三种荒漠晰蜴空间和营养生态位研究

同一荒漠晰蜴群落中,荒漠沙晰和虫纹麻晰,密点麻晰占不有同有空间生态位,其间几乎不存在竞争。两个近缘种虽然占有相同空间生态位,但个体大的密点麻晰食物种类特化,个体小的虫纹麻晰偏重于利用较小的食物资源,占有相同空间生态位的近缘种,营养生态位向不同方向特化,利用不同的食物资源,从而在竞争中共存,保持群落结构的稳定性。     

温度对蜥蜴腓肠肌ATP酶活性影响的研究

本文研究了荒漠沙蜥（ｐｈｒｙｎｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ Ｐｒｚｅｗａｌｓｋｉｉ Ｓｔｒａｕｃｈ）和密点麻蜥（Ｅｒｅｍｉａｓ　ｍｕｌｔｉｏｃｅｌｌａｔａＧｕｅｎｔｈｅｒ）腓肠肌肌球蛋白钙激活ＡＴＰ酶活性对温度的依赖关系。结果表明，荒漠沙蜥腓肠肌ＡＴＰ酶的最适温度为３７℃，密点麻蜥腓肠肌ＡＴＰ酶的最适温度为３５℃。两种蜥蜴ＡＴＰ酶最适温度的不同与它们所喜好的温度有很好的相关性。ＡＴＰ酶活性在同种个体大小之间也存在差异。ＡＴＰ酶的生化调节可能在蜥蜴对温度适应上起重要作用。     

温度对密云点麻蜥心电活动的影响

采用甘肃省民勤县荒漠半岛漠环境中的卵胎生蜥蜴密点麻蜥（Ｅｒｅｍｉａｓｍｕｔｉｏｃｅｌｌａｔａ）为材料,研究其心电活动随体温变化的规律以及在对环境温度的适应特点,共记录密点麻蜥１２５只,每只蜥蜴记录５,１０,１５,２０,２５,３０,３５℃７个温度等级,每个等级１５～２０只;少数蜥蜴记录的温度范围扩展到４０,４２,４４,４５和４６℃。环境温度采用由电接点温度计和继电器控制的电冰箱和恒温箱来控制,体温测     

中国八种麻蜥(蜥蜴科,麻蜥属)形态学研究

对8种麻蜥外部形态进行主成分分析,可分为4个种组:1)丽斑麻蜥Eremias argus与山地麻蜥Eremiasbrenchleyi;2)快步麻蜥Eremias velox与虫纹麻蜥Eremias vermiculata;3)密点麻蜥Eremias multiocellata、荒漠麻蜥Eremias przewalskii与敏麻蜥Eremias arguta;4)网纹麻蜥Eremias grammica.研究表明丽斑麻蜥前额鳞数不稳定;密点麻蜥莎车亚种Eremias multiocelfata yarkandensis可能为独立物种;荒漠麻蜥物种有效性值得怀疑.     

温度对蜥蜴血红蛋白及血浆总蛋白浓度的影响

研究在不同实验温度下驯化的荒漠沙蜥（Ｐｈｒｙｎｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ）和密点麻蜥（Ｅｒｅｍｉａｘ　ｍｕｌ－ｔｉｏｃｅｌｌａｔａ）的血红蛋白浓度、血浆总蛋白浓度以及血浆清蛋白与球蛋白比例的变化，结果表明；在５℃下驯化的两种蜥蜴的血红蛋白浓度都很低；而在１５℃～３０℃之间驯化的蜥蜴血红蛋白浓度较高且比较稳定；３５℃时蜥蜴的血红蛋白浓度则下降。在同温度下密点麻蜥的血红蛋白浓度高于荒漠沙蜥。同种蜥蜴中，雄性的血红蛋白浓度高于雌性。两种蜥蜴的血浆总蛋白浓度均随驯化温度的升高而增加；荒漠沙蜥在２５℃、密点麻蜥在２０℃～２５℃时，血浆清蛋白与球蛋白的比例基本相等，高于或低于此温度时，清蛋白的比例上升，球蛋白的比例则下降。     

鄂尔多斯地区密点麻蜥的食性分析

对采自内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯库布齐沙漠85只密点麻蜥Eremias multiocellata,采用胃剖法作食性分析,分别计算出它们的食物数量和频次百分比、营养生态位宽度、营养生态位重叠值和有益系数等。结果显示,密点麻蜥以觅食昆虫为主,其次为蛛形类和植物种子;其中包括2纲13目41科的节肢动物门物种。雌、雄个体的取食食性差异不显著,但幼体、亚成体和成体间食性有显著的差异。雌、雄个体的营养生态位重叠值较大。亚成体的营养生态位宽度与食物多样性指数最大,而成体最小。密点麻蜥的总有益系数为正值,表明该物种摄食较多的害虫。     

丽斑麻蜥和草原沙蜥静止代谢率的研究

丽斑麻蜥和草原沙蜥静止代谢率的研究陈强（兰州大学生物系兰州７３００００）关键词静止代谢率，体重，温度，丽斑麻蜥，草原沙蜥ＡＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＴＨＥＲＥＳＴＩＮＧＭＥＴＡＢＯＬＩＣＲＡＴＥＯＦＥｒｅｍｉａｓａｒｇｕｓＡＮＤＰｈｒｙｎｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓｆｒｏ...     

环境温度对荒漠沙蜥和密点麻蜥体温的影响及其对环境温度的选择

荒漠沙蜥(Phrynocephalus przewalskii strauch)和密点麻蜥(Eremias multiocellata Guenther)的体温都随环境温度的变化而变化,相关非常显著(P<0.001)。在相同环境温度条件下,荒漠沙蜥的体温约高于密点麻蜥3℃,荒漠沙蜥集中选择38—40℃的环境,密点麻蜥选择35—37℃的环境。荒漠沙蜥的热僵死阈值为44—48℃,致死温度(T_(L50))为48℃,密点麻蜥的热僵死阈值为42—46℃,致死温度(T_(L50))为46℃。两种蜥蝎对低温的耐受性基本相似,冷僵温度为0——3℃,致死低温(T_(L50)):荒漠沙蜥为-2.3℃,密点麻蜥为-2.5℃。两种蜥蜴的这些差异与种的特征、栖息环境及体形的大小有关。     

兰州北山三种蜥蜴春季食性分析

兰州地区密点麻蜥、丽斑麻蜥和草原沙蜥的春季食物均为动物食物。无论在栖息地重叠地区还是非重叠地区,三种蜥蜴的食物种类在种间均无显著差异（Ｆ＝０．８６１,ｄｆＴ＝２,ｄｆＥ＝３６,Ｐ〉０．０５）。种内不同性别和年龄食性无显著差异。     

山地麻蜥生态的初步研究

山地麻蜥主要栖息在市郊海拔大于100m的山丘上部及山顶。研究结果表明,山地麻蜥正常密度大约为1只／100m^2,其数量与山丘土石状况、植被盖度及海拔高度有一定关系,与植被类型关系不大。山地麻蜥似乎有一定的“护洞”行为。主食昆虫和蜘蛛,春季食物生态位宽度大于秋季,食物生态位重叠度为0．61。性比变化较大,出蛰仞期和冬眠前期雄多雌少;而5～10月份期间,性比接近1。幼体至成体发育期间,雄性生长快于雌性;但成年期后,雌性头体部分的生长快于雄性,可能与怀卵有关。山地麻蜥种群可分为4个年龄组,个体数量比约为幼年：亚成年：成年A：成年B≈1．8：1．9：3．1：1,但成体与非成体的数量比约为1．2：1,应属于稳定型种群。个体自然寿命约为5.5～6周年。人类干扰是山地麻蜥种群下降的原因之一。     

Niche partitioning and niche filtering jointly mediate the coexistence of three closely related spider species (Araneae,Philodromidae)

1. Several mechanisms can mediate the coexistence of species, such as the neutral dynamic, niche filtering and niche partitioning. The present study investigated which of these mechanisms mediate the coexistence of closely related spider species at the scale of one locality. 2. The coexistence of three spider species of the genus Philodromus (Philodromidae) (Philodromus albidus, Philodromus aureolus and Philodromus cespitum) was studied. The study area comprised three habitat types, including a deciduous forest, a scrub and a plum tree stand. The spatial niche properties of the Philodromus species were explored by comparing their micro/macrohabitat preferences. The natural diet of these species was analysed. Laboratory experiments involving prey acceptance were conducted to investigate the trophic niche properties. The species' phenologies were studied to compare their temporal niches. 3. The philodromids had differentiated their trophic and habitat niches. The coexistence mechanisms were therefore assessed by studying the relationships between niche overlaps and the pairwise product of relative abundances. A negative relationship was observed between functional niche overlaps and the product of relative abundances, whereas a positive relationship was observed between spatial niche overlaps and the product of relative abundances. 4. The present results suggest that different mechanisms influence different niche dimensions. Niche partitioning influenced functional niches, whereas niche filtering influenced spatial niches. The results also suggest that the filtering process in one dimension was facilitated by niche differentiation in another dimension.     

Climate or diet? The importance of biotic interactions in determining species range size

Aim

Species geographical range sizes play a crucial role in determining species vulnerability to extinction. Although several mechanisms affect range sizes, the number of biotic interactions and species climatic tolerance are often thought to play discernible roles, defining two dimensions of the Hutchinsonian niche. Yet, the relative importance of the trophic and the climatic niche for determining species range sizes is largely unknown.

Location

Central and northern Europe.

Time period

Present.

Major taxa studied

Gall-inducing sawflies and their parasitoids.

Methods

We use data documenting the spatial distributions and biotic interactions of 96 herbivore species, and their 125 parasitoids, across Europe and analyse the relationship between species range size and the climatic and trophic dimensions of the niche. We then compare the observed relationships with null expectations based on species occupancy to understand whether the relationships observed are an inevitable consequence of species range size or if they contain information about the importance of each dimension of the niche on species range size.

Results

We find that both niche dimensions are positively correlated with species range size, with larger ranges being associated with wider climatic tolerances and larger numbers of interactions. However, diet breadth appears to more strongly limit species range size. Species with larger ranges have more interactions locally and they are also able to interact with a larger diversity of species across sites (i.e. higher β-diversity), resulting in a larger number of interactions at continental scales.

Main conclusions

We show for the first time how different aspects of species diet niches are related to their range size. Our study offers new insight into the importance of biotic interactions in determining species spatial distributions, which is critical for improving understanding and predictions of species vulnerability to extinction under the current rates of global environmental change.     

荒漠草原蝗虫营养生态位及种间食物竞争模型的研究

以宁夏荒漠草原 1 2种蝗虫为对象 ,对荒漠草原蝗虫的营养生态位和种间食物竞争模型进行了研究 .采用嗉囊内含物分析技术分析了 1 2种蝗虫的取食特性和食物利用谱 ,并根据嗉囊内含物的分析结果 ,定量研究了蝗虫的营养生态位重叠和宽度 .依据生态位分化的特点 ,1 2种蝗虫可划分为 4个不同营养需求类群 :杂草取食者、杂草 禾草取食者、禾草 杂草取食者、禾草取食者 .通过蝗虫的取食频率、生物量以及种群密度 ,提出了蝗虫种间食物竞争力评估模型 ,对 1 2种蝗虫种间食物竞争的作用力进行了讨论 .     

民勤沙区几种荒漠植物群落的现实生态位研究

民勤沙区属于典型的干旱荒漠气候,植被以灌木荒漠为主,盖度一般只有5%~15%.植物群落内生态位宽度悬殊,植物种之间的生态位相似比例很小.生态位宽度和生态位相似比例小是受制于干旱荒漠生境条件的结果,是干旱荒漠生态环境中稀疏荒漠植物的主要特征之一.植物的现实生态位宽度与年际降水量关系密切,在地貌、土壤颗粒、土壤水分、土壤养分等影响因子中,土壤水分是主导因子.当地地下水位深20 m左右,植物无法利用,植物种之间对资源的竞争主要表现为对水分资源的竞争,降水资源是植物种之间竞争的关键资源.同一种植物在不同群落中的生态位宽度变幅较大,不同群落内部植物种竞争关系的差异是由物种的生态位和由相对稳定的地貌、土壤条件以及随年际变动的降水条件共同作用的结果.群落中的优势种植物的生态位最宽,当优势种生态位减小时,一年生短命植物往往会进入群落中.荒漠植物的冠层单一,以冠幅占样方面积比作为植物的特征值计算其生态位特征值比较准确可靠.     

PRELIMINARILY STUDIES ON THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL NICHES OF TWO SPIDER MITES OF APPLE LEAF

Abstract  The multidimensional niches of two spider mites Tetranychus viennensis Zacher and Panonychus ulmi (Koch) comprise eleven ecological dimensions (trophic, microclimatic. and biologic dimensions). Principal component analysis shows: some dimensions of leaf nutrition and microclimate perform more important function than the biologic dimensions in the mites' niches from June to August. By the analysis of main axis technique and the method of comparative ecology the niche ellipsoids (i.e. multidimensional niches) of each mite were established. The niche ellipsoids of the two mites change their volumes with time, tend to seperate in June. overlap in July. and seperate in August.     

苹果园两种叶螨多维生态位初步研究(英语)

两种叶螨Tetranychus viennensis Zacher和Panonychus ulmi(Koch)的多维生态位由11个生态维组成(它们包括营养,微气候和生物维).主成份分析表明:由6月到8月,在两种叶螨的生态位中叶片营养和微气候维的作用比生物维的作用大.应用主轴技术和比较生态的方法建立了两种叶螨的生态位椭球(即多维生态位).两种叶螨的生态位椭球均随时间改变其体积,在6月份和8月份趋于分离,而在7月份趋于重叠.     

Trophic niche similarities of sympatric Turdus thrushes determined by fecal contents,stable isotopes,and bipartite network approaches

An ecological niche has been defined as an n‐dimensional hypervolume formed by conditions and resources that species need to survive, grow, and reproduce. In practice, such niche dimensions are measurable and describe how species share resources, which has been thought to be a crucial mechanism for coexistence and a major driver of broad biodiversity patterns. Here, we investigate resource partitioning and trophic interactions of three sympatric, phylogenetically related and morphologically similar species of thrushes (Turdus spp.). Based on one year of data collected in southern Brazil, we investigated niche partitioning using three approaches: diet and trophic niche assessed by fecal analysis, diet and niche estimated by stable isotopes in blood and mixing models, and bipartite network analysis derived from direct diet and mixing model outputs. Approaches revealed that the three sympatric thrushes are generalists that feed on similar diets, demonstrating high niche overlap. Fruits from C3 plants were one of the most important food items in their networks, with wide links connecting the three thrush species. Turdus amaurochalinus and T. albicollis had the greatest trophic and isotopic niche overlap, with 90% and 20% overlap, respectively. There was partitioning of key resources between these two species, with a shared preference for fig tree fruits—Ficus cestrifolia (T. amaurochalinus PSIRI% = 11.3 and T. albicollis = 11.5), which was not present in the diet of T. rufiventris. Results added a new approach to the network analysis based on values from the stable isotope mixing models, allowing comparisons between traditional dietary analysis and diet inferred by isotopic mixing models, which reflects food items effectively assimilated in consumer tissues. Both are visualized in bipartite networks and show food‐consumers link strengths. This approach could be useful to other studies using stable isotopes coupled to network analysis, particularly useful in sympatric species with similar niches.     

Effect of habitat degradation on competition,carrying capacity,and species assemblage stability

Changes in species’ trophic niches due to habitat degradation can affect intra‐ and interspecific competition, with implications for biodiversity persistence. Difficulties of measuring species’ interactions in the field limit our comprehension of competition outcomes along disturbance gradients. Thus, information on how habitat degradation can destabilize food webs is scarce, hindering predictions regarding responses of multispecies systems to environmental changes. Seagrass ecosystems are undergoing degradation. We address effects of Posidonia oceanica coverage reduction on the trophic organization of a macroinvertebrate community in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy), hypothesizing increased trophic generalism, niche overlap among species and thus competition and decreased community stability due to degraded conditions. Census data, isotopic analysis, and Bayesian mixing models were used to quantify the trophic niches of three abundant invertebrate species, and intra‐ and interspecific isotopic and resource‐use similarity across locations differing in seagrass coverage. This allowed the computation of (1) competition strength, with respect to each other and remaining less abundant species and (2) habitat carrying capacity. To explore effects of the spatial scale on the interactions, we considered both individual locations and the entire study area (“‘meadow scale”). We observed that community stability and habitat carrying capacity decreased as P. oceanica coverage declined, whereas niche width, similarity of resource use and interspecific competition strength between species increased. Competition was stronger, and stability lower, at the meadow scale than at the location scale. Indirect effects of competition and the spatial compartmentalization of species interactions increased stability. Results emphasized the importance of trophic niche modifications for understanding effects of habitat loss on biodiversity persistence. Calculation of competition coefficients based on isotopic distances is a promising tool for describing competitive interactions in real communities, potentially extendible to any subset of ecological niche axes for which specimens’ positions and pairwise distances can be obtained.     

Stable isotope analyses reveal dense trophic species packing and clear niche differentiation in a malagasy primate community

Understanding the mechanisms maintaining local species richness is a major topic in tropical ecology. In ecological communities of Madagascar, primates represent a major part of mammalian diversity and, thus, are a suitable taxon to study these mechanisms. Previous research suggested that ecological niche differentiation facilitates the coexistence of lemurs. However, detailed data on all species making up diverse local primate assemblages is rarely available, hampering community‐wide tests of niche differentiation among Malagasy mammals. Here, we took an indirect approach and used stable isotopes as long‐term indicators of individuals' diets to answer the question of whether trophic patterns and food‐related mechanisms stabilize coexistence in a species‐rich lemur community. We analyzed stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in hair collected from eight syntopic lemurs in Kirindy Forest. We found that lemur species were well separated into trophic niches and ranged over two trophic levels. Furthermore, species were densely packed in isotopic space suggesting that past competitive interactions between species are a major structuring force of this dry forest lemur community. Results of other comparative studies on primates and our findings underline that—in contrast to communities worldwide—the structure and composition of lemur communities follow predictions of ecological niche theory. Patterns of competitive interactions might be more clearly revealed in Malagasy primate communities than elsewhere because lemurs represent a large fraction of ecologically interacting species in these communities. The pronounced trophic niche differentiation among lemurs is most likely due to intense competition in the past as is characteristic for adaptive radiations. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:249–259, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

内蒙古典型草原4种常见小哺乳动物的营养生态位及相互关系

本文根据布氏田鼠、达乌达鼠兔、达乌尔黄鼠和草兔在自由生活下的食物组成,分别计算了它们之间的实际营养生态位重叠程度及生态位宽度。还计算了布氏田鼠、达乌尔鼠兔和达乌尔黄鼠间的原始营养生态位重叠程度及宽度。由于栖息地资源可利用性的限制,这３种小哺乳动物的实际营养生态位较原始营养生态位穿。分布空间的重叠可导致布氏田鼠与达乌尔鼠兔间实际营养生态位的较高程度重叠。此结果支持了ＭａｃＡｒｔｈｕｒ和Ｗｉｌｓｏｎ（