土壤有机碳库的来源与构成、影响岩溶土壤有机碳库动态的微生物因素以及岩溶土壤有机碳库更新的微生物机制,探讨了微生物对岩溶土壤植物残体碳与微生物残体碳的影响,并提出亟待解决的关键科学问题。这为深入研究岩溶区土壤有机碳库分配、更新及其维持的微生物机制,深化对岩溶土壤碳循环及其微生物机理认识,进而为应对千分之四全球土壤增碳计划提供了参考。     

小兴安岭4种典型阔叶红松林土壤有机碳分解特性

土壤有机碳分解是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分.主要采用土壤有机碳释放速率的室内培养实验的方法,并根据三库一级动力学模型,对小兴安岭地区4种典型阔叶红松林的土壤有机碳分解特征及各组分含量进行研究.实验结果如下:(1)土壤有机碳的分解趋势表现为前期迅速,后期缓慢,并且土壤腐殖质层(A)大于淀积层(B);在4种阔叶红松林中,云冷杉红松林土壤有机碳的分解速率最大,枫桦红松林最小;土壤有机碳的分解速率与土壤总有机碳、活性碳及土壤的C/N呈显著的正相关关系(P＜0.05).(2)在土壤A层和B层,4种阔叶红松林的活性碳分别占总有机碳的0.89％-1.78％和1.91％-2.87％,平均驻留时间为12-35 d和27-58 d.缓效性碳占总有机碳的22.58％-28.44％和23.87％-42.63％,平均驻留时间为4-19 a和18-37 a.惰性碳占总有机碳的69.98％-76.24％和54.50％-74.22％,平均驻留时间为173 a;土壤有机碳各组分含量及驻留时间的大小顺序均为:云冷杉红松林＞椴树红松林＞枫桦红松林＞蒙古栎红松林.     

Immobilization of Heavy Metals in Soil Using Natural and Waste Materials for Vegetation Establishment on Contaminated Sites

Contaminated land is increasingly becoming an important issue worldwide. Many contaminants are persistent in soil for a large number of years. With the increase in public awareness regarding the consequences of contaminated soil, many researchers are concentrating on developing cost-effective and socially acceptable soil remediation technologies. Soils of many sites, which have been left derelict after industrial decline, harbor a broad suite of metal and organic contaminants. Land where such contaminants are deemed to pose a significant risk to receptors is considered contaminated under modern guidance. Remediation to break identified pollutant linkages would precede reclamation and plant establishment. One approach to break the pollutant receptor linkage is to utilize materials that effectively create soil conditions that immobilize contaminants whilst providing essential plant growth properties in terms of nutrition and water holding capacity. Materials that may achieve this include: 1) composts derived from materials such as sewage sludges and other municipal sources; 2) natural or synthetic zeolites; or 3) industrial by-products such as red-mud or other iron-rich materials such as iron grit or iron oxyhydroxides. Remediation techniques that utilize such materials may be cost-effective compared to more traditional methods and may effectively divert materials from the waste stream and could thereby make a dual contribution to sustainable development.     

EN CORE® Sampler Performance: Storing Soil for VOC Analysis

The En Core® sampler is designed to collect and store soil samples in a manner that minimizes loss of contaminants due to volatilization and/or biodegradation. Use of this device is described in American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Practice D 6418, Standard Practice for Using the Disposable En Core Sampler for Sampling and Storing Soil for Volatile Organic Analysis. Two studies were performed to evaluate the performance of the En Core sampler to store VOC-contaminated soil for analysis. One study involved spiking soil samples with low concentrations of VOCs (less than 200?µg/kg) and storing them under various conditions prior to analysis. Results from this study show that the En Core sampler gives 80% or greater recoveries of low concentrations of VOCs from soil samples stored under a number of conditions. The second study was performed to generate data on the performance of the 25-g En Core sampler to store soil samples spiked with EPA Method 1311, Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), volatile organic analytes. Results show that the En Core device gives 80% or greater recoveries of most of the Method 1311 volatile organic analytes from soil stored under various conditions for 14 days.     

The influence of different nutrient levels on insect-induced plant volatiles in Bt and conventional oilseed rape plants

Transgenic Bt (expressing the cry1Ac endotoxin gene) and conventional oilseed rape plants grown in different soils were used to study nutrient uptake and emission of volatiles after herbivore damage. All plants were greenhouse-grown in soils representing low-, medium- and high-nutrient levels. The concentrations of N, P, K, Mg and Zn were significantly affected by the transgene, while the main effect of soil type appeared in N, P, Ca, Mg, B, Mn and Zn concentrations in the plants. Plants with four to five leaves were infested with the third instar larvae of Bt-susceptible Plutella xylostella for 48 h, and samples of volatiles were collected and analysed. In the first experiment, the soil nutrient level had a significant effect on the emissions of (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, hexyl acetate, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-non-atriene (DMNT), beta-elemene, gamma-bisabolene, alpha-bisabolene and (E)-nerolidol. The induction of these volatiles was significantly higher in infested conventional plants grown at a high-soil nutrient level compared to infested conventional plants at a low-soil nutrient level. In the second experiment, the soil nutrient level had a significant effect on the emissions of (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and beta-elemene and, again, this was significantly higher in infested conventional plants grown at high-soil nutrient levels in comparison with infested plants at a low-soil nutrient level. In both experiments, the transgene effect was significant on the emissions of DMNT and (E,E)-alpha-farnesene. The differences in emissions between the two separate experiments suggest that growth conditions (particularly daylength) and sampling procedure may affect the ratio of compounds detected in the emission blend, even though the response to herbivory, nutrient availability and the transgene were similar.     

落叶松林土壤溶液吸光度与土壤碳、氮含量的相关性

通过4个土壤深度100个样品14个波长(250、254、260、265、272、280、285、300、340、350、365、400、436和465 nm)土壤溶液吸光度值和土壤碳(可溶性碳DOC、全碳SOC)、土壤氮(可溶性氮DON、全氮SON)的测定,旨在探讨土壤溶液吸光度指示土壤碳氮指标的可行性及土壤深度对其可能影响。结论如下:(1)表层土壤和深层土壤吸光度值均随波长增加而指数下降,但表层土壤吸光度值较高,下降速度较快,较低波长更有利于区分表层和深层土壤溶液吸光度差异;和深层土壤相比,表层0～20 cm土壤SOC、DON和SON与不同波长吸光度有更好的相关性,但DOC与不同波长吸光度的相关性表层和深层差异较小;(2)250～300 nm的8个吸光度值具有高度相关性,它们在分析土壤溶液吸光度变化时具有等效性;基于所有数据的拟合分析发现,低波长(如254 nm)吸光度与土壤SOC、DON和SON相关性最高(R2=0.53～0.59),而更高波长(340 nm及以上)相关性明显降低。但DOC与254、340、365和400 nm吸光度相关性相差不大(R2=0.25～0.33)。这些发现说明,土壤溶液吸光度值,特别是低波长(250～300 nm)可以表征落叶松林土壤碳、氮相关指标的变化,但是需要考虑不同碳氮指标以及不同土层之间的差异。