刺楸种子中性与酸性抑制物质的研究

本文研究了刺楸种子抑制物质的提取,分离和鉴定方法,并测定了抑制物质的相对活性及其含量。结果表明,刺揪种子中除含高水平的酸性抑制物外,还存在一种中性抑制物。该中性抑制物同酸性抑制物相似,有较强的生物活性,不但可以抑制白菜种子的萌发与胚根生长,而且对已解除休眠的刺楸种子也有显著作用。利用纸层析,薄层层析,颜色反应和高效液相色谱等手段,证明中性抑制物质为香豆素类物质;酸性抑制物质的主要成分为脱落酸。种子各部位均含这两种抑制物质,但含量有所不同,随种子贮藏时间的延长,抑制物会发生转移。本文还讨论了用不同溶剂提取中性抑制物的效果。     

不同温度处理对珠芽魔芋球茎休眠调控的影响

为探究不同温度处理对珠芽魔芋球茎休眠调控的影响，以珠芽魔芋叶面球茎为材料，在球茎休眠期设置昼/夜变温（24℃/9℃、24℃/13℃、24℃/17℃）、恒温（9℃、13℃、17℃、21℃）及室温处理，萌发期设置26℃、33℃催芽处理，分析不同温度处理后珠芽魔芋球茎在休眠 Ⅰ 期、休眠 Ⅱ 期以及萌发前期、中期、后期、末期的生物表型变化、内源生理变化规律及其休眠调控相关基因的变化情况。结果表明：（1）休眠期恒温处理有利于提高珠芽魔芋球茎的出芽比，其中13℃恒温打破休眠和萌发期33℃催芽处理球茎的发芽率最先达到峰值，且其出芽比最高。（2）休眠Ⅱ期的球茎淀粉含量低于休眠Ⅰ期，而其可溶性糖含量高于休眠Ⅰ期，13℃恒温处理球茎淀粉含量下降最快，其可溶性糖含量最高；前期恒温处理球茎淀粉、可溶性糖含量在萌发前期和萌发后期之间均存在显著性差异（P＜0.05），而前期昼夜变温处理球茎仅可溶性糖含量在萌发前期和萌发后期之间存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）。（3）珠芽魔芋球茎ABA含量在休眠 Ⅰ 期和休眠 Ⅱ 期逐渐增多，而其GA3含量逐渐减少，萌发期珠芽魔芋球茎ABA含量呈现“先升后降”的规律，26℃催芽处理的珠芽魔芋球茎GA3含量呈现“先升后降”的规律，33℃催芽处理的珠芽魔芋球茎GA3含量整体呈上升的趋势。（4）珠芽魔芋NCED基因表达量随着休眠程度的加深逐渐增加，而在萌发期逐渐减少，CYP707A基因表达量随着休眠的加深逐渐减少，而在萌发期表达量增加。研究发现，珠芽魔芋打破休眠的最佳温度为恒温13℃，促进萌发的最佳温度为33℃；随着珠芽魔芋打破休眠，球茎中的淀粉含量降低，可溶性糖含量升高；ABA含量“先升后降”，GA3含量“先降后升”；NCED和CYP707A基因可能是珠芽魔芋休眠调控中的关键基因。     

海枣曲霉木聚糖酶Ⅲ糖组成及糖肽结构键研究

海枣曲霉木聚糖酶Ⅲ经ＰＡＧＥ和ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ后用Ｓｃｈｉｆｆ′ｓ试剂染色证明为糖蛋白。经硅胶薄层层析和毛细管毛相色谱测定,每分子酶约含４个葡萄糖和１个甘露糖残基,木聚糖酶Ⅲ经β－消除反应后在２４１ｎｍ处出现一个新的吸收峰,在Ｎ２保护下用含ＮａＢＨ４的ＮａＯＨ溶液处理后,其Ｓｅｒ和Ｔｈｒ减少,相对应丙氨酸增加,并出现α－氨基丁酸,估测酶分子中存在约３个Ｏ－糖苷键,糖残基通过Ｏ－糖苷键连接于肽链中丝     

一种快速非同位素测定2',5'-寡聚腺苷酸合成酶活性的方法

介绍一种新的非同位素测定２′,５′－寡聚腺苷酸合成酶（２′,５′－ＯＡＳＥ）活性的方法．反应液经已糖激酶处理,点样于ＰＥＩ－纤维素薄层层析板上,经甲醇浸泡与预层析和在０．７５ｍｏｌ／ＬＫＨ２ＰＯ４（ｐＨ３．５）缓冲液中的层析可使ＡＤＰ和２′,５′－Ａｎ分离开,系统偏差和２′,５′－ＯＡＳＥ测活分析表明,本方法可用于粗酶液及部分纯化酶液的２′,５′－ＯＡＳＥ活性测定,并可用于临床生化分析     

一种快速非同位素测定2‘,5’—寡聚腺苷酸合成酶活性的方法

介绍一种新的非同位素测定２‘,５’－寡聚苷酸合成酶（２‘,５’－ＯＡＳＥ）活性的方法,反应液经已糖激酶处理,点样于ＰＥＩ－纤维素薄层层析板上,经甲醇浸泡与预层析和在０．７５ｍｏｌ／ＬＫＨ２ＰＯ２（ＰＨ３．５）缓冲液中的层析可使ＡＤＰ和２‘,５’－Ａｎ分离开,系统偏差和２‘,５’－ＯＡＳＥ测活分析表明,本方法可用于粗酶液及部分纯化酶液的２‘,５’－ＯＡＳＥ活性测定,并可用于临床生化分析。     

极大螺旋藻多糖IPⅡA、IPⅡB的理化特性及抗肿瘤活性研究

极大螺旋藻（Ｓｐｉｒｕｌｉｎａｍａｘｉｍａ）经碱性热水抽提,酶解和Ｓｅｖａｇ法结合脱蛋白,醇沉淀得胞内多糖ＩＰⅠ．ＩＰⅠ经ＤＥ－５２和ＤＥＡＥ－ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＡ－２５柱层析得到组分多糖ＩＰⅡＡ和ＩＰⅡＢ,糖含量分别为７４．９％和６８．４％,ＩＰⅡＡ分子量为１．３×１０６,ＩＰⅡＢ分子量为５．０×１０５．以完全酸水解、薄层层析、气相层析、红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱对二者进行化学结构分析,证明均为酸性杂多糖;ＩＰⅡＡ糖苷键为α型,ＩＰⅡＢ中同时存在α和β型糖苷键．离体条件下,ＩＰⅠ与血癌细胞ＨＬ６０和Ｕ９３７分别共同培养,半固体琼脂培养法检测,结果表明,ＩＰⅠ对二者的作用具有选择性,同时ＩＰⅠ的促进和抑制作用均表现出一般药物所具有的剂量效应．     

激光和磁场对滇紫草愈伤组织色素含量的影响

用Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ激光和一定强度的磁场处理滇紫草愈伤组织,发现２～３ｈ激光辐照可提高色素含量;而１．０Ｔ磁场能促进细胞生长和色素形成,硅胶薄层层析比较两种物理因子对紫草色素成分无显著影响。     

γ射线紫外线对镰刀攻产生玉米赤霉烯酮毒素的影响

镰刀菌（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍ）经γ射线、紫外线辐射诱变后,接种于大米培养基中,经１０℃低温产毒培养,采用薄层层析方法定性定量分析培养物中的镰刀菌毒素－玉米赤霉烯酮（ｚｅａｒａｌｅｎｏｎｅ简称ＺＥＡ）。结果表明：不同蓖株对诱变剂的反应不同。产毒菌株ＮＦ５２３２、ＮＦ５９４６在较大剂量γ射线处理后,ＺＥＡ产是显著增加,但其产生的色素量下降。或者用紫外线处理,仍然产生ＺＥＡ。不产毒菌株ＮＦ６１２７、ＮＦ６１     

红松种子抑制物质的初步研究

本文研究了红松种子抑制物质的提取方法,并测定了抑制物质的总活性,以及分布在种子各部位(外种皮、内种皮、胚乳、胚)抑制物质的相对活性。从红松种子各部位提取的抑制物质,不仅对油菜种子萌发和油菜幼根生长有抑制作用,而且也对其层积后解除休眠变黄的红松离休胚有明显的抑制作用。 通过红松种子各部位抑制物质变化动态的初步测定,表明了红松种子的休眠可能与发芽的抑制物质存在有关系。干藏红松种子各部位提取物在层析谱上 R_f值为 0.6的区段都有明显的抑制作用。除此而外,外种皮提取物在R_f值0.7区段,胚提取物在R_f值0.4、0.9区段也有明显的抑制作用。但干藏种子经过层积之后(即层积种子),各部位提取物与上述区段R_f值相比,其抑制作用有明显的下降。尤其是层积红松种子外种皮抑制物质基本消失或显著减少。 抑制物质常温下易溶于 95％乙醇、丙酮、水,其次是甲醇和乙醚,难溶于氯仿,不溶于苯。对高温(100℃)较稳定。     

满山香种子中化学成分研究

为研究满山香种子的化学成分,采用满山香种子经75%乙醇提取、溶剂萃取、硅胶柱层析、SephadexLH-20柱层析和硅胶制备薄层层析等方法,分离得5个单体化合物,分别鉴定为:杨梅素(myricetin,Ⅰ)、对苯二酚(1,4-dihydroxybenzene,Ⅱ)、香草酸(vanillicacid,Ⅲ)、β-胡萝卜苷(dauosterol,Ⅳ)和银杏双黄酮(ginkge-tin,Ⅴ)。以上化合物均为首次从该植物中分得。     

Abscisic acid and gibberellic acid-regulated responses of embryos and aleurone layers isolated from dormant and nondormant barley grains

Dormant and nondormant isogenic barley grains were obtained by maturing grains under short day (SD) or long day (LD) growth conditions, respectively. Hormonal responses of isolated embryos and aleurone layers from these grains were studied. Addition of abscisic acid (ABA) reduced germination rate and percentage of embryos, and induced Rab (ABA-responsive) mRNA in aleurone layers from both types of grain. Embryos and aleurone layers from dormant grains responded stronger to ABA than those from nondormant grains. Gibberellic acid (GA₃) increased the germination rate and percentage of embryos from dormant grains and counteracted the ABA-induced inhibition of embryo germination. GA₃ did not affect the amount of Rab mRNA in aleurone layers, suggesting that expression of the Rab gene has no direct correlation with germination. The stronger response of embryos and aleurone layers from dormant grains to ABA may not be explained by higher endogenous ABA levels, but might be due to differences in hormone signal transduction. Aleurone protoplasts from dormant grains had a higher cytosolic pH than those from nondormant grains. To inhibit the ABA-induced Rab mRNA, a much higher concentration of weak acid was required for aleurone layers from dormant grains than for those from nondormant grains. A possible difference in ABA signal transduction between dormant and nondormant grains is discussed.     

Abscisic Acid levels and seed dormancy

Dormant seeds from Fraxinus species require cold-temperature after-ripening prior to germination. Earlier, we found that abscisic acid (ABA) will inhibit germination of excised nondormant embryos and that this can be reversed with a combination of gibberellic acid and kinetin. Using Milborrow's quantitative “racemate dilution” method the ABA concentration in 3 types of Fraxinus seed and pericarp were determined. While ABA was present in all tissues, the highest concentration was found in the seed and pericarp of dormant F. americana. During the chilling treatment of F. americana the ABA levels decreased 37% in the pericarp and 68% in the seed. The ABA concentration of the seed of the nondormant species, F. ornus, is as low as that found in F. americana seeds after cold treatment. Experiments with exogenously added ABA solutions indicate that it is unlikely that the ABA in the pericarp functions in the regulation of seed dormancy. However, the ABA in the seed does seem to have a regulatory role in germination.     

Modulation of germination of embryos isolated from dormant and nondormant barley grains by manipulation of endogenous abscisic acid

Dormant and non-dormant barley (Hordeum distichum L.) grains with identical genetic backgrounds were obtained by maturing grains under different climate conditions. When isolated embryos from dormant grains were incubated in a well containing a fixed volume of water (300 l), the germination rate and percentage were dependent on the embryo number per well. A higher embryo number per well was correlated with a lower germination rate and percentage. However, this was not the case for the embryos isolated from nondormant grains. During germination, the endogenous cis-abscisic acid (ABA) in isolated embryos from both dormant and nondormant grains was analyzed. The inhibitory effect on germination of a higher number per well of isolated dormant embryos was due to diffusion of endogenous ABA out of the embryos and accumulation of ABA in the incubation medium. Moreover, there was de-novo synthesis of ABA in embryos isolated from dormant grains during incubation but not in embryos isolated from nondormant grains. The inhibitory effect of ABA on germination of embryos isolated from dormant grains could be mimicked by addition of ABA or the medium in which dormant embryos had been placed. Embryos isolated from nondormant grains were insensitive to addition of ABA and medium from dormant embryos. Our results demonstrate that diffusion of endogenous ABA, de-novo ABA synthesis and ABA sensitivity play a role in the control of germination. It is proposed that dormancy-breaking treatments act via changes to these processes.Abbreviations ABA cis-abscisic acid - E/W embryo(s) per well Prof. K.R. Libbenga (Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Leiden University) is thanked for fruitful discussions. B.V.D. was partly supported by E.E.C. BIOTECH program PL 920175.     

The physiological basis of seed dormancy in Avena fatua L. I. Action of the respiratory inhibitors sodium azide and salicylhydroxamic acid

The dormancy breaking effect of sodium azide was studied in seeds of several genetically pure lines of Avena fatua L. isolated from field populations. Sodium azide (0.8 and 1 m M ) induced germination in several dormant lines (characterized by long term dormancy) after two weeks of treatment. By about five weeks, germination was nearly complete in azide treated seeds as compared to little or no germination in controls. (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (an inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis) completely inhibited the azide effect suggesting that stimulation of germination by azide requires gibberellin biosynthesis. Azide was very effective in breaking dormancy in lines AN-51, AN-86, AN-127 and AN-265, but failed to induce germination in Montana 73. In this line there was a synergism between azide and gibberellic acid in promotion of germination. Thus, at least two metabolic blocks are involved in the stimulation of germination in this line. Salicylhydroxamic acid (an inhibitor of alternative respiration) at 3 m M completely inhibited the germination induced by 1 m M azide. At this concentration, salicylhydroxamic acid did not inhibit germination in 1) genetically nondormant seeds (line SH-430), 2) afterripened seeds of a dormant line (AN-51), and 3) gibberellic acid-treated dormant seeds. These findings suggest that salicylhydroxamic acid-sensitive process(es), presumably alternative respiration, is necessary for the stimulation of germination in the presence of azide, but not in the germination of genetically nondormant, gibberellic acid-treated dormant, or afterripened seeds.     

Dormancy in Cereal Seeds: I. THE EFFECTS OF OXYGEN AND RESPIRATORY INHIBITORS

A wide spectrum of respiratory inhibitors has been found tostimulate the breaking of dormancy in barley. These includecarbon monoxide, cyanide, azide, hydrogen sulphide, sodium sulphide,hydroxylamine, diethyldithiocarbamate (DIECA), fluoride, iodoacetate,malonate, monofluoroacetate, and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). Inrice, only the first six of these have been shown to be effective.Apart from CO, all the above inhibitors were tested on winteroats, but in this material only cyanide, azide, and hydroxylaminewere found to increase the germination of dormant seeds. Allthe terminal-oxidase inhibitors except CO were tested on perennialryegrass, but in this case only cyanide was found to break dormancy. As compared with air, an atmosphere of 96 per cent oxygen appliedto barley during the first 24 h after the seeds have been setto germinate stimulates the breaking of dormancy. When appliedat later stages, this high oxygen tension inhibits the germinationof dormant seeds although it has no effect on nondormant seeds.Paradoxically, the stimulatory effects of respiratory inhibitorsapplied during the initial stages of germination are relatedto their ability to inhibit oxygen uptake. Thus cyanide, azide,malonate, and monofluoroacetate, while stimulating the breakingof dormancy in barley, also inhibit oxygen uptake. In rice,cyanide and azide had similar effects, but fluoride, which hadno effect on dormancy, also had no effect on the oxygen uptakeof dormant seeds. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that some oxidationreaction is necessary for germination. This oxidation is notpart of the normal respiratory pathway, and does not proceedsatisfactorily in dormant seeds. It may be stimulated, however,by increasing the oxygen tension or by reducing normal respiratorycompetition with respiratory inhibitors.     

Induction of secondary dormancy in Amaranthus caudatus seeds

Nondormant A. caudatus seeds germinated in the darkat temperatures between 20 and 35° but not at 45 °C.Incubation at this temperature for at least 10 h inhibited seedgermination over the temperature range 20 to 35 °C,temperatures previously suitable for germination. Thus incubation at 45°C induced secondary dormancy. Mechanical or chemicalscarification or exposure to pure oxygen caused complete or almost completegermination of dormant seeds although more slowly in comparison to nondormantseeds. Secondary dormant scarified seeds required a lower concentration of ABAthan nondormant seeds to inhibit germination. The high temperature, whichinduced dormancy, 45 °C, caused the seed coat to be partiallyresponsible for secondary dormancy. Involvement of ABA (synthesis orsensitivity) in the induction and/or maintenance of this dormancy should beconsidered.     

Seed dormancy in Acer: Endogenous germination inhibitors and dormancy in Acer pseudoplatanus L.

Summary Dormant seeds of Acer pseudoplatanus L. contain two zones of inhibition on paper chromatograms in 10:1:1 as detected by the lettuce and cress seed germination, and the wheat coleoptile bioassays. One zone at R_f 0.6–0.8 was partitioned into ethyl acetate at acid pH and was shown to contain ABA by its behaviour on GLC and isomerization under ultra-violet light. The other zone at R_f 0.9 was detected only in the germination bioassays and was partitioned into ethyl acetate over a range of pH indicating the presence of one or more neutral compounds.The inhibitors present in the embryo of dormant sycamore seeds inhibited the germination of non-dormant sycamore seeds at relatively low concentrations. A comparison with the effects of application of exogenous ABA indicated that endogenous ABA could not solely account for the inhibitory activity of seed extracts, which appeared to be due partly to the presence of ABA and partly to that of neutral compounds present in the embryo. Leaching treatments that removed dormancy led to a decrease in the level of inhibitors present mainly in the basic fraction. The exogenous application of kinetin to dormant sycamore seeds increased germination whereas gibberellic acid had no effect. Similar responses were obtained with lettuce seeds inhibited by the basic fraction of dormant sycamore seeds.It is suggested that an inhibitor-cytokinin interaction may be involved in the dormancy of sycamore seeds.