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1.
The concentration of guanosine 3,5-bispyrophosphate (ppGpp) increases in bacteria in response to amino acid or carbon/energy source starvation. An Escherichia coli K12 relAspoT mutant lacking the ability to synthesize ppGpp lost viability at an increased rate during both glucose and seryl-tRNA starvation. Also, the deleterious effect of chloramphenicol on starved wild-type cells could be overcome by inducing expression of RelA from a plasmid carrying the relA gene transcribed from a tac promoter, prior to starvation and chloramphenicol treatment. As demonstrated by two dimensional gel electrophoresis, this induction of the RelA protein resulted in global alterations in gene expression including increased synthesis of some rpoS-dependent proteins. The relAspoT mutant maintained high expression of several ribosomal proteins during starvation and appeared to exhibit significantly decreased translational fidelity, as demonstrated by an unusual heterogeneity in the isoelectric point of several proteins and the failure to express higher molecular weight proteins during starvation. Moreover, both rpoS-dependent and independent genes failed to exhibit increased expression in the mutant. It is suggested that the deleterious effects on the cells of the relA, spoT deletions are not due solely to the inability of these cells to induce the sigma factor s, but also to deficiencies in translational fidelity and failure to exert classical stringent regulation.  相似文献   

2.
M. M. Babiker 《Hydrobiologia》1984,110(1):339-349
The ATP and GTP contents of erythrocytes of Protopterus annectens, Polypterus senegalus and Clarias lazera were assessed in relation to maturation and hypoxia. The steady state normal concentrations of ATP were: 446, 316 and 475 µM/100 ml and those of GTP were 286, 93 and 85 µM/100 ml in Protopterus, Polypterus and Clarias, respectively. The level of ATP decreased and that of GTP increased with increments in body growth, especially during development of the pulmonary organs. The concentration of GTP also increased progressively with hypoxia (O2: 7.4 to 3.6 mg/l); the level ATP remained almost unaltered. The ratio of GTP increased markedly with increased hypoxia particularly in the adaptive respiratory range of aquatic oxygen concentrations (6.5–4.8 mg/l) when the fish were forced to depart from branchial respiration and became reliant on air-breathing.  相似文献   

3.
An improved culture system for plant cells that employs filter paper resting on polyurethane saturated with liquid medium is described. It combines a simplified version of the system outlined by Weber and Lark [1979, Theor Appl Genet 55: 81–86] with the method of growth estimation described by Horsch et al. [1980, Can J Bot 58: 2402–2406]. The growth of plated cells or callus can be conveniently monitored through repeated non-destructive fresh weight measurements of the filter paper and adhering cells, thereby allowing the construction of a complete growth curve over the course of an experiment. Experiments with 3 Nicotiana genotypes (N. plumbaginifolia Viv., N. tabacum L. SC 58 and N. tabacum WI 38) and 3 Vitis vinifera L. genotypes (Chenin Blanc, Dogridge and White Riesling) clearly demonstrate higher growth rates of plated cells on polyurethane supports compared with agar. Further experiments with N. plumbaginifolia illustrate the use of polyurethane supports for culturing cells at low pH (4.0) and the recovery of spent medium for monitoring changes in pH. These features will greatly facilitate quantitative studies of mineral nutrition and metal toxicity in cultured cells. Polyurethane supports also allow the incorporation of conditioned medium or feeder cells to support the growth of cells at low densities and facilitate the rapid recovery of variant cells.  相似文献   

4.
Nitrogen-limited cells of the obligate chemolithotroph Thiobacillus neapolitanus formed an intracellular polymer during growth in the chemostat. This polymer was isolated and characterized as a branched polyglucose composed of units joined by -14 and -16 linkages. Polyglucose in T. neapolitanus can be considered a storage compound since formation of this compound took place during excess of energy and CO2 whilst shortage of CO2 resulted in rapid breakdown of polyglucose. Moreover the breakdown of polyglucose generated metabolically useful energy as could be demonstrated by polyglucose-dependent protein synthesis. Possession of polyglucose did not influence the viability of T. neapolitanus during prolonged periods of energy starvation. Activities of key enzymes of the oxidative pentose phosphate cycle, glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase and 6-phospho-gluconate-dehydrogenase, were demonstrated in cell free extracts of T. neapolitanus and appeared to increase 5- and 3-fold, respectively, during growth on NO 3 - instead of NH 4 + as a nitrogen source.  相似文献   

5.
Under laboratory conditions Aphanius was more successful than Gambusia in preying upon the 3rd, 4th and pupal stages of mosquitoes. The reverse was found for the first two instars. However. Aphanius consumed more 2nd instar larvae under the cover of vegetation when larger fish were able to penetrate shallow water and feed on the mosquito larvae.The two species showed a similar prey-size selection except for Aphanius of the medium size (31–35 mm) which ate larger larvae than Gambusia of the same size range.When provided access to the surface, neither fish species showed any adverse effect at oxygen levels as low as 0.5 mg l-1 (6% saturation). When denied access to the surface, both species behaved normally at oxygen levels as low as 1.3 mg l-1 (15% saturation).This study suggests that Gambusia affinis and Aphanius dispar can complement each other as mosquito control agents in different habitat conditions. We suggest that in mosquito infested situation which are characterized by high organic matter and low oxygen levels biological control could best be achieved by introduction of a range of sizes of both fish species. Repeated introductions of the fish, in large enough numbers, may be required for ad-hoc alleviation of a mosquito problem. Best results are thus to be expected in relatively small water bodies such as oxidation ponds.  相似文献   

6.
Gelidium cultivation in the sea   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
Gelidium fronds were grown in the sea under a variety of experimental conditions: on rigid, damped and tensioned test farms of various designs, in calmer and more turbulent habitats, at various depths, with and without commercial fertilizer supply. Initially, the effectiveness of a given cultivation strategy was based on the survival and growth of the fronds, here termed bio-assay mariculture. Ambient seawater temperature, nutrient availability, hydrodynamics and other environmental parameters were measured periodically. In-the-sea irrigation of test plants with commercial fertilizers was apparently effective, at least with some farm designs, and when ambient nutrient levels were low. Under optimal conditions, achieved through experimental manipulation of farm design, specific growth rates of over 2% per day were recorded. However, considerable variation in growth rates and in plant performances was observed. It was not always possible to correlate these variations with design modifications or other experimental parameters. In view of these findings, we have reviewed our initial bio-assay approach, namely the assumptions about the design and operation of farm structures and their interactions with the water and the fronds. Methods were developed to quantify these interactions. We advocate a quantitative, hydrodynamic approach in developing an effective cultivation strategy for gelidioid algae and are optimistic about progressing from test-to-commercial scale farms in the near future.  相似文献   

7.
The age and growth of an Asturian population of the bib Trisopterus luscus L. were studied based on 990 bibs from monthly catches from October 1986 until October 1988.Using the estimates of age taken from otolith readings, it was possible to construct a growth curve for the whole range of ages and demonstrate that most growth takes place during the first two years of life. The maximum age was found to be 5 years. The largest fish caught during the investigation measured 430 mm in standard length.The different growth rates of males and females show that in most cases the mean standard length of females was equal to or greater than that of the males.  相似文献   

8.
Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty from the Philippines was grown in the subtropical waters of Shikoku Is., Japan (33°2635 N, 133°2500 E). The growth rate, carrageenan yield, viscosity and gel strength were compared to values for plants cultured in the Philippines and between spring-summer, autumn-winter and winter periods in Japan. Maximum daily growth rates up to 8% occurred in Japan in October to November (autumn) while die-back occurred in winter due to low seawater temperature (15 °C). The average growth rate (ca 5%) in spring-summer to autumn was comparable to that in the Philippines. During the winter (December), the daily growth rate was approximately 1%. Gel strength, determined in a 1.5% solution in both water and 0.2% KCl, was 850 g cm-2 and 2000 g cm-2, respectively. Sol viscosity was 890 cP at 75 ° C. These values are quite similar to values obtained in the Philippines.  相似文献   

9.
Synopsis Lake Malawi/Niassa is the second largest rift valley lake in Africa, with an area of 28 800 km2, and an average and maximum depth of 292 m and>700 m, respectively. The lake is well known for the great diversity of fish occurring in the inshore zone. However, the offshore fish community is poorly documented. To rectify this, regular sampling was undertaken over two years, using trawl and gillnets at six offshore locations. This paper reports on the species composition, spatial distribution and breeding biology of the dominant cichlids species from the offshore pelagic zone. Cichlids formed approximately 88% of the offshore fish biomass. Most abundant were two species of zooplanktivores in the genus Diplotaxodon that made up 71% of the offshore fish biomass. An undescribed species, given the cheironym D. bigeye, was mainly found at a depth of 220 m during the day, but moved into near surface waters at night when the moon was full. This species was absent from the shallow regions of the lake. The most abundant offshore species was D. limnothrissa, which was distributed evenly throughout the lake to depths of 220 m. A less common offshore zooplanktivore was Copadichromis quadrimaculatus that formed 5% of the biomass and was confined to the upper 100 m of the water column. The main piscivores were in the genus Rhamphochromis and formed approximately 10% of the offshore fish biomass. The two dominant taxa were R. longiceps and the large Rhamphochromis group, and both were more common in the southern half of the lake. The former occurred mainly in the upper 100 m of the water column and the latter mainly at depths of 100–150 m. The length at maturity and fecundity for the dominant offshore species were estimated and seasonal breeding cycles determined from gonad activity and gonado-somatic indices.  相似文献   

10.
A. Hartmann 《Plant and Soil》1988,110(2):225-238
The nitrogenase activity ofAzospirillum spp. is efficiently regulated by environmental factors. InA. brasilense andA. lipoferum a rapid switch off of nitrogenase activity occurs after the addition of ammonium chloride. As in photosynthetic bacteria, a covalent modification of nitrogenase reductase (Fe-protein) is involved. InA. amazonense, a non-covalent mechanism causes only a partial inhibition of nitrogenase activity after ammonium chloride is added. In anaerobic conditions, nitrogenase reductase is also switched off by a covalent modification inA. brasilense andA. lipoferum. Short-time exposure ofAzospirillum to increased oxygen levels causes a partially reversible inhibition of nitrogenase activity, but no covalent modification is involved.Azospirillum spp. show variations in their oxygen tolerance. High levels of carotenoids confer a slightly improved oxygen tolerance. Certain amino acids (e. g. glutamate, aspartate, histidine and serine) affect growth and nitrogen fixation differently inAzospirillum spp. Amino acids may influence growth and nitrogen fixation ofAzospirillum in the association with plants.Azospirillum brasilense andA. halopraeferens are the more osmotolerant species. They utilize most amino acids poorly and accumulate glycine betaine, which also occurs in osmotically stressed grasses as a compatible solute to counteract osmotic stress. Nitrogen fixation is stimulated by glycine betaine and choline. Efficient iron acquisition is a prerequisite for competitive and aerotoleran growth and for high nitrogenase activity.Azospirillum halopraeferens andA. amazonense assimilate iron reasonably well, whereas growth of someA. brasilense andA. lipoferum strains is severely inhibited by iron limitation and by competition with foreign microbial iron chelators. However, growth of certain iron-limitedA. brasilense strains is stimulated by the phytosiderophore mugineic acid. Thus, various plant-derived substances may stimulate growth and nitrogen fixation ofAzospirillum.  相似文献   

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