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1.
Populations of sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) are declining throughout its north-western range. Here we characterize fifteen new microsatellite markers developed specifically for parentage analysis in a small Swedish population of sand lizards. These loci were screened in the Asketunnan population and a much larger and genetically diverse Hungarian population, with heterozygosities ranging from (0.217–0.875) and (0.400–0.974), respectively. All loci were in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in the Swedish population but eight loci had significant heterozygote deficiencies in the Hungarian population. Two loci were significantly linked in both populations. These microsatellite loci are likely to be applicable in research on other sand lizard populations throughout Europe. 相似文献
2.
Annica Gullberg Mats Olsson HÅkan TegelstrOum 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1998,65(3):257-277
The Swedish sand lizard ( Lacerta agilis ) is a relict species from the post-glacial warmth period. From the geological history of this region, and more recent data on population fragmentation due to disturbance by man, it can be surmised that the Swedish sand lizards passed through at least one population bottleneck in relatively recent times. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the amount and structuring of genetic variability in six microsatellite loci in ten lizard populations from different parts of Sweden. We contrasted these data against those from a Hungarian population which we have reason to assume strongly resembles the founder population for Swedish sand lizards. The average number of alleles per locus in Sweden was 3.3, and these alleles were common in almost all populations, whereas the average number of alleles in the Hungarian population was 8.0. Likewise, the level of expected heterozygosity was lower in the Swedish populations (0.45) compared to the Hungarian population (0.70). The lower variability in Swedish populations is probably a consequence of a common population bottleneck during the immigration subsequent to the latest glacial period. The remaining variability is strongly subdivided between populations (FST =0.30) with the main genetic differences being between rather than within populations. Despite the marked isolation of the populations and the present small population sizes (N= 10–300 adults), the Swedish relict populations show a surprisingly high level of observed heterozygosity, indicating that small population size is probably a recent phenomenon. 相似文献
3.
The Swedish sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) is a relict species from the period of warmth following the last glacial episode and has a fragmented distribution in central Sweden and a more continuous distribution in the southern part of the country. We used this model system of colonization–extinction for a study of genetic variability within and among Swedish populations from different parts of the distribution range using multilocus DNA fingerprinting. The results from the Swedish populations are then contrasted with those from a large Hungarian population in the centre of the species geographical distribution range, which is likely to closely resemble the ancestral founding population of Sweden. Swedish populations have a low level of genetic variability compared with the Hungarian reference population, which showed a genetic variability within the range described for outbred populations. Within the Swedish populations, the average bandsharing was 0.61, the mean heterozygosity 0.45 and the estimated number of alleles 2.7. The figures for the Hungarian population were a bandsharing of 0.19, a heterozygosity of 0.89 and an estimated number of alleles of 9.8. A population bottleneck, common to all Swedish sand lizards, is indicated by less than 20% of the alleles in the Hungarian population being retained in the Swedish populations, and higher bandsharing similarity between different Swedish populations (0.33) as opposed to the Hungarian population (0.19). The limited variability found in Swedish sand lizards is strongly subdivided between populations, with an average FST of 0.32, indicating a very limited gene flow between the isolated populations, as well as between populations in the region where the sand lizard has a more or less continuous distribution (FST = 0.41). 相似文献
4.
Hallvard Haanes Knut H. Røed Silvia Perez-Espona Olav Rosef 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2011,57(6):1137-1150
Loss of genetic variation from genetic drift during population bottlenecks has been shown for many species. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) may have been exposed to bottlenecks due to founder events during postglacial colonisation in the early Holocene and during
known population reductions in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In this study, we assess loss of genetic variation
in Scandinavian red deer due to potential bottlenecks by comparing microsatellite (n = 14) and mitochondrial DNA variation in the Norwegian and Swedish populations with the Scottish, Lithuanian and Hungarian
populations. Bottlenecks are also assessed from the M ratio of populations, heterozygosity excess and from hierarchical Bayesian
analyses of their demographic history. Strong genetic drift and differentiation was identified in both Scandinavian populations.
Microsatellite variation was lower in both Scandinavian populations compared with the other European populations and mitochondrial
DNA variation was especially low in the Swedish population where only one unique haplotype was observed. Loss of microsatellite
alleles was demonstrated by low M ratios in all populations except the Hungarian. M ratios’ were especially low in the Scandinavian
populations, indicating additional or more severe bottlenecks. Heterozygosity excess compared with the expectation from the
number of observed microsatellite alleles suggested a recent bottleneck of low severity in the Norwegian population. Hierarchical
Bayesian coalescent analyses consistently yielded estimates of a large ancestral and a small current population size in all
investigated European populations and suggested the onset of population decline to be between 5,000 and 10,000 years ago,
which coincide well with postglacial colonisation. 相似文献
5.
In this study we characterized 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the land snail Cylindrus obtusus, an endemism of the Austrian Alps with a distribution in isolated populations above approximately 1,600 m. The microsatellite
loci were analyzed in 44 individuals from two populations. Number of alleles per locus ranged between two and eight. Observed
heterozygosity ranged between 0.00 and 1.00, and expected heterozygosity between 0.09 and 0.72. No significant linkage disequilibrium
was found between pairs of loci. One of the sampled populations (Dachstein) showed no deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium
and no presence of null alleles, whereas the other one (Schneeberg) did. These diverging results probably reflect differences
in population structure rather than characteristics of the microsatellite loci and underline the usefulness of these markers
for studying genetic diversity, population structure and differentiation in C. obtusus. 相似文献
6.
Chi-Chun Huang Kuo-Hsiang Hung Tsai-Wen Hsu Kuo-Hsiung Wang Chi-Yung Lin Tzen-Yuh Chiang 《Conservation Genetics》2008,9(5):1333-1335
Fatsia polycarpa Hayata (Araliaceae) is an element of evergreen forests at middle elevations in Taiwan, also representing the southern limitation
in distribution of the genus. In this study, we described the development of 11 microsatellite loci from F. polycarpa in Taiwan for genetic studies. These new markers were tested in 20 individuals of 5 populations of the woody species. The
number of alleles ranged from 9 to 18. The expected (H
E
) and observed (H
O
) heterozygosities were 0.80–0.95 and 0.10–0.75, respectively. Six of the 11 microsatellite loci are significantly deviated
from Hardy–Weinberg expectations likely due to the population structure within samples. No linkage disequilibrium were observed
from pairwise comparisons of loci.
Chi-Chun Huang, Kuo-Hsiang Hung, and Tsai-Wen Hsu contributed equally to this article. 相似文献
7.
Cristaria plicata was an important freshwater mussel for pearl culture in China. 18 polymorphic microsatellite markers were isolated and characterized
using (CA)15-enriched genomic library of C. plicata. These loci showed high levels of genetic polymorphism testing on 60 individuals sampled from Poyang Lake of Jiangxi Province,
China. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 18. The expected (H
E) and observed heterozygosities (H
O) were 0.7232–0.8961 and 0.0000–1.0000, respectively. Four microsatellite loci were significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg
equilibrium and no linkage disequilibrium was found. These microsatellite loci will be useful for assessment of genetic diversity
and population structure in C. plicata. 相似文献
8.
In this study, we report the genetic population structure of the Fire-bellied toad Bombina bombina in Brandenburg (East Germany) in the context of conservation. We analysed 298 samples originating from 11 populations in
Brandenburg using mitochondrial control region sequences and six polymorphic microsatellite loci. For comparison, we included
one population each from Poland and Ukraine into our analysis. Within Brandenburg, we detected a moderate variability in the
mitochondrial control region (19 different haplotypes) and at microsatellite loci (9–12 alleles per locus). These polymorphisms
revealed a clear population structure among toads in Brandenburg, despite a relatively high overall population density and
the moderate size of single populations (100–2000 individuals). The overall genetic population structure is consistent with
a postglacial colonization from South East-Europe and a subsequent population expansion. Based on genetic connectivity, we
infer Management Units (MUs) as targets for conservation. Our genetic survey identified MUs, within which human infrastructure
is currently preventing any genetic exchange. We also detect an unintentional translocation from South East to North West
Brandenburg, presumably in the course of fish stocking activities. Provided suitable conservation measures are taken, Brandenburg
should continue to harbor large populations of this critically endangered species. 相似文献
9.
Robert Andrew King Sarah L. Harris Angela Karp Jacqueline H. A. Barker 《Tree Genetics & Genomes》2010,6(2):247-258
We present nine polymorphic di- and tri-nucleotide repeat nuclear microsatellite markers selected specifically for their use
in high throughput studies concerning the dioecious allotetraploid Salix alba–Salix fragilis willow complex. These taxa and their hybrids are difficult to discriminate using morphological characters. Thus, multiplex
reactions were developed for these microsatellite loci and their effectiveness to distinguish individuals, especially hybrids,
and their inheritance patterns in controlled crosses were determined. All loci displayed disomic–monogenic inheritance which
allowed for the genotype data to be analysed as for a diploid organism. The nine loci produced a total of 67 alleles (mean,
7.4 alleles per locus; range, 3–11 alleles) in a reference panel of 57 individuals from two germplasm collections and natural
populations. Gene diversity values (as measured by the expected heterozygosity) ranged from 0.000–0.820. A total of 53 distinct
multilocus genotypes were observed, and ordination analysis revealed three separate clusters corresponding to S. alba, S. fragilis and hybrids. The microsatellite loci described here will be used in population genetic studies to investigate genetic variation,
gene flow, levels of hybridisation and the extent of introgression in natural populations of the S. alba–S. fragilis complex. They are also useful for clonal identification, conservation and sustainable management of germplasm collections,
genetic mapping and the selection of individuals and/or certification of controlled crosses for breeding programmes. 相似文献
10.
Eleven novel polymorphic microsatellite loci developed from a microsatellite enriched genomic library, are presented for the
Australian tree frog Litoria peronii. We screened 29 individuals from a single population and detected high levels of polymorphism for all 11 loci with the number
of alleles/locus ranging from 9 to 24. Values of expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.789–0.955 and 0.207–1.00,
respectively. These microsatellite markers should prove useful in determining levels of genetic diversity, measuring gene
flow and migration, assigning individuals to their most likely population of origin, and in the assignment of paternity. 相似文献
11.
Marta Dubreuil Federico Sebastiani Maria Mayol Santiago C. González-Martínez Miquel Riba Giovanni G. Vendramin 《Conservation Genetics》2008,9(6):1665-1668
Seven polymorphic nuclear microsatellite markers for Taxus baccata L. (English yew) were developed using an enriched-library method. An additional polymorphic SSR was obtained by testing eight
primer pairs from the congeneric species Taxus sumatrana. Mendelian inheritance for the seven Taxus baccata SSRs was proved by genotyping 17 individuals and 124 megagametophytes (conifer seed haploid tissue). A total of 96 individuals
from 5 different populations (10–26 samples per population) were used to estimate genetic diversity parameters. High levels
of genetic diversity, with values ranging from 0.533 to 0.929 (6–28 alleles per SSR) were found. No linkage disequilibrium
between pairs of loci was detected. All loci but one showed significant departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Excess
of homozygosity was probably due to high inbreeding in English yew populations, an outcome of low effective population size
and/or fragmented distribution. Highly polymorphic SSRs will be used to conduct population genetic studies at different geographical
scales and to monitor gene flow. 相似文献
12.
Woo-Jin Kim Young-Ok Kim Bo-Hye Nam Hee Jeong Kong Eun-Mi Park Jung-Ha Kang Jeong-Ho Lee Kyung-Kil Kim 《Conservation Genetics》2009,10(4):1105-1111
Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) can be used to identify microsatellite markers. We developed 81 polymorphic microsatellite
markers from 4,940 ESTs of the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Out of 100 EST-derived microsatellites for which PCR primers were designed, 81 loci were polymorphic in 30 individuals from
a single natural population with 2–28 (mean 10.6) alleles per locus. The observed and expected heterozygosities of these loci
were 0.033–1.000 and 0.033–0.965, respectively. Segregation analysis within a mapping family revealed non-amplifying null
alleles at five loci. These new EST-derived microsatellite markers should be useful for population genetic analyses, pedigree
tracing and constructing a linkage map for olive flounder. 相似文献
13.
Sarah E. Haas Jordan V. Smith Rebecca T. Kimball A. M. Clark 《Conservation Genetics》2009,10(5):1393-1395
Populations of brown-headed nuthatches (Sitta pusilla) are declining throughout the species range. Here we characterize twelve polymorphic microsatellite loci for this species.
Analysis of 32 presumably unrelated individuals from a single population revealed an average of 14.9 alleles per locus (range
4–25), an average observed heterozygosity of 0.74 (range 0.52–0.94) and an average polymorphic information content of 0.80
(range 0.57–0.95). We anticipate that these microsatellite markers will be useful for population genetic and behavioral studies
on the brown-headed nuthatch and closely related species. 相似文献
14.
We developed microsatellite markers for the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) to enable investigations of the genetic variability within and among populations with a heterogeneous spatial distribution in Sweden. The populations, which could not be characterized by variation in allozymes or mitochondrial DNA, had a substantial level of variability in microsatellite loci. However, the variability in Swedish populations was limited compared to a large, outbred Hungarian population. In the sand lizard, the number of (GT/CA) n repeats was approximately three times higher than that for (CT/GA) n. The number of repeats and the frequency of microsatellites were within the range reported for other species. Three of nine microsatellite loci showed alleles that could not be amplified, which is in agreement with recent reports describing microsatellite “null alleles” as a common occurrence. We discuss the caution which this calls for when calculating paternity probabilities and when estimating between-population allelic differentiation. A potential problem with different mutation rates for alleles within the same locus is discussed. 相似文献
15.
The finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides, is endemic to the coastal waters of the Indo-Pacific, ranging from the Persian Gulf to Japan. Nine tetranucleotide microsatellite
loci were isolated from the finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides). Polymorphism of each locus was assessed in 39 unrelated individuals from the Yellow Sea and the South China Sea of the
Chinese waters. The number of alleles per locus varied from 2 to 11. The ranges of observed and expected heterozygosity were
0.154–0.795 and 0.146–0.839, respectively. Cross-species amplification of these loci was tested in other cetacean species.
These microsatellite markers described here will be suitable for population genetic studies of finless porpoises and other
cetacean species. 相似文献
16.
Katherine P. Munkres Line K. Bay Dean R. Jerry Mark I. McCormick Lynne Van Herwerden 《Conservation Genetics》2007,8(4):987-990
Five new polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for the coral reef damselfish Pomacentrus amboinensis. Twenty-four individuals from two Great Barrier Reef populations were genotyped at the five loci, with numbers of alleles
per locus ranging from 6–23 and observed heterozygosity between 0.42–0.92. In addition, the cross-species testing of six primers
developed for Stegastes partitus revealed one primer (SpGATA40) that was also polymorphic for P. amboinensis. Due to high levels of polymorphism (≥14 alleles) in at least four of the six loci and a high proportion of tetranucleotide
repeats, these microsatellite markers should be useful for parentage assignment as well as other investigations of individual
relatedness. 相似文献
17.
Fragmentation of natural habitats of the common vole (Microtus arvalis) provides an excellent model system to study the consequences of restricted gene flow and small population sizes for isolated
populations. Here we describe the isolation and characteristics of 10 autosomal and one X-linked microsatellite marker. These
new markers were tested in 24 voles from a natural population in eastern Germany. Loci were highly polymorphic with numbers
of alleles per locus ranging from three to 26 and expected heterozygosities from 0.51 to 0.97. All loci except for the X-linked
locus Mar105 followed Hardy–Weinberg expectations. Cross-species amplifications revealed that most loci were polymorphic as
well in M. agrestis, M. thomasi, and M. pennsylvanicus. 相似文献
18.
Microsatellite polymorphism in natural populations of wild emmer wheat,Triticum dicoccoides,in Israel 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Fahima T Röder MS Wendehake K Kirzhner VM Nevo E 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2002,104(1):17-29
Diversity in 20 microsatellite loci of wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, was examined in 15 populations (135 genotypes) representing a wide range of ecological conditions of soil, temperature, and
water availability, in Israel and Turkey. An extensive amount of diversity at microsatellite loci was observed despite the
predominantly selfing nature of this plant species. The 20 Gatersleben wheat microsatellites (GWM), representing 13 chromosomes
of genomes A and B of wheat, revealed a total of 364 alleles, with an average of 18 alleles per GWM marker (range: 5–26).
The proportion of polymorphic loci per population averaged 0.90 (range: 0.45– 1.00); genic diversity, He, averaged 0.50 (range 0.094– 0.736); and Shannon’s information index averaged 0.84 (range 0.166–1.307). The coefficients
of genetic distance between populations were high and averaged D=1.862 (range 0.876–3.320), an indication of sharp genetic divergence over short distances. Interpopulation genetic distances
showed no association with geographic distance between the population sites of origin, which ruled out a simple isolation
by distance model. Genetic dissimilarity values between genotypes were used to produce a dendrogram of the relationships among
wild wheat populations by the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA). The results showed that all the
wild emmer wheat populations could be distinguished. Microsatellite analysis was found to be highly effective in distinguishing
genotypes of T. dicoccoides, originating from diverse ecogeographical sites in Israel and Turkey, with 88% of the 135 genotypes correctly classified into
sites of origin by discriminant analysis. Our present microsatellite results are non-random and in agreement with the previously
obtained allozyme and RAPD patterns, although the genetic-diversity values obtained with microsatellites are much higher.
Significant correlates of microsatellite markers with various climatic and soil factors suggest that, as in allozymes and
RAPDs, natural selection causes adaptive microsatellite ecogeographical differentiation, not only in coding, but most importantly
in non-coding genomic regions. Hence, the concept of ”junk DNA” needs to be replaced by at least partly regulatory DNA. The
obtained results suggest that microsatellite markers are useful for the estimation of genetic diversity in natural populations
of T. dicoccoides and for the tagging of agronomically important traits derived from wild emmer wheat.
Received: 27 February 2001 / Accepted: 22 March 2001 相似文献
19.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from a potential biofuel plant Miscanthus sinensis (Poaceae) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kuo-Hsiang Hung Tzen-Yuh Chiang Chi-Te Chiu Tsai-Wen Hsu Chuan-Wen Ho 《Conservation Genetics》2009,10(5):1377-1380
Miscanthus sinensis (Poaceae) is typical of many dominant grasses of East Asia. Due to its characteristics of fast growth and high biomass, Miscanthus, a C4 plant, has been long explored for the potential usage as biofuel. In this study, we described the development of nine
microsatellite loci from M. sinensis for genetic studies. These new markers were tested in 25 individuals of five populations in three varieties. The number of
alleles ranged from 3 to 8. The expected (H
E) and observed (H
O) heterozygosities were 0.37–0.78 and 0.05–0.52, respectively. All microsatellite loci are significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg
expectations likely due to the population structure within samples. Linkage disequilibrium between four loci pairs were observed
from the total 36 pairwise comparisons of loci. Cross-species transferability revealed that all loci can be applied to its
closely related species, M. floridulus. 相似文献
20.
James P. Strange Lionel Garnery Walter S. Sheppard 《Journal of Insect Conservation》2008,12(5):527-537
A population of honey bees (Apis mellifera mellifera L.) with an annual colony brood cycle adapted to a locally abundant floral source in the Landes region of Southwest France
is the subject of genetic conservation efforts. This population is maintained by local beekeepers in an area that experiences
both an annual seasonal influx of non-local colonies and the permanent culture of imported stock. However, some colonies native
to the Landes do not have the adapted brood cycle and their status as ecotypic are in question. The present study used morphology,
mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites to characterize the endemic population and suggests further genetic conservation strategies.
These methods yielded different degrees of discrimination of native and imported colonies and provided a powerful suite of
tools for local resource managers. Colonies from the Landes could be differentiated from non-local French A. m. mellifera populations using morphometric analysis, and from non-native and reference populations using mtDNA and microsatellites. Seven
morphological characters were identified by discriminant analysis as informative for delineating the Landes ecotype from other
A. m. mellifera populations. Mitochondrial haplotypes for the population were characterized and five microsatellite loci were found to be
informative in characterizing the Landes population. Asymmetric gene flow detected with microsatellite alleles was observed
to be 5.5–5.9% from imported to native stocks of honey bees while introgression of native microsatellite alleles into imported
colonies was 21.6%. 相似文献