不同粒径生物炭对土壤磷吸附-解吸特性的影响

粒径是影响物质吸附性能的一个重要因素。本研究以不同粒径(0.25～1 mm、0.075～0.25 mm、<0.075 mm)油菜秸秆生物炭(SBC)和鸡粪生物炭(MBC)分别与两种土壤(高磷土、低磷土)混合进行室内培养30 d,通过土壤磷等温吸附试验与解吸试验，结合土壤磷吸附相关性质，评价不同粒径生物炭对土壤磷吸附-解吸特性的影响。结果表明：在水体系中，3个粒径的SBC与MBC对磷的吸附能力大小均表现为<0.075 mm(43125、20083 mg·kg^-1)>0.075～0.25 mm(37376、13199 mg·kg^-1)>0.25～1 mm(27749、12251 mg·kg^-1);在土壤体系中，同一种生物炭的3个粒径间土壤磷吸附量差异较小。与无生物炭处理相比，添加SBC提高了土壤对磷的最大吸附量(S_max),增幅为236.8%～755.7%,并降低了土壤磷解吸率；添加MBC的S_max增幅较SBC低，但提高了土壤磷解吸率(增幅为7.2%～295...     

生物炭对土壤有机碳矿化的激发效应及其机理研究进展

近年来由于生物炭具有碳素稳定性强和孔隙结构发达等特性,其在土壤固碳减排方面的作用研究受到广泛关注.然而当生物炭进入土壤环境后最终是增加土壤碳的储存还是促进土壤碳的排放?目前学术界对该问题仍存在争议.生物炭对土壤有机碳的激发效应及其机理研究有待进一步深入开展.本文在分析生物炭自身碳素组分和稳定性、孔隙结构及表面形态特征的基础上,综述了添加生物炭对土壤本底有机碳矿化产生激发效应的研究进展,分别阐述了产生正激发和负激发效应(即促进和抑制矿化)的机制机理,认为正激发效应主要是基于生物炭促进土壤微生物活性增强、生物炭中易分解组分的优先矿化以及由此引发的土壤微生物的共代谢作用,而负激发效应主要是基于生物炭内部孔隙结构和外表面对土壤有机质的包封作用和吸附保护作用、生物炭促进土壤有机-无机复合体形成的稳定化作用、生物炭对土壤微生物及其酶活性的抑制作用.最后对今后相关研究方向进行了展望,以期为生物炭在土壤固碳减排方面的应用提供理论依据.     

生物炭对土壤中氮磷有效性影响的研究进展

利用生物炭在贫瘠的土壤上培育出肥沃的"黑土"正成为土壤学家研究的热点.氮、磷等大量养分是衡量土壤肥力高低的重要指标,生物炭对其有效性影响表现出极大的复杂性.不同研究得出的结论不尽相同,关键是缺乏对其机制的深入研究.由于氮和磷的不合理利用还可能造成非点源污染而带来环境风险,再加之生物炭施用的不可逆性,必须确保生物炭在任何情况下都不会对土壤和环境带来不利的影响.为此,本文综述了生物炭添加对氮肥和磷肥在土壤-植物系统迁移转化过程中的作用,重点讨论了不同生物炭处理方式对土壤磷素吸附解吸和形态转化的影响,生物炭对土壤氮素转化的关键过程(矿化作用、硝化作用和固持作用)的影响,以及生物炭C/N比值对土壤氮素转化的影响,同时指出了目前研究存在的不足和需要加强的方面,从而为生物炭的应用和推广提供思路.     

超积累植物东南景天根际可溶性有机质对土壤锌吸附解吸的影响

采用盆栽和模拟试验研究了锌超积累植物东南景天根际土壤可溶性有机质(DOM)对土壤锌吸附解吸的影响.结果表明: 采用矿山土壤种植锌超积累植物东南景天后,根际土壤水溶性锌和乙酸铵提取态锌含量显著降低,而非根际土壤有效锌无明显变化.与不种植东南景天的对照土壤相比,根际土壤pH值降低了0.3个单位,有机质和DOM含量分别提高13.6%和20.9%.东南景天根际DOM对土壤锌吸附解吸的影响方式和程度与土壤类型有关.与对照DOM相比,在矿山土、黄筋泥和黄松土中,添加根际DOM使锌的最大吸附量(X_m)分别降低了17.8%、21.9%和27.7%,而非根际DOM对锌的最大吸附量没有影响.在3种供试土壤中添加根际DOM促进了锌的解吸,其中以黄松土最明显.东南景天根际DOM能降低土壤锌吸附容量,减少土壤对锌的吸附,促进吸附态锌的解吸,从而提高了根际锌的生物有效性.     

生物炭对污染物的土壤环境行为影响研究进展

近年来,生物炭已成为农业、生态修复和环境保护领域的研究热点。一般认为,生物炭具有改善土壤质量、增加土壤碳汇、减少大气CO2浓度以及修复污染环境等功能。大量的生物炭施用到土壤后会改变土壤性质,影响重金属和有机污染物在土壤中的环境行为以及它们在环境中的归趋。本文就生物炭对土壤中重金属的吸附-解吸、在土壤中的形态转化、在土壤-植物系统中迁移行为、对有机污染物的吸附挥发及生物有效性进行了概述;在此基础上,扼要分析了当前生物炭应用存在的环境风险等问题,并从生物炭在土壤中的迁移转化及其归趋、生物炭的长期环境效应以及生物炭应用方向等方面进行了展望。     

表面活性剂对链霉素在内蒙古牧区土壤中吸附解吸的影响

通过静态吸附实验,研究了3种不同类型的表面活性剂(阳离子:十六烷基三甲基溴化铵,CTAB;阴离子:十二烷基苯磺酸钠,SDBS;非离子,曲拉通100,TX-100)对链霉素(Streptomycin,STR)在内蒙古牧区土壤中吸附解吸的影响。结果表明,3种表面活性剂的存在均会增加STR在土壤中吸附的线性程度。CTAB的存在抑制了STR在土壤表面的吸附同时抑制了STR的解吸,然而SDBS的存在降低了STR在土壤中的吸附量并增加了吸附过程的可逆性。与CTAB和SDBS不同,TX-100对STR在土壤中的吸附的影响取决于其添加浓度。低浓度的TX-100对STR的吸附促进作用大于高浓度。随着TX-100浓度的增加,TX-100对STR的增溶作用加剧。促使吸附在土壤表面的STR迁移到水相中,从而抑制了STR的吸附,进而促进了STR的解吸。     

不同污染负荷土壤中镉和铅的吸附－解吸行为

采用一次平衡法,对3种不同污染负荷土壤Cd2 和Pb2 的吸附-解吸行为进行了比较.结果表明,低污染负荷土壤对Cd2 和Pb2 的吸附能力高于高污染负荷土壤.3种土壤对Cd2 的吸附等温线与Freundlich方程有较好的拟合性,Pb2 的等温吸附过程可用Langmuir方程与Freundlich方程来描述.双常数方程是描述这3种不同污染负荷土壤中Cd2 和Pb2 吸附动力学行为的最优模型,其次为Elovich方程,最差模型是一级动力学方程.Pb2 的解吸滞后现象较Cd2 明显.高污染负荷土壤的吸附态Cd2 、Pb2 解吸率高于低污染负荷土壤,Cd2 、Pb2 解吸量与其初始吸附量之间的关系符合二次幂方程.3种土壤Cd2 、Pb2 的解吸速率随重金属初始浓度的增加而增加,随解吸时间的延长而降低.     

表面活性剂的增溶作用及在土壤中的行为

表面活性剂胶束的存在是导致难溶有机化合物(HOCs)溶解度增加的主要原因,表面活性剂对土壤的影响很大,即使很低浓度的表面活性剂也会明显改变土壤的物理、化学和生物性质,其中表面活性剂的吸附过程起了主要作用,另外,表面活性剂的类型、结构和浓度以及所处环境条件和微生物种类都对土壤中植物、微生物生长和其本身的生物降解和去除有影响,这些都将导致土壤中原有污染物迁移转化的改变,应该引起人们的日益重视。     

氧化还原条件对湿地土壤磷吸附与解吸特性的影响

采用室内模拟试验研究了氧化还原条件对盘锦天然湿地土壤磷吸附与解吸特性的影响,并对磷的吸附与解吸过程进行拟合。结果表明,氧化或还原条件下Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型均能较好地拟合磷的等温吸附曲线,且Langmuir方程的拟合效果好于Freundlich方程。淹水还原条件下,湿地土壤对磷的最大吸附量和解吸率比淹水前分别降低了9.5%和16.3%;吸附解吸平衡浓度升高,平均增加158.8%。淹水后土壤活性铁含量明显升高,淹水前后活性铁变化与吸附解吸平衡浓度变化之间的相关性达到了显著水平,与土壤中磷的最大吸附量和解吸率变化的相关性不显著,表明活性铁含量的变化是淹水还原条件下影响土壤磷吸附解吸平衡浓度变化的主要因素。     

溶解性有机质对土壤中有机污染物环境行为的影响

土壤中溶解性有机质(DOM)是生物活性和物理化学反应活性都很活跃的有机组分,主要通过疏水吸附、分配、氢键、电荷转移、共价键、范德华力等多种作用与有机污染物结合,提高溶液中有机污染物的溶解度,改变土壤中有机污染物的吸附-解吸、迁移-转化等环境行为．DOM对有机污染物的吸附-解吸、迁移-转化过程的影响有双重性：一方面,DOM与有机污染物在土壤表面的共吸附可增加土壤对有机污染物的吸附容量,促进有机污染物在土壤中的吸持;另一方面,DOM对有机污染物的增溶作用,有利于土壤中有机污染物的解吸,提高移动性．作为光敏剂,DOM能提高土壤中有机物的光解反应速率．在一定条件下,DOM也可影响土壤中有机污染物的水解过程．DOM对土壤中有机污染物环境行为的影响与DOM和有机污染物的性质及其相互作用的介质条件密切相关．     

土壤和沉积物中黑碳的环境行为及效应研究进展

土壤和沉积物是全球黑碳排放的主要归宿,土壤和沉积物中黑碳具有复杂的环境行为和环境效应。分析了黑碳的概念,指出应以环境意义为出发点去理解黑碳概念的丰富内涵;描述了黑碳形成过程及其对黑碳理化性质的影响,以及基于此的黑碳分类;总结了黑碳来源辨析的若干种常用方法;讨论了黑碳在土壤/沉积物与其他环境介质之间的迁移循环过程,以及在土壤和沉积物内部的迁移行为;探讨了土壤和沉积物中黑碳的降解行为与稳定性,及其与地-气碳氮温室气体通量、土壤稳定碳库的关系,以及在土壤碳循环模型中的作用;综述了土壤和沉积物中黑碳对有机物、重金属和营养盐的吸附行为及主要机制;提出了今后研究的主要方向,以供相关研究者参考。     

H-NMR Relaxometry to Monitor Wetting and Swelling Kinetics in High-organic Matter Soils

Variations of soil moisture conditions affect sorption properties of soil organic matter and the pore size distribution of the soils and thus are expected to have an impact on the availability of pollutants and nutrients in soils. At least two principal processes that occur when a soil-water contact is established, are involved. Wetting, which is the very first step, is governed by the interactions of water with the surface of soil organic matter (SOM). The wettability of the pore walls determines the pore accessibility for water. Only in wettable soils, water will occupy the smallest pores first. In the course of wetting, the wettability of the pore walls increases, leading to water redistribution. Swelling of SOM is accompanied by an increase of volume due to the water uptake of the solid SOM phase and will change the SOM polarity. Swelling will thus affect sorption processes in the bulk SOM phase and is expected to change the pore sizes. In this contribution, we investigated swelling and wetting kinetics of soil samples by H-NMR-Relaxometry. We found different effects of wetting and swelling on the development of relaxation time distribution and thus of the pore size distribution. Both swelling and wetting can be slow processes, lasting for up to some weeks. During this time, we found changes in the pore size distribution. For swelling phenomena, we observed a continuous change of the effective pore size, and for wetting phenomena, we found a change in water distribution in a probably rigid pore system. Thus, during swelling and wetting, neither pore size distribution nor sorbent properties of SOM nor hydraulic properties remain constant. Due to the slow kinetics, both processes play an important role in sorption, transport and accessibility for water in hydrophobic areas within a time scale of weeks after e.g. a rainfall event. This will affect the environmental availability and the transport of pollutants and nutrients in the field.     

青海湖岸带土壤与沉积物的地化特征与细菌群落对水位上升的响应

【目的】探究青海湖岸带土壤与沉积物的地化特征与细菌群落对水位扩张的响应。【方法】从岸上至岸下沿垂直青海湖岸带方向,采集距离湖面不同高度土壤(土壤：S1、S2)、岸边不同水深表层沉积物(过渡区：E0、E6、E17)及湖心表层沉积物(沉积物：D1、D2)样品,土壤与沉积物水深(土壤水深表示为负数)从小到大的变化表征岸边土壤被淹水转变为沉积物的过程。采用地球化学分析和16SrRNA基因高通量测序技术,探究岸带土壤与沉积物样品中的地化特征与微生物群落构成。【结果】青海湖水位上升导致的生境转变对岸带土壤与沉积物的理化性质、营养水平、有机碳类型等地化特征产生显著影响。具体表现为,随着水位升高,岸带土壤与沉积物的pH、矿物结合态有机碳含量显著升高,而碳氮比值、可溶性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)、颗粒态有机碳含量显著下降。随着水位上升,青海湖岸带被淹没土壤的细菌群落多样性下降,且群落结构发生明显变化。这种变化与环境因子变化密切相关,具体表现为,细菌群落物种丰富度指数和香农多样性指数随着水位上升呈下降趋势;活性金属结合态有机碳含量与细菌群落多样性的变化密切相关;理化...     

Pore-scale investigation on the response of heterotrophic respiration to moisture conditions in heterogeneous soils

The relationship between microbial respiration rate and soil moisture content is an important property for understanding and predicting soil organic carbon degradation, CO₂ production and emission, and their subsequent effects on climate change. This paper reports a pore-scale modeling study to investigate the response of heterotrophic respiration to moisture conditions in soils and to evaluate various factors that affect this response. X-ray computed tomography was used to derive soil pore structures, which were then used for pore-scale model investigation. The pore-scale results were then averaged to calculate the effective respiration rates as a function of water content in soils. The calculated effective respiration rate first increases and then decreases with increasing soil water content, showing a maximum respiration rate at water saturation degree of 0.75, which is consistent with field and laboratory observations. The relationship between the respiration rate and moisture content is affected by various factors, including pore-scale organic carbon bioavailability, the rate of oxygen delivery, soil pore structure and physical heterogeneity, soil clay content, and microbial drought resistivity. Overall, this study provides mechanistic insights into the soil respiration response to the change in moisture conditions, and reveals a complex relationship between heterotrophic microbial respiration rate and moisture content in soils that is affected by various hydrological, geophysical, and biochemical factors.     

盐渍化条件下土壤团聚体及其有机碳研究进展

土壤团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,对改善土壤结构和增加土壤固碳具有重要作用。盐渍化导致的特殊土壤性质,如高盐分离子(主要为Na⁺)浓度、低有机质含量和较差的微生物条件等因素,对团聚体的形成和稳定产生障碍作用,因此探讨盐渍化土壤团聚体特征更具有重要性和特殊性。滨海湿地和内陆盐渍化沼泽湿地是盐渍化生态系统的重要组成部分。本文系统整理和总结了国内外盐渍化土壤团聚体及其有机碳的研究进展,并对上述两种盐渍化湿地生态系统中土壤团聚体研究进行了综述。土壤有机无机改良剂添加、耕作方式、植被类型、秸秆还田以及微咸水灌溉等农业措施对盐渍化土壤团聚体及其有机碳形成和稳定具有积极影响。最后提出了目前盐渍化土壤团聚体及其有机碳研究存在的问题和不足,并对未来的研究方向和热点进行了展望,为全面了解盐渍化土壤团聚体研究的最新成果和发展方向提供参考。     

Organic Biogeochemistry of Detrital Flocculent Material (Floc) in a Subtropical, Coastal Wetland

Flocculent materials (floc), in aquatic systems usually consist of a non-consolidated layer of biogenic, detrital material relatively rich in organic matter which represents an important food-web component for invertebrates and fish. Thus, variations in its composition could impact food webs and change faunal structure. Transport, remineralization rates and deposition of floc may also be important factors in soil/sediment formation. In spite of its relevance and sensitivity to external factors, few chemical studies have been carried out on the biogeochemistry of floc material. In this study, we focused on the molecular characterization of the flocculent organic matter (OM), the assessment of its origin and its environmental fate at five stations along a freshwater to marine ecotone, namely the Taylor Slough, Everglades National Park (ENP), Florida. To tackle this issue, suspended, unconsolidated, detrital floc samples, soils/sediments and plants were analyzed for bulk properties, biomarkers and pigments. Both geochemical proxies and biomass-specific biomarkers were used to assess OM sources and transformations. Our results show that the detrital organic matter of the flocculent material is largely regulated by local vegetation inputs, ranging from periphyton, emergent and submerged plants and terrestrial plants such as mangroves, with molecular evidence of different degrees of diagenetic reworking, including fungal activity. Evidence is presented for both hydrodynamic transport of floc materials, and incorporation of floc OM into soils/sediments. However, some molecular parameters showed a decoupling between floc and underlying soil/sediment OM, suggesting that physical transport, incorporation and degradation/remineralization of OM in floc may be controlled by a combination of a variety of complex biogeochemical variables including hydrodynamic transport, hydroperiod characteristics, primary productivity, nutrient availability, and OM quality among others. Further investigations are needed to better understand the ecological role of floc in freshwater and coastal wetlands.     

Forms and Functions of Meso and Micro-niches of Carbon within Soil Aggregates

Soil aggregates include sand/silt/clay, water, ion and organic matter contents combined with natural dry/wet (D/W) cycling alters both the formation and function of intra-aggregate pore continuity, connectivity, dead-end storage volumes, and tortuosity. Surface aggregates in the 0-5 cm depths of most soils experience from 34 to 57 D/W cycles that exceed differences in water contents >10%. Both the rates of drying or wetting, (intensity) and the D/W range of soil water contents (severity) alter the transport of water, C and N through micro and mesofaunal habitats among multiple size domains. This report identifies micro-niche locations of accumulating soil C within soil aggregate regions that may affect nematode residence sites and migration pathways. Recent advances in X-ray microtomography enable the examination of intact pore networks within soil aggregates at resolutions as small as 4 microns. Geostatistical and multi-fractal methods provide concise characteristics of pore spatial distributions within the aggregates and are useful for comparing these alterations among soils. Aggregates subjected to multiple D/W cycles developed greater spatial correlations that parallel increases in the (13)C sorption within aggregate interiors were compared with locations of soil microbial communities. Past research indicates microbial activities within the soil aggregate matrix are spatially heterogeneous due to complex pore geometries within aggregates. Illumination of the "blackbox" interiors of soil aggregates includes a discussion of natural and anthropogenic alterations of solution flow and carbon sequestration by soil aggregates containing biophysical gradients.     

Soil organic carbon budget and fertility variation of black soils in Northeast China

Black soils in Northeast China are characteristic of high soil organic carbon (SOC) density and were strongly influenced by human activities. Therefore, any change in SOC pool of these soils would not only impact the regional and global carbon cycle, but also affect the release and immobilization of nutrients. In this study, we reviewed the research progress on SOC storage, budget, variation, and fertility under different scenarios. The results showed that the organic carbon storage of black soils was 646.2 TgC and the most potential sequestration was 2887.8 g m⁻². According to the SOC budget, the net carbon emission of black soils was 1.3 TgC year⁻¹ under present soil management system. The simulation of CENTURY model showed that future climate change and elevated CO₂ concentration, especially the increase of precipitation, would increase SOC content. Furthermore, fertilization and cropping sequence obviously influenced SOC content, composition, and allocation among different soil particles. Long-term input of organic materials such as manure and straw renewed original SOC, improved soil structure and increased SOC accumulation. Besides, soil erosion preferred to transport soil particles with low density and fine size, decreased recalcitrant SOC fractions at erosion sites and increased activities of soil microorganism at deposition sites. After natural grasslands were converted into croplands, obvious variation of soil chemical nutrients, physical structure, and microbial activities had taken place in surface and subsurface soils, and represented a degrading trend to a certain degree. Our studies suggested that adopting optimal management such as conservation tillage in black soil region is an important approach to sequester atmospheric CO₂ and to slow greenhouse effects.     

贵州山区土壤中微生物担是能源物质碳流动的源与汇

在传统的农业生态系统的研究中 ,主要精力放在营养物 (如Ｎ)上 ,认为它们是限制生产力的因素 ;而往往忽略了土壤中碳的重要性 ,认为收获不受Ｃ限制的影响。然而 ,碳循环中的有机碳的分解作用部分控制着出现在地表下和显露在地表上的农业过程[4]。土壤中所储存的有机质 ,其数量既反映土壤从植物残留物的输入所获得的有机质与微生物群落的能量和营养需求之间的平衡 ,又反映植物对营养物的需求与有机质分解作用之间的平衡。因此 ,土壤中碳的平衡能反映出有机质中能量物质的储存[5]。大部分由光合作用形成的碳 ,是通过地表下的生态系统来流动的[…     

有机污染物的土壤微界面过程及其影响因素

土壤是环境的重要组成部分,是连接大气圈、水圈、岩石圈和生物圈的纽带。随着工农业生产的迅速发展,越来越多的有机污染物通过各种途径进入土壤环境。本文主要对有机污染物在土壤中的吸附-解吸、降解-积累、溶解-沉淀等微界面过程进行了较为系统的阐述,探讨了土壤有机组分、无机组分、植物和微生物等生态因子对有机污染物相关土壤微界面过程的影响;同时,结合国内外的研究现状和趋势,对今后土壤微界面过程的研究方向以及采用的方法手段进行了建议和展望。