锌离子对鲜紫花苜蓿叶的护绿效果及技术优选研究

以鲜苜蓿叶为原料,采用硫酸锌常温处理、硫酸锌和醋酸锌高温处理、蒸馏水漂烫后醋酸锌常温浸泡处理,通过样品的外观颜色、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性、叶绿素含量综合评价不同处理的护绿效果,以筛选锌离子对鲜苜蓿最佳护绿技术.结果显示:(1) 不同浓度硫酸锌常温浸泡24 h后的紫花苜蓿叶绿素含量均显著高于对照,表现出显著护绿效果,并以0.10%浓度最佳,但处理样室温放置时比未处理对照加速褐变;(2)硫酸锌和醋酸锌的高温护色处理中,以0.05%醋酸锌溶液高温热烫2 min的苜蓿叶绿素含量最高.(3)新鲜紫花苜蓿高温漂烫后再用醋酸锌常温浸泡处理,以0.50%醋酸锌的护色液效果最佳,其样品在4℃冰箱中冷藏7个月后颜色仍为绿色,且叶绿素含量极显著高于对照和其它浓度处理. 研究表明,锌离子对紫花苜蓿叶有显著的护绿效果,并且以95℃蒸馏水热烫2 min后再用0.50%醋酸锌护色液常温浸泡24 h效果最好.     

膏桐种子不同消毒方法效果比较

比较了不同消毒方法处理后膏桐种子的霉烂率和发芽率。结果表明,与对照相比,不同浓度高锰酸钾溶液浸种30min,虽然可显著降低霉烂率,但同时也抑制了发芽率;1%硫酸铜溶液浸泡10、20和30min处理,不仅显著降低霉烂率,而且明显提高种子的发芽率,其中,1%硫酸铜溶液浸泡种子30min效果最好;而高锰酸钾不适于膏桐种子的消毒处理。     

‘砀山酥梨’黄化叶复绿过程中内源IAA含量及其信号转导基因的表达量分析

为探讨IAA在梨黄化叶复绿过程中的作用,以‘砀山酥梨’(Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.)黄化植株与正常植株为试材,对生长期黄化植株叶面喷施0.2%FeSO_4溶液,于处理后第3、6、9、12天分别观察黄化叶复绿情况,取样测定黄化叶片复绿过程中各时期叶片与对照组(正常、黄化)叶片的Fe~(2+)含量、内源IAA含量、IAA相关信号转导基因相对表达量,并分析Fe~(2+)、IAA含量及相关基因表达量之间相关性。结果表明:(1)FeSO_4溶液处理可使梨黄化叶片复绿,且黄化叶面在处理后第3天开始出现复绿斑点,在处理后第6、9天时出现大范围的复绿斑块,第12天整叶复绿。(2)ELISA测定结果显示,对照组正常叶的内源IAA含量显著高于对照组黄化叶,FeSO_4处理后各个时期的复绿叶内IAA含量均显著高于对照组(正常叶和黄化叶)。(3)qRT-PCR结果显示,对照组黄化叶内AUX1.1/1.3、GH3.1/3.2/3.5、SAUR1/2/3/4、AUX/IAA1/2/3/7表达量均显著高于对照组正常叶,FeSO_4处理后其表达量大多较黄化叶显著减少;而对照组黄化叶内TIR1.1、GH3.3/3.4、AUX/IAA4/5/6表达量均显著低于对照组正常叶,FeSO_4处理后其各时期表达量均较黄化叶显著增加。(4)对照组黄化叶内ARF3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/15/17/18/19/20/21/22/23表达量均显著低于正常叶,FeSO_4处理显著促进了ARF3/5/6/9/19/20/21/22/23的表达;而对照组黄化叶内ARF1/2/11/12/13/14表达量显著高于正常叶,FeSO_4处理则显著抑制了ARF1/2的表达。(5)相关性分析结果表明,FeSO_4处理后复绿叶内显著增加的Fe~(2+)含量主要与AUX/IAA5、AUX/IAA6表达量显著上调相关;而IAA含量的显著增加则与GH3.3表达量显著上调、与SAUR1/2表达量显著下调相关。两者之间相关网络图错综复杂,其简要途径为:Fe~(2+)→AUX/IAA5、AUX/IAA6→(ARF14)→ARF5→SAUR1、AUX/IAA1→SAUR2/TIR1.1/GH3.3→IAA。研究认为,IAA及其信号转导基因在FeSO_4所诱导的‘砀山酥梨’缺铁黄化叶复绿过程中可能发挥重要作用。     

绿藻保色液的配制和使用方法

一、无鞭毛绿藻保色液的配制和使用方法1、保色液的配制取醋酸汞(HgACO)10克、中性醋酸铅(Pb(ACO)_2)10克,溶于1000毫升90%酒精(C_2H_2OH)中,混匀后静置24小时,取澄清液即得绿藻保色液。2、使用方法无鞭毛藻类如礁膜、刺松藻等,它们的植物体较大,处理较简单。只要把植物体冲洗干净,去掉杂藻,而固着物体大小适中,即可移入保色液中,一星期以后换液一次,然后蜡     

硫酸铜对大蒜根尖细胞产生致畸效应

为了研究硫酸铜对大蒜(Allium sativum L.)根尖细胞的毒理学效应,本实验采用不同浓度的硫酸铜溶液,处理大蒜根尖20 h。通过有丝分裂染色体制片技术,观察大蒜根尖细胞有丝分裂情况。实验表明:大蒜根尖细胞有丝分裂指数受不同浓度的硫酸铜溶液影响,低浓度时分裂指数升高,高浓度时分裂指数降低。在一定浓度范围内,微核率随硫酸铜浓度的增加而升高,但高于一定浓度后,反而下降。此外,硫酸铜也诱导了染色体产生畸变。染色体畸变率随硫酸铜浓度的升高而增加,其畸变率均高于对照组。     

椭圆背角无齿蚌胃的组织学及铜对其结构的影响

硫酸铜常用于水产养殖的疾病防治,但当水体中的铜离子浓度超过一定范围时便对软体动物产生一定的毒害作用.研究选取椭圆背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana elliptica)作为研究对象,采用苏木精-伊红染色方法进行组织石蜡切片制作,从组织学角度研究了浓度为0.01 mg·L^-mg·L^-1、0.1 mg·L^-1、1 mg·L^-1和10 mg·L^-1的硫酸铜作用不同时间后椭圆背角无齿蚌的胃结构的变化.结果表明,0.01 mg·L^-1硫酸铜处理7d和14d后,仅胃绒毛变短,随着硫酸铜浓度的增大和处理时间的延长,胃绒毛逐渐变短,肌层变薄,腺细胞数量减少直至空化;低于10mg·L^-1的硫酸铜中毒7d和14d后,胃晶杆头直径和胃楯长度出现增大的现象.     

叶绿酸铁对亚适温条件下黄瓜幼苗渗透调节物质及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以黄瓜品种“津研四号”为试材,利用光照培养箱进行亚适温处理(昼/夜18/12 ℃),研究亚适温条件下喷施5 mg·L^-1叶绿酸铁溶液对黄瓜幼苗生长、脯氨酸、可溶性糖、丙二醛含量及抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明: 亚适温条件下叶面喷施叶绿酸铁可以缓解亚适温对黄瓜生长的抑制,增加叶片中脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量,减少丙二醛含量,提高超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性.喷施叶绿酸铁在一定程度上可通过促进渗透调节物质的积累和提高抗氧化酶活性,来降低膜脂质过氧化水平,从而增强黄瓜幼苗对亚适温的适应性.     

粉红色系花卉的柠檬酸发色方法初探

以 3种不同浓度柠檬酸对 5种粉红色花进行发色处理 ,观察了柠檬酸对各组粉红色花发色的效应 ,结果为 :(1)花瓣组织结构在相同发色条件下效果不同 ;(2 )花材体内花青素组成结构的差异是影响发色的重要因素 ;(3)发色效果与柠檬酸浓度以及处理时间成正相关 ;(4 )新鲜花瓣比干燥后的花瓣处理效果好     

绿竹秆材重量表的研制

通过对绿竹生态最适宜区福安市的绿竹胸径、竹高和秆、枝、叶鲜重和含水率的调查,并采用多个模型回归出绿竹秆材重量和胸径、竹高的一元和二元模型,结果表明,绿竹秆、枝、叶的含水率分别为52.65%、67.35%、48.47%.由一元和二元重量模型导出绿竹秆材重量表精确可靠,可在绿竹生产、销售及绿竹林资产评估中使用.     

高CO2浓度、干旱及其互作对不同持绿型小麦幼苗的影响

以小麦持绿型品种‘烟农19'和非持绿型品种‘旱选3号'为试材,在开放式气室(OTC)内设置正常CO₂浓度(370 μmol·mol^-1)和高CO₂浓度(550 μmol·mol^-1),干旱(田间持水量的45%～55%)和灌溉(田间持水量的75%～85%),共4个环境处理,采用盆栽法研究高CO₂浓度、干旱及其互作对不同持绿型小麦幼苗生长性状、生物量积累和生理性状的影响。结果表明: 干旱显著抑制了小麦幼苗的生长发育;高CO₂浓度对小麦幼苗的生长发育有明显的促进作用,对分蘖数的影响更显著,干旱条件下高CO₂浓度使旱选3号和烟农19的分蘖数分别增加了61.0%和42.3%。两种水分条件下,高CO₂浓度显著增加了小麦幼苗的生物量,降低了幼苗叶片过氧化物酶和脯氨酸的含量。干旱条件下,高CO₂浓度表现出更好的“肥效作用”。此外,不同持绿型小麦品种对高CO₂浓度的响应存在差异,旱选3号对CO₂的响应更敏感。因此,在未来气候变化背景下,CO₂浓度升高时可以适当减少田间灌水量,合理利用水资源,还需注意选择适宜的品种。     

豆腐柴果胶的纯化及其理化性质研究

豆腐柴为一种民间用作制作传统观音豆腐的小型灌木。通过对所采集的鲜豆腐柴叶经pH值3．5的稀酸性溶液保温,70℃杀菌15min,使叶中果胶酶等酶失活后,于60℃烘干至恒重;干叶用料液比为1：20的盐酸进行酸解,滤液用2．5倍体积的食用酒精进行沉淀、纯化果胶。结果显示每千克干叶可得到纯化果胶0．27kg,果胶得率为27％,酯化度为53％,符合国家对果胶规定的标准,表明该提取方法可行。     

Some Observations on the Bleaching Effect of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid on Green Barley Leaves

Green barley leaves (Hordeum vulgaris) floated on the surface of 0.05 m ethylenediamine disodium tetraacetate, EDTA-2Na, pH 7.0 and exposed to light (5000 lux) at 25 degrees exhibited a marked bleaching (EDTA-bleaching) visible to the naked eye and paralleled by a striking reduction in content of chlorophylls a and b. This loss of color did not occur in controls which were treated with H(2)O instead of EDTA (water controls). In darkness the leaves in the water controls were bleached while EDTA-treated leaves retained all their color.EDTA bleaching was observed only in intact leaves. When leaves were boiled EDTA protected their pigment against photodecomposition. Without EDTA boiled leaves were bleached completely in light.When intact green leaves which had been floated on water and exposed to light for 48 hr were treated with boiling ethanol or acetone, the chlorophylls extracted by this procedure did not undergo bleaching if EDTA were present in solution. Under these conditions a green fine grain precipitate formed which was insoluble in ethanol or acetone and was stable in light or darkness.EDTA bleaching of green barley leaves was inhibited by KCN, and by the addition of casein hydrolysate.     

STUDIES UPON THE COPPER FUNGICIDES

Evidence is presented for the presence, on apple and dwarf bean leaves, of substances which can dissolve copper from dried Bordeaux deposit. The solution of copper is not associated with the bacterial breakdown of these substances. Copper was dissolved by the action of apparently uninjured as well as injured leaves and it is concluded that copper-dissolving substances are liberated from intact leaf surfaces. The capacity of leaves to dissolve copper from dried Bordeaux deposit was not lost by repeated washing of the leaf. This further evidence of the sustained activity of the host plant in bringing copper into solution emphasizes the importance of host action in relation to the fungicidal and phytotoxic action of Bordeaux mixture under field conditions.     

Assessment of Atmospheric ozone levels in Israel through foliar injury to Bel-W3 tobacco plants

Summary Nicotiana tabacum L. Bel-W3, which is highly sensitive to ozone, was grown in two glass chambers and exposed to the ambient air at the periphery of Tel-Aviv, during winter, spring, summer and autumn 1978. During the exposure time, atmospheric ozone was continuously measured by a chemiluminescent monitor. Throughout the experiments, plants' height was measured and the number of leaves was determined three times weekly. The extent of injury to the tobacco plants was measured by the percentage of injured plants, the percentage of injured leaves and the percentage of leaves' area injured. Necrotic lesions, typical for ozone injury, appeared on the mature leaves of the exposed tobacco plants in three out of four exposures. Appearance of incipient injury and the extent of injury differed among the experiments and depended not only on exposure duration and on ozone concentrations, but also on the exposure conditions. The percentage of injured leaves and the percentage of leaves' area injured, increased with the duration of exposure and with rising cumulative ozone concentrations.This work was partially supported by the Chief Scientist's Office—Israeli Ministry of Health—Contract No. 550     

Use of Bel-W3 Tobacco as indicator plant for atmospheric ozone during different seasons in the coastal zone of Israel

Bel-W3 Tobacco, which is highly sensitive to ozone, was grown in two glass chambers and exposed to the ambient air at the periphery of Tel-Aviv, during winter, spring, summer and autumn 1978. During the exposure time, atmospheric ozone was continuously measured by a chemiluminescent monitor. Throughout the experiments, plants' height was measured and the number of leaves was determined three times weekly. The extent of injury to the tobacco plants was measured by the percentage of injured plants, the percentage of injured leaves and the percentage of leaves' area injured. Necrotic lesions, typical for ozone injury, appeared on the mature leaves of the exposed tobacco plants in three out of four exposures. Appearance of incipient injury differed among the experiments and depended not only on exposure duration and on ozone concentrations, but also on the exposure conditions (like light intensity, temperature and humidity), which considerably influenced the appearance of the injury. The percentage of injured leaves and the percentage of leaves' area injured, increased with the duration of exposure and with rising cumulative ozone concentrations.Presented at the Eighth International Congress of Biometeorology 9–14 September 1979, Shefayim, Israel.     

Cu^2＋对大蒜生长的影响及大蒜根，叶及蒜瓣对Cu^2＋的累积

研究不同浓度（10^-6-10^-4mol/L)硫酸铜（CuSO4,5H2O)溶液对大蒜（Allium satiuwn L.)根,叶和蒜瓣生影响及其这些器官对Cu^2 的积累能力,研究结果指出：在106-5-10^-4mol/L,Cu的处理下,Cu严重影响大蒜根和叶生长,大蒜具有较强吸收和积累Cu^2 的能力,随着Cu^2 处理浓度的增加,大蒜根中的Cu^2 含量递增,大蒜经10^-4mol/L,Cu处理,根部积累了大量的Cu,其含量是对照的52倍,在10^-5和10^-6mol/L Cu处理中,根中Cu的含量分别是对照的13倍和1．4倍,Cu主要积累在极中（10^-5-10^-4mol/L Cu处理）,只有少量的转移到叶子和蒜瓣中。     

Hg2+污染对莼菜冬芽幼叶细胞超微结构伤害的研究

报道了Ｈｇ＾２＋污染对莼菜冬芽幼叶毒害引起的叶片受害症状和叶肉细胞的超微结构变化。冬芽在Ｈｇ＾２＋浓度５ｍｇ／Ｌ处理１５ｄ时,叶片开始褪绿,腺毛收缩扭曲,粘液减少,细胞中高尔基体消失,核糖体减少,线粒体出现解体。在相同处理时间中,随着Ｈｇ＾２＋浓度增加,细胞出现质膜收缩,胞间连丝断裂,核仁裂解成多个小核仁,叶绿体膨胀,类囊体解体。在Ｈｇ＾２＋浓度１５ｍｇ／Ｌ时,细胞核解体,细胞死亡。经观察,Ｈｇ＾     

Accumulation of copper by roots,hypocotyls, cotyledons and leaves of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

The effects of different concentrations of copper sulfate on the growth of and the accumulation of Cu2+ by root, hypocotyl, cotyledon and leaf growth of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) were examined in this study. The concentrations of copper sulfate (CuSO4 x 5H2O) used were in the range from 10(-5) to 10(-3) M. Seedlings exposed to 10(-5) M Cu2+ solution exhibited a 33% increase in growth (P < 0.005) when compared with the root length of the control. The seedlings treated with 10(-3) M Cu2+ were significantly inhibited in shoot growth (P < 0.005). The Cu2+ content in roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons and leaves increased with increasing solution Cu2+ concentration. The roots of plants exposed to 10(-3) M Cu2+ accumulated a large amount of Cu (1070 microgram/g DW), and the Cu2+ level was approximately 25 fold higher than that of control. The Cu2+ contents in sunflower roots treated with 10(-4) and 10(-5) M Cu2+ were about 3.3 and 2.6 fold higher than the control, respectively. Also, the Cu2- level of the roots exposed to 10(-3) M Cu2+ was approximately 7.7 and 9.8 fold respectively, in comparison with the roots of plants grown in 10(-4) and 10(-5) M Cu2+. At 10(-3) M Cu2+, the Cu accumulated mainly in the roots (about 73%), and small amounts of Cu2+ (27%) were translocated to the hypocotyls, cotyledons and leaves. The Cu2+ concentration in the roots was less than that of the above parts of seedlings in treated groups with 10(-5) - 10(-4) M Cu2+. H. annuus has potential ability to accumulate Cu without being overly sensitive to Cu toxicity.     

Biosorption of Copper(II) by Live and Dried Biomass of the White Rot Fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Funalia trogii

Biosorption is an innovative and alternative technology to remove heavy metal pollutants from aqueous solution using live, inactive and dead biomasses such as algae, bacteria and fungi. In this study, live and dried biomass of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Funalia trogii was applied as heavy metal adsorbent material. Biosorption of copper(II) cations in aqueous solution by live and dried biomass of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Funalia trogii was investigated to study the effects of initial heavy metal concentration, pH, temperature, contact time, agitation rate and amount of fungus. Copper(II) was taken up quickly by fungal biomass (live or dried) during the first 15 min and the most important factor which affected the copper adsorption by live and dried biomass was the pH value. An initial pH of around 5.0 allowed for an optimum adsorption performance. Live biomass of two white rot fungi showed a high copper adsorption capacity compared with dried biomass. Copper(II) uptake was found to be independent of temperature in the range of 20–45 °C. The initial metal ion concentration (10–300 mg/L) significantly influenced the biosorption capacity of these fungi. The results indicate that a biosorption as high as 40–60 % by live and dried biomass can be obtained under optimum conditions.     

几种常用药物对锦鲤的急性中毒试验

本试验用甲醛、硫酸铜、孔雀石绿与高锰酸钾四种药物对锦鲤进行了急性试验,结果表明：甲醛24TLm32.89mg/L,48TLm32.58mg/L,安全浓度为9．59mg/L,硫酸酮24TL0.35mg/L,48TL0.30mg/L,安全浓度为0．066mg/L;孔雀石绿24TLm0.13mg/L,48TLm0.10mg/L,安全浓度为0．018mg／L ;高锰酸钾24TLm3.55mg/L,48TLm2.75mg/L安全浓度为0．50mg/L。根据实验结果,建议孔雀石绿、硫酸铜不宜作为锦鲤苗药物使用,高锰酸钾、甲醛可作为苗种药物使用。