利用SSR分子标记检测黄淮夏大豆(Glycine max)初选核心样本的代表性

作物核心种质是用最小的样本代表其全部遗传资源的最大遗传多样性。为了检测大豆初选核心样本取样的代表性,本研究从黄淮夏大豆初选核心样本中,随机选取两个类群,其材料数分别为20份和14份;从保留种质的相应奥群中,分别随机选取6份和5份,共计45份材料,进行14个农艺性状和20对SSR引物的分析。对两组材料进行农艺性状聚类．保菌种质与初选核心种质聚在了一起;利用SSR分子标记数据聚类,也得到了相同的结果。初选核心样本两个类群材料的等位变异数分别为129个,136个;保留种质相应类群材料的等位变异分别为76个,71个;初选核心种质两个类群材料分别包合了整个资源86.00％和86．62％的遗传多样性。本研究为大豆核心种质构建及检测提供分子水平的依据。     

核心种质数量性状代表性评价指标的研究

对植物核心种质数量性状遗传多样性代表性的评价指标进行了系统的研究．以夏播菜用大豆154个品种为材料,采用马氏距离计算品种间的距离,并用不加权类平均法(UPGMA)进行聚类,根据树型图,采用逐步聚类随机取样法,构建了37个品种组成的核心种质．以此为例,通过方差F测验、均值t测验、极差符合率、表型频率分布、遗传多样性指数、表型相关分析等多个指标分析,来评价核心种质数量性状遗传多样性的代表性,结果表明构建的核心种质具有代表性,表明核心种质评价需包含评价遗传变异和遗传结构的指标．     

构建我国燕麦核心种质的取样策略研究

采用2种分层方法、3种确定组内取样量方法和2种个体选择方法，分析了3255份燕麦种质资源的12个农艺性状的数据，构建出13个初级核心种质样本。为确定这些样本代表性，分别与总体进行了7个指标的比较，包括数量性状的极差、符合度、平均数、表型方差、遗传多样性指数方差、变异系数及质量性状的频率分布。结果表明。2种分层方法产生的样本在代表性上差异不明显；3种确定组内取样量方法以比例法的代表性最好，对数法的代表性其次，平方根法的代表性最差；在个体选择中，聚类法明显好于随机法。因此，在燕麦核心种质的构建中，先按省份分组，再按比例法确定组内取样量，通过聚类结果选择个体为最佳取样策略。     

油料作物种质资源核心收集品研究进展

建立核心收集品有利于油料作物遗传资源的深入研究和评价利用,国内外学者已在大豆、油菜、花生、芝麻和红花等油料作物中开展了核心收集品的建立和研究工作.其建立核心收集品的方法大都基于不同的分组或分层、聚类、主成分分析,按一定比例随机取样与优先取样结合.验证核心收集品的代表性,多采用各表型性状的方差、变异系数、变异幅度、均值、标准差等参数作为验证指标,少数研究借助了分子标记和生理生化手段.而评价及利用研究多体现在利用核心收集品提高抗病种质的筛选效率方面.核心收集品的建立为加强和实现油料作物种质资源的有效管理及开发利用提供了便利条件.本文综述了油料作物核心收集品的建立、验证及评价、利用等方面的研究进展,旨在对国内外油料作物核心收集品研究情况加以概括总结,并对今后的发展趋势和关键点进行展望.     

河北省大豆推广品种遗传多样性分析

利用主要农艺性状以及SSR和AFLP2种分子标记,对河北省41个大豆推广品种进行遗传多样性分析,以便为种质资源利用和创新提供依据。农艺性状聚类结果将41个材料划分为3个类群和2个特殊品种,聚类结果与材料系谱来源相差悬殊,不能反映材料间亲缘关系。SSR和AFLP数据聚类结果将41个材料划分为4个SAG（SSR and AFLP—basedgroups）分子类群。30对SSR引物共检测出135个等位变异,平均每个位点上有4．47个等位变异,SSR的遗传多样性指数（Simpson）分布范围为0．0928～0．7800,平均值为0、6442。10对AFLP引物共扩增出93个多态性标记,平均每对引物9．3个多态性标记。品种间的遗传相似系数（GS）变化范围为0．5877～0．9868,平均值变化范围为0．6732～0．7653,总体平均值为0.7237,遗传相似系数较高,说明材料间遗传变异较小。     

基于遗传和表型特征的海岛棉遗传多样性分析

依据海岛棉种质资源的遗传及表型特征对其遗传多样性进行研究非常重要,可为海岛棉杂交育种选配亲本、引进新的种质资源拓宽优异基因范围以及培育海岛棉新品种提供理论根据。本研究通过利用125对SSR分子标记鉴定结果和13个农艺性状2年田间表型调查结果,对94份海岛棉种质资源进行遗传多样性分析,将这些材料按照遗传和表型特征进行类群的划分和比较,结果表明:(1)通过标记分析共检测到420个位点,其中249个为多态性位点,并应用Nei-Li相似系数法对94份材料间的遗传相似系数进行评估,发现94份海岛棉资源材料的遗传相似系数在0.46~0.95之间浮动,同时利用SSR分子标记将94份海岛棉资源材料划分为4大类群,分类结果与系谱分析基本吻合。(2)对94份海岛棉资源材料进行13个农艺性状及品质性状2年调查分析,发现供试材料品质性状的变异范围较广,而产量性状的变异范围相对较小。其中,各品种中马克隆值的多样性指数最高,最小的是单铃重。聚类分析发现,第Ⅰ类群产量性状的平均值较高;第Ⅱ类群虽在产量性状上不占优势,但其品质性状的表现较其他组别优异;第Ⅲ类群多为低产低质品种;第Ⅳ类群品种品质较优,产量变化范围较大。(3)利用SSR标记和农艺性状分析2种方法对94份海岛棉资源材料进行分析,结果均显示出较丰富的遗传多样性;2种方法的聚类结果基本一致,聚类结果与地理分布有明显的联系。     

内蒙古3种生态型扁蓿豆遗传多样性与亲缘关系的分析

采用SSR分子标记结合21个表型性状对来自内蒙古3种生态型扁蓿豆种质资源的遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行了分析.结果表明:3种生态型的22份扁蓿豆材料在考察的4个质量性状上差异明显;在17个数量性状上,总体变异程度为黄花型扁蓿豆>扁蓿豆>细叶扁蓿豆;表型性状的遗传相似系数在31.59～113.27间,变异系数为43.30%.SSR分析结果显示,18对引物平均多态性比率为80.09%,引物平均等位位点数为6.06,位点多态性信息含量平均为0.32,遗传相似系数在0.37～0.47间,变异系数为61.80%.表型性状聚类、SSR分子标记聚类及主成分分析结果均显示,黄花型扁蓿豆和扁蓿豆的亲缘关系较近,与细叶扁蓿豆的亲缘关系较远.     

基于表型性状和SSR标记的57份辣椒种质遗传多样性分析

为了解辣椒(Capsicum annuum)种质资源的遗传多样性,以57份辣椒种质资源为材料,对34个表型性状进行变异度、多样性及主成分分析,分别基于表型性状和SSR分子标记进行聚类分析。结果表明,种质间的34个表型性状存在差异,平均变异系数为40.67%,平均Shannon-Weiner多样性指数为1.20;提取的10个主成分可以代表辣椒种质表型性状75.972%的遗传信息,其中第1主成分占比22.317%,主要由果实横径、单果重、果肩形状和果顶性状所组成;19对SSR引物的平均Nei’s基因多样性指数及香农信息指数分别为0.48和0.80;基于表型性状和SSR标记均将57份辣椒分为4类,但2种聚类结果间的相关性不显著(r=-0.175 9)。这为辣椒育种的亲本选配及种质资源评价提供理论依据。     

利用分子标记和数量性状基因型值构建作物核心种质库的研究

提出了一种基于分子标记数据及数量性状基因型值构建作物种质资源核心种质库的方法.采用包括基因型与环境互作的遗传模型及相应的混合线性模型统计分析方法,无偏预测各材料的基因型值,分别用基因型值和分子标记数据计算个体间的相似系数,加权得到最终的相似距离.采用不加权类平均法（UPGMA）进行系统聚类,用多次聚类随机取样法构建核心种质库.以水稻DH群体111个基因型8个农艺性状、175个分子标记位点的数据为实例,按四种抽样比率（25%,20%,15%,10%）构建了四个核心种质库,比较了核心种质库与整个群体的分子标记多样性及数量性状的遗传变异,评价了所用方法的有效性。     

不同来源大豆同名品种"满仓金"表现型及SSR标记的异同性分析

以国家种质库中保存的不同来源的大豆同名品种满仓金及与其有亲缘关系的种质共28份为实验材料,时其SSR分子标记及农艺性状进行比较分析,目的是检测种质库中保存的同名品种之间的差异程度,为大豆种质资源的保存、研究与利用以及构建大豆棱心种质提供理论依据。研究结果表明,在28份种质23个SSR位点共检测出151个等位变异,利用其中的5个位点可将28份种质区分开。通过对SSR数据及农艺性状的分析比较,发现利用两种不同类型数据对材料进行分析,既有相同的趋势又存在差异,将不同类型数据结合起来使用能比较全面地阐明品种之间的遗传关系。根据结果推测,全国统一编号分别为ZDD00078、ZDD00924的满仓金与黄宝珠和金元有密切的血缘关系,其他不同来源的满仓金之间差异较大,无遗传一致性,也具有保存价值。     

Comparison of different methods to construct a core germplasm collection in woody perennial species with simple sequence repeat markers. A case study in cherimoya (Annona cherimola, Annonaceae), an underutilised subtropical fruit tree species

Although molecular markers are becoming the tool of choice to develop core collections in plants, the examples of their use in woody perennial species are very scarce. In this work, we used simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker data to develop a core collection in an underutilised subtropical fruit tree species, cherimoya ( Annona cherimola , Annonaceae), from an initial collection of 279 genotypes from different countries. We compared six alternative allocation methods to construct the core collection, four not based upon the similarity dendrogram [random sampling, maximisation strategy (M strategy) and simulated annealing algorithm maximising both genetic diversity and number of SSR alleles] and two based on dendrogram data (logarithmic strategy and stepwise clustering). The diversity maintained in each subset was compared with that present in the entire collection. The results obtained indicate that the use of SSRs together with the M strategy is the most efficient method to develop a core collection in cherimoya. In the best subset, with 40 accessions, all the SSR alleles present in the whole collection were recovered and no significant differences in frequency distribution of alleles for any of the loci studied or in variability parameters ( H _O, H _E) were recorded between the core and the whole collection.     

Molecular characterization of an international cacao collection using microsatellite markers

Plant germplasm collections invariably contain varying levels of genetic redundancy, which hinders the efficient conservation and utilization of plant germplasm. Reduction of genetic redundancies is an essential step to improve the accuracy and efficiency of genebank management. The present study targeted the assessment of genetic redundancy and genetic structure in an international cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) collection maintained in Costa Rica. A total of 688 cacao accessions maintained in this collection were genotyped with 15 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci, using a capillary electrophoresis genotyping system. The SSR markers provided a high resolution among the accessions. Thirty-six synonymously labeled sets, involving 135 accessions were identified based on the matching of multilocus SSR profiles. After the elimination of synonymous sets, the level of redundancy caused by closely related accessions in the collection was assessed using a simulated sampling scheme that compared allelic diversity in different sample sizes. The result of the simulation suggested that a random sample of 113 accessions could capture 90% of the total allelic diversity in this collection. Principal Coordinate Analysis revealed that the Trinitario hybrids from Costa Rica shared a high similarity among groups as well as among individual accessions. The analysis of the genetic structure illustrated that the within-country/within-region difference accounted for 84.6% of the total molecular variation whereas the among-country/among-region difference accounted for 15.4%. The Brazilian germplasm contributed most to this collection in terms of total alleles and private alleles. The intercountry/interregion relationship by cluster analysis largely agreed with the geographical origin of each germplasm group and supported the hypothesis that the Upper Amazon region is the center of diversity for cacao. The results of the present study indicated that the CATIE International Cacao Collection contains a high level of genetic redundancy. It should be possible to rationalize this collection by reducing redundancy and ensuring optimal representation of the genetic diversity from distinct germplasm groups. The results also demonstrated that SSR markers, together with the statistical tools for individual identification and redundancy assessment, are technically practical and sufficiently informative to assist the management of a tropical plant germplasm collection.     

Establishment of a Core Collection of Traditional Cuban <Emphasis Type="Italic">Theobroma cacao</Emphasis> Plants for Conservation and Utilization Purposes

Presently, Theobroma cacao L. (cacao) in Cuba is mainly cultivated in the eastern region where plantations comprise a mixture of clonal varieties, hybrids, progeny of Trinidad Selected Hybrids, and traditional—also known as ancient—cacao. The ancient genetic resources, probably the plants most closely related to the original introductions, are endangered by their progressive replacement by modern clones. To promote the conservation and utilization of these genetic resources, a representative sample of 537 traditional Cuban cacao plants was used to develop a core collection. Core collections based on 15 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were generated using five different sampling algorithms: random sampling, simulated annealing, stepwise clustering with random sampling, the M strategy, and maximum genetic diversity. The five core collections were designed to capture 95 % of the SSR alleles in the complete collection. The genetic, morphological, and geographical diversity of each core collection was compared with that of the entire collection. The entire collection contained 139 alleles, including 104 rare ones, with the 95 % allelic coverage threshold achieved with 133 alleles. The core collection generated by the maximum genetic diversity algorithm had the lowest number of accessions (185), the highest mean genetic distance (0.486), the lowest morphological character redundancy, and the highest diversity as assessed by the mean Shannon-Weaver diversity index (0.757). This core collection can thus serve as the basis of future improvement programs based on local genetic resources.     

植物核心种质研究进展

丰富的植物遗传资源为作物育种和遗传研究提供广阔的遗传基础,然而资源庞大的数量也给植物遗传资源的收集、保存、研究和利用带来了困难。Frankel首先提出并与Brown等人完善了核心种质(core collection)的概念,即通过一定的方法从整个种质资源中选择一部分样本,以最小的资源数量和遗传重复,尽可能最大限度的代表整个资源的多样性。核心种质的提出,为遗传资源的研究和利用提供了崭新的解决途径。目前,已在多年生野生大豆、硬粒小麦、花生等20种植物上开展了核心种质研究。本围绕核心种质具有四个显特点即代表性、实用性、有效性、动态性,介绍在不同植物构建核心种质时,所利用的数据、分组原则及取样方法等,并介绍了核心种质的评价进展。通过比较发现,不同植物在构建核心种质各有区别,但是以根据地理来源分组,按聚类法取样为主。目前,对植物核心种质的研究,多处于取样策略的研究阶段。对建成的核心种质评价研究较少,主要集中在农艺性状遗传多样性方面的验证,而时分子水平的验证较少,构建的核心种质还有待于实践的检验。     

Genetic structure and a selected core set of Brazilian soybean cultivars

Soybean is one of the most valuable and profitable oil crop species and a thorough knowledge of the genetic structure of this crop is necessary for developing the best breeding strategies. In this study, a representative collection of soybean cultivars recommended for farming in all Brazilian regions was genotyped using 27 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci. A total of 130 alleles were detected, with an average allelic number of 4.81 per locus. These alleles determined the core set that best represented this soybean germplasm. The Bayesian analysis revealed the presence of two clusters or subgroups within the whole collection (435 soybean cultivars) and the core set (31 entries). Cultivars of similar origin (ancestral) were clustered into the same groups in both analyses. The genetic diversity parameters, based on the SSR loci, revealed high similarity between the whole collection and core set. Differences between the two clusters detected in the core set were attributed more to the frequency of their ancestors than to their genetic base. In terms of ancestry, divergent groups were presented and a panel is shown which may foster efficient breeding programs and aid soybean breeders in planning reliable crossings in the development of new varieties.     

Genetic Diversity and Characterization of a Core Collection of Malus Germplasm Using Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs)

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were used to assess genetic diversity and study genetic relatedness in a large collection of Malus germplasm. A total of 164 accessions from the Malus core collection, maintained at the University of Illinois, were genotyped using apple SSR markers. Each of the accessions was genotyped using a single robust SSR marker from each of the 17 different linkage groups in Malus. Data were subjected to principal component analysis, and a dendrogram was constructed to establish genetic relatedness. As expected, this diverse core collection showed high allelic diversity; moreover, this allelic diversity was higher than that previously reported. Cluster analysis revealed the presence of four distinct clusters of accessions in this collection.     

用SSR标记分析抗疫霉根腐病大豆品种(系)的遗传多样性

利用50对SSR引物对抗疫霉根腐病大豆品种(系)进行遗传多样性分析。在166份品种(系)中,50个SSR座位共产生265个等位变异,平均每个座位5.3个。采用NTSYS-pc2.10计算品种(系)间遗传相似系数,平均相似系数为0.3124,表明抗疫霉根腐病大豆品种(系)间的遗传差异较大。用UPMGA进行聚类分析,166个品种(系)在相似系数为0.33时被聚为6类,地理来源相同的品种(系)大多聚类在一起。一些具有相同或相近抗病反应型的品种(系)被聚类在同一个类群中,表明这些抗病品种(系)的遗传关系较近,应有选择地利用。W illiam s和C lark抗疫霉根腐病近等基因系构成明显不同于中国大豆的基因源,可以用于拓宽我国大豆品种的遗传基础。     

Molecular characterization and genetic diversity analysis of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) germplasm accessions in India

Molecular characterization and genetic diversity among 82 soybean accessions was carried out by using 44 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Of the 44 SSR markers used, 40 markers were found polymorphic among 82 soybean accessions. These 40 polymorphic markers produced a total of 119 alleles, of which five were unique alleles and four alleles were rare. The allele number for each SSR locus varied between two to four with an average of 2.97 alleles per marker. Polymorphic information content values of SSRs ranged from 0.101 to 0.742 with an average of 0.477. Jaccard’s similarity coefficient was employed to study the molecular diversity of 82 soybean accessions. The pairwise genetic similarity among 82 soybean accessions varied from 0.28 to 0.90. The dendrogram constructed based on genetic similarities among 82 soybean accessions identified three major clusters. The majority of genotypes including four improved cultivars were grouped in a single subcluster IIIa of cluster III, indicating high genetic resemblance among soybean germplasm collection in India.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12298-014-0266-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

绥农14及其系谱亲本的遗传多样性及重组分析

以绥农14及其系谱中的亲本品种为实验材料, 对14个农艺性状及分布在20个大豆连锁群上139对SSR引物进行分析, 揭示品种间遗传多样性和遗传重组关系, 为大豆新品种选育提供理论依据。聚类分析结果与品种间的亲缘关系相似, 每个SSR位点Shannon-Weaver指数的分布范围为0~1.677; 品种间的相似系数平均值为0.6380, 变化范围为0.5380~0.7990。筛选出区分这些品种的最少SSR位点数为3个; 如Satt543、Sat_130、Satt218。研究发现, 连锁群中间区段重组率与两个末端区段重组率无显著性差异, 说明连锁群上各区段的遗传重组是随机分布的。在139对引物中有39对引物在绥农14及其8个亲本间没有多态性, 表明这些位点可能对品种改良具有重要作用; 位于B2连锁群的Satt168是从祖先亲本紫花4号保留给绥农14的唯一的多态性位点, 可见, 经过5个世代的杂交重组和遗传改良, 绥农14的遗传组成与紫花4号相比已经发生了很大的变化。