色虫掠影——柘荣普查生态小记

<正>柘荣县,古名柘洋,又称"柳城",其位置介于东经119°4 3'~12 0°0 4'(119°897'),北纬27°05'~27°19'(27°209')之间,与同为闽东地区的福安市、福鼎市、霞浦县以及浙江省温州市泰顺县毗邻。境内峰峦起伏,山地面积509.16平方千米,占全县总面积的94.6%,最高点为太姥山脉主峰东狮山顶点海拔1480.5米,最低点为英山乡下清水坑海拔仅78.8米,城     

川西高原山地美味牛肝菌气候生态适宜性及潜在分布

利用数字高程模型(DEM)数据、土地覆盖栅格数据、四川省52个站点和4个其他省市站点的气象观测数据,基于美味牛肝菌的生物学特性,结合前人研究成果,系统分析了川西高原山地美味牛肝菌的气候生态适宜性。选取气温、降水、植被等影响因子作为区划指标,应用集优法,通过GIS分析本区美味牛肝菌资源的潜在分布。结果表明: 美味牛肝菌潜在分布区的北界在32° N附近,海拔上限约为3000 m,下限约为800 m,总面积约286.3万hm²,约占研究区整个行政区域面积的9.7%;29° N以南的攀西地区是美味牛肝菌的主要潜在分布区,核心分布区在攀西地区中南部,攀西分布区面积约占全部潜在分布区的90%,其中,适宜区面积约占20%,次适宜面积约占80%。适宜区主要分布于攀西地区雅砻江以东的安宁河流域、海拔1000~2600 m的山区;次适宜区主要是适宜区分别向上、向下延伸到海拔3000和800 m左右的林区;海拔3000 m以上的高原高山区和海拔800 m以下的干热河谷区为不适宜区。     

基于最大熵模型的野生马麝夏季生境适宜性研究

野生马麝(Moschus chrysogaster)是珍稀濒危资源动物,分布于我国青藏高原及周边地区。甘肃兴隆山国家级自然保护区是野生马麝最重要的分布区之一,深入了解保护区的生境结构、质量及分布是对区域内野生马麝进行成功保护的前提和基础,但迄今缺乏大尺度的马麝生境适宜性研究。利用实地调查得到的兴隆山保护区的野生马麝夏季分布点数据,采用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型,结合地形、归一化植被指数、距河流距离、距道路距离等环境变量数据,进行野生马麝的夏季生境适宜性分析。结果表明：影响野生马麝夏季生境适宜性的主要生态因子是海拔、坡向、植被和河流,其贡献率分别达40.3%,23.4%,18.6%和10.9%;兴隆山保护区野生马麝的夏季潜在适宜生境分布面积为123.34 km²,占整个保护区的41.11%,占保护区林地的61.92%;野生马麝夏季潜在适宜生境主要集中在保护区的中部和西部,其中高适宜性生境约为保护区的4.47%,各适宜区间及适宜区之内均存在一定程度的不连续分布。为加强对兴隆山保护区野生马麝种群及生境的就地保护,建议通过生境保育措施,提高野生马麝潜在分布区的生境适宜性,...     

对‘长富2号’苹果授粉后11个海棠品种花粉直感效应的综合评价

以11个海棠（Malus spp.）品种的花粉为材料、‘新红星’苹果（Malus pumila‘Starkrimson’）花粉为对照,对‘长富2号’苹果（M.pumila‘Changfu 2’）进行人工授粉并测定其坐果率及14个果实品质指标;在此基础上,采用因子分析法确定影响苹果授粉后花粉直感效应评价的主要因子,并对供试海棠品种的花粉直感效应进行综合评价和排序。结果表明：除海棠品种‘雪倩’（‘Xueqian’）外,用其他海棠品种授粉后‘长富2号’苹果的坐果率均显著提高,其中用品种‘红波’（‘Hongbo’）授粉后‘长富2号’苹果的坐果率最高（达86.18%）;经11个海棠品种授粉后‘长富2号’苹果的坐果率以及果实的果形指数、单果质量和可滴定酸含量均高于对照（用‘新红星’苹果授粉）;经大部分海棠品种授粉后‘长富2号’苹果果实的果棱数、果梗存留率、梗洼深度、梗洼开裂率、VC含量和花青苷含量也均高于对照,但果实的着色面积百分率、果肉硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量及糖酸比则低于对照。因子分析结果表明：前7个公因子的特征值均大于1,累计方差贡献率达88.187%,按照在授粉性能质量评价中的作用从大到小依次排序为果实甜度因子（包括可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量）、果实酸度因子（包括可滴定酸含量和糖酸比）、果个与果形因子（包括单果质量、梗洼深度和果形指数）、果梗因子（包括梗洼开裂率和果梗存留率）、果肉硬度因子、保健与外形因子（包括花青苷含量、VC含量、果棱数和着色面积百分率）及坐果率因子。综合评价结果表明：在供试的11个海棠品种中,仅品种‘红艳’（‘Hongyan’）、‘红亮’（‘Hongliang’）和‘红纱’（‘Hongsha’）的花粉直感效应综合得分高于‘新红星’苹果,表明这3个海棠品种的花粉直感效应优良,可作为‘长富2     

贵州主要地方李品种的调查研究

以贵州本地8个李资源的成熟叶片及果实为试验材料,从叶形特征、果实外部形态特征及果实内在品质性状等不同方面进行了调查研究。结果显示:①贵州地方李的叶形特征中以叶片形状的变异范围最大,有卵圆形、椭圆形、披针形、倒披针形等,其次为叶尖形状、叶基部形状和叶柄腺形状;②果实形态特征中以果皮和果肉颜色的变异范围最大,其次为果实成熟期、果实形状、梗洼及缝合线的深浅以及果顶形状;③贵州地方李的单果质量、果实横纵径及果形指数、核横纵径等性状的平均变异系数均在9%以上,其中单果重的变异幅度为18.3～38.9g,变异系数最大,达24.92%;④果实内在品质性状方面以可溶性固形物的变异系数最低,为8.50%,可溶性总糖的变异系数最高,为13.44%。     

温室滴灌条件下土壤水分亏缺对番茄产量及其形成过程的影响

采用小区试验,在温室滴灌条件下研究了不同生育阶段土壤水分状况对番茄果实大小、坐果数、畸形果及产量形成过程的影响,分析了温室滴灌条件下番茄总产量与灌水量的关系.结果表明：番茄苗期适度水分亏缺（田间持水量的50%～55%）可提高坐果率,畸形果形成减少,但果实总体偏小,果实成熟主要集中在采摘后期;开花坐果期过度水分亏缺（田间持水量的65%以下）虽可促进果实成熟,但降低了坐果数,易形成小果和畸形果;采摘期水分过高（田间持水量的80%以上）或过低（田间持水量的65%以下）均可降低番茄产量,水分亏缺（田间持水量的65%以下）则使坐果数降低、畸形果增加.各水分处理对果实成熟时间无明显影响;温室番茄总产量、灌溉水利用效率与全生育期灌水总量之间均呈二次抛物线关系;当番茄土壤水分（占田间持水量的百分比）下限控制在苗期60%～65%、开花坐果期70%～75%、成熟采摘期70%～75%时,番茄畸形果形成量减少,产量及坐果率较高,可作为滴灌条件下温室番茄适宜的土壤水分控制指标.     

中国龟象亚科分布概况(鞘翅目,象虫科)

基于对中国龟象亚科标本信息的系统整理,得出龟象在中国各省均有分布,但分布的多少很不均衡,其中福建省最丰富,达到标本总数的36.6%.分布范围为18.6～51.7°N,最南端到海南省的保亭,最北为黑龙江省的大兴安岭,从热带、亚热带到温带均分布,其中26～30°N最丰富,占总数的47.7%.中国龟象生存的海拔范围记录为10～4 400m,最低海拔采集点位于海南省万宁,最高海拔位于四川省乡城中热乌,500～1 000m海拔范围的龟象标本数量最多,随着海拔高度的上升,数量逐步减少.多数龟象标本采集于5月到8月,随着纬度的上升,采集时间逐渐从4月到9月缩减为6月到8月.     

颇具特色的内蒙古森林

正我国内蒙古自治区有着全国各省区(市)中最大面积的森林,达3.92亿亩之多,占自治区国土面积的23%。内蒙古的森林有"一家独大,块状分布,特点明显,东西差异"的特色。"一家独大"—专指大兴安岭森林。大兴安岭位于中国地势第二阶梯东缘,山脊以东为第三阶梯地,以西为第二阶梯地。全区地形总势呈东北--西南走向,西高东低,属浅山丘陵带,最高峰黄岗梁海拔2029米,位于克什克腾旗东北部。大兴安岭森林的面积和蓄积量均占内蒙古森林的绝大部分,其主要森林类型从北往南分别为寒温带针叶林、中温带针阔混交林、暖温带落叶阔叶林,其最北部的寒温带针叶林是中国唯一的寒温带针叶林分布区。从世界全球森林地理分布的角度看,这片中国唯一的寒温带针叶林是东西伯利亚森林植被分布的南缘。     

四川花萼山国家级自然保护区野生种子植物区系多样性分析

在对四川花萼山国家级自然保护区进行详细考察的基础上,结合相关文献资料,分析了花萼山保护区野生种子植物区系特性,并同周边6个地区进行了比较。结果表明:(1)四川花萼山国家级自然保护区区系成分复杂,类型丰富,区内有野生种子植物144科、810属、2 386种。有11个科的分布区类型,占中国范围内科分布区类型的73.33%;有15个属的分布区类型,占中国范围内属分布区类型的100.00%。(2)大科及大属的优势明显,种子植物区系较为古老,特有属比较丰富。(3)从科级水平上看,热带成分占60.71%,温带成分占38.39%;从属级水平上看,热带成分占38.32%,温带成分占56.34%。体现了该区从热带向温带过渡的性质。(4)与周边地区相比,花萼山与大巴山相似性最大,与伏牛山、青木川和小陇山相似性较小,其特有现象更明显,热带性质更明显。(5)花萼山的区系组成比大巴山、阴条岭和伏牛山简单,与五里坡和小陇山接近,比青木川复杂。     

阿尔金山保护区藏野驴和野牦牛夏季生境选择分析

本研究在2012至2013年进行两次调查,采用样带法和样方法在阿尔金山自然保护区东部(37°15'~37°23'N,90°11'~90°20'E)对藏野驴(Equus kiang)、野牦牛(Bos grunniens)的分布及其栖息地进行调查,共设置3条样线(总长达146.9 km)和128个样方。调查发现,藏野驴主要集中于伊协克帕提附近的荒漠草原,而野牦牛的主要栖息地位于沙山附近的阿坝堤坝草场。通过Vanderloeg和Scavia选择系数以及主成分分析,对藏野驴和野牦牛对不同环境因子(包括植被类型、植被盖度、草本种类数、土壤pH、海拔、坡度、坡向、水源)的选择性以及各因子在物种栖息地选择的重要程度进行研究,同时利用独立T检验分析两物种之间的环境变量选择差异性。结果表明,藏野驴倾向选择植被盖度小于70%,坡度2°~5°的南坡,海拔3800~4000 m,土壤pH 8.0~8.5的高寒荒漠生境;野牦牛则偏好选择植被盖度大于70%,坡度5°~15°的东坡或者北坡,海拔4200~4600 m,土壤pH 7.0~8.0,与水源距离小于1000 m的高寒荒漠草原以及沼泽草甸生境;影响藏野驴生境选择的主要因子为植被类型和坡度,而影响野牦牛生境选择的主要因子是植被盖度;虽然藏野驴和野牦牛在资源利用上存在部分重叠,但它们对栖息地植被盖度、植被高度、海拔和坡度的选择存在显著差异性(P0.05)。     

从文献看种群、种群生态及种群行为研究

通过维普中文期刊网和英文ScienceDirect数据库有关种群、种群生态和种群行为文献的查询,发现文献的发表量很不平衡,种群研究文献的年增长率远大于种群生态和种群行为。英文文献中关于种群行为研究的文献增长率高于种群生态,而中文文献正好相反。     

Modelling the effectiveness of contraception for controlling introduced populations of elephant in South Africa

Re‐introduced African elephant (Loxodonta africana Blumenbach) populations are growing at very high rates in many of southern Africa’s reserves, have attained densities higher than previously thought possible and may be exhibiting irruptive growth. Active management of such populations is necessary to prevent the potentially negative effects on habitat and biodiversity that are associated with elephant overpopulation. One potentially feasible method of elephant management is immunocontraception, but very little is known about the long‐term effectiveness of this method. Using demographic data from three South African elephant populations, we made model projections of the effects of contraception on population growth rates to determine whether contraception may be a feasible management tool for elephant. In comparison with noncontracepted populations, realistic reductions in population growth rate after 20 years of contraception were projected to be up to c. 64%, with 50% being a very feasible target. Through its ability to reduce population growth rates, immunocontraception should be an effective tool for preventing or minimizing irruption in elephants and, perhaps, other introduced ungulate species.     

Predator–vole interactions in northern Europe: the role of small mustelids revised

The cyclic population dynamics of vole and predator communities is a key phenomenon in northern ecosystems, and it appears to be influenced by climate change. Reports of collapsing rodent cycles have attributed the changes to warmer winters, which weaken the interaction between voles and their specialist subnivean predators. Using population data collected throughout Finland during 1986–2011, we analyse the spatio-temporal variation in the interactions between populations of voles and specialist, generalist and avian predators, and investigate by simulations the roles of the different predators in the vole cycle. We test the hypothesis that vole population cyclicity is dependent on predator–prey interactions during winter. Our results support the importance of the small mustelids for the vole cycle. However, weakening specialist predation during winters, or an increase in generalist predation, was not associated with the loss of cyclicity. Strengthening of delayed density dependence coincided with strengthening small mustelid influence on the summer population growth rates of voles. In conclusion, a strong impact of small mustelids during summers appears highly influential to vole population dynamics, and deteriorating winter conditions are not a viable explanation for collapsing small mammal population cycles.     

MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION OF POPULATION DIVERGENCE TIMES AND POPULATION PHYLOGENY IN MODELS WITHOUT MUTATION

In this paper we present a method for estimating population divergence times by maximum likelihood in models without mutation. The maximum-likelihood estimator is compared to a commonly applied estimator based on Wright's F_ST statistic. Simulations suggest that the maximum-likelihood estimator is less biased and has a lower variance than the F_ST-based estimator. The maximum-likelihood estimator provides a statistical framework for the analysis of population history given genetic data. We demonstrate how maximum-likelihood estimates of the branching pattern of divergence of multiple populations may be obtained. We also describe how the method may be applied to test hypotheses such as whether populations have maintained equal population sizes. We illustrate the method by applying it to two previously published sets of human restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) data.     

GPS collars have an apparent positive effect on the survival of a large carnivore

Are instrumented animals representative of the population, given the potential bias caused by selective sampling and the influence of capture, handling and wearing bio-loggers? The answer is elusive owing to the challenges of obtaining comparable data from individuals with and without bio-loggers. Using non-invasive genetic data of a large carnivore, the wolverine (Gulo gulo) in Scandinavia, and an open-population spatial capture–recapture model, we found a 16 (credible interval: 4–30) percentage points lower mortality probability for GPS-collared individuals compared with individuals without GPS collars. While the risk of dying from legal culling was comparable for collared and non-collared wolverines, the former experienced lower probability of mortality due to causes other than legal culling. The aforementioned effect was pronounced despite a potentially lower age—and therefore likely higher natural mortality—of collared individuals. Reports of positive effects of bio-loggers on the survival of individuals are uncommon and we argue that GPS collars could shield animals from poaching. Our results highlight the challenges of drawing population-level inferences for populations subjected to poaching when using data from instrumented individuals.     

竹类植物种群生态学研究进展与展望

综述了竹类种群生理生态学、种群动态、繁殖特性、无性系种群特征等几个方面的研究进展,概括了群落水平上竹类种群对森林更新的影响。并从竹类种群克隆多样性与微进化、生长适应机理、开花机制,以及竹类种群与林窗更新等四个方面展望未来竹类种群生态学研究的重点和主要趋势。     

Late Chachapoya population structure prior to Inka conquest

Archaeological and ethnohistorical documents suggest that the Chachapoya region was inhabited by a number of distinct sociopolitical groups that only united in the face of their common enemy, the Inka. The purpose of this research is to quantify the amount of internal genetic differentiation and levels of extraregional gene flow during the Late Chachapoya period, in order to obtain a better understanding of the genetic relationship between these presumed ethnic groups. Craniometric data were collected from three Late Chachapoya samples (Laguna Huayabamba, Kuelap, and Laguna de los Cóndores), in order to understand the genetic relationships between the groups and facilitate our understanding of Late Chachapoya population structure. Genetic differentiation among these series ranged from 0.047 (heritability = 1.0) to 0.090 (heritability = 0.55). The Relethford-Blangero residuals indicate that the Laguna Huayabamba and Laguna de los Cóndores populations were receiving greater than average external gene flow, while Kuelap was receiving less than average external gene flow. The correspondence between biological and archaeological data in the investigation of prehistoric ethnic identity is discussed.     

种群生存力分析（PVA）的方法与应用

随着人们对资源的加速利用,生境丧失和破碎化导致物种濒危问题日益严重.以岛屿生物地理学为理论起源的种群生存力分析（PVA）,通过分析和模拟种群动态过程并建立灭绝概率与种群数量之间的关系,为濒危物种保护提供了重要的理论依据和研究途径.在过去的几十年中,种群生存力分析已成为保护生物学中一项重要的研究内容.目前种群生存力分析发展稳定,但对其实际预测能力和准确性尚存质疑,应用方面也有待进一步发展.种群生存力分析的进一步完善还需要在理论和方法上的创新,特别是籍于景观生态学和可持续性科学的理念,将空间分析手段、经济社会因素纳入到物种和种群的预测和管理上,从而使其 具有更完整的理论基础和更高的实用价值.为此,本文对种群生存力分析的历史、基本概念、研究方法、模型应用和准确性进行了综述,并提出了有关的研究展望.     

福建南北泥蚶种内分化的RAPD分析

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术,对泥蚶在福建以南(广东汕头和湛江)和福建以北(浙江温岭和韩国)种群(分别合称南方类群和北方类群)做了遗传分化研究。由筛选出的20个随机引物共获得103个清晰可辨的RAPD标记,扩增片段长度在250—2500bp。汕头种群与湛江种群,韩国种群与温岭种群之间的最小遗传距离分别为0．0612和0．0692,而南、北类群间的遗传距离却在0．3261-0．4511。类群间近交系数也大于类群内。NJ和UPGMA法构建的系统树均显示汕头种群、湛江种群首先聚在一起,再与温岭种群和韩国种群聚合,说明两个类群发生了较明显的遗传分化,估计与地理隔离有关。     

羊草(Leymus chinensis)种群无性系种群动态的初步研究

本文根据１９８５－１９９０年在天然羊草种群无性系的观测与统分析,在研究羊草种群性系生活周期的基础上,探讨了其种群动态,建立了用转移概率矩阵表示的种群动态模型。通过用两种营养繁殖系数Ｒｖ１和Ｒｖ２模拟种群密度变化,发现用转移概率矩陈种群动态模型和现存种群营养繁殖系数Ｒｖ２预测羊草种群密度。