四川都江堰东方草鸮的繁殖记录

<正>东方草鸮(Tyto longimembris)隶属于鸮形目草鸮科,共有6个亚种的分化,我国分布的2个亚种为T.l.chinensis和T.l.pithecops。东方草鸮在我国主要分布于西南和华南(chinensis)以及台湾(pithecops),国外分布于印度次大陆、东南亚、菲律宾、新几内亚岛和澳大利亚(del Hoyo et al.1999,郑光美2011)。在《中国鸟类分类与分布名录》(第二版)中,东方草鸮的分布区并不包括四川省。实际上,早在2000年时就曾有报道称在四川省南充市高坪区发现草鸮的分布(胡锦矗2000),一直未能引起关注。有关东方草鸮繁殖生物学的资料,大多来自国外的     

中国鸮形目鸟类分类现状

鸮形目Strigiformes鸟类是一类适应夜行性生活的猛禽,主要于夜间活动,体色暗而斑驳,难于直接观察。我国关于鸮类分类的研究报道并不多见,长期沿用的一些种属名和目前国际上通用的相比已显陈旧。通过参阅相关文献,对我国现生鸮形目鸟类的分类系统进行了整理,计有2科12属33种。并指出需要迫切关注的物种和研究内容,其中毛脚渔鸮Bubo blakistoni为濒危种,四川林鸮Strixdavidi为易危种且是我国特有种,这两种鸮类国内相关报道罕见,亟待开展进一步研究工作以加强对这两个物种的保护管理。鬼鸮甘肃亚种Aegolius funereus beickianus的分类地位仍存在争议。鸮类的声学研究在我国几乎一片空白,鸮类的繁殖生物学研究也需要引起我国鸟类学工作者的足够重视。     

山东日照发现草鸮

长江以北鸟类新纪录——草鸮(Tytu captnsis)1984年11月在山东日照市陈疃乡发现。草鸮,又名猴面鹰,属鸮形目、草鸮科、草鸮属,是一种罕见的夜行性猛禽。资料记载,它分布于非洲、印度、菲律宾、澳大利亚、日本以及我国长江以南的福建、安徽、广东、湖南、云南、浙江和台湾等地。这次在日照发现的六只草鸮,是正在育雏的一窝鸟。除两只亲鸟飞走外,其余     

广东鸟类鴞形类吸虫的研究 Ⅳ.鴞形科正鴞属五新种吸虫的描述

正鸮属(Strigea Abildgaard,1790)在吸虫分类学上隶属于鸮形科(Strigeidae Railliet,1919)鸮形亚科(Strigeinae Railliet,1919)的鸮形族(Strigeini Dubois,1936)。在本族中已有6个属,包括了在我国发现的侧鸮属(Laterostrigea Yang,1962)。就中以正鸮属发现较早,发现的虫种也较多。据Yamaguti(1958)整理,正鸮属列有32种(包括亚种在内);另加Bisseru(1956)报告的四个新种:S.neotides,S.lilensis,S.cuncumae,S.rhodesiensis;Bezubik(1958)报告的S.raabei新种;又在Skrjabin(1960)专著中,增添了二种:S.gracilicollis Dubois et Fain,1956和S.plogadis Dubinin,1938;此外,在我国也发现过一个新种S.egretta Yang,1962,合计起来,约有39种。本文报告在我国广州鸟体内检出的五新种正鸮属吸虫,拟定的学名如下:     

庙岛群岛首次发现草鸮

庙岛群岛,现称长山列岛。位于山东半岛与辽东半岛之间的渤海海峡。1986年5月7日,我们在列岛的北端隍城岛(东经120°54′44″,北纬38°23′30″),捕获一只雄性草鸮(Tyto capensis)成鸟。其量度为:体重355克,体长317毫米,翅长328毫米,尾长122毫米,嘴峰28毫米,跗蹠75毫米。据文献报道,草鸮在国内仅分布于广东、广西、福建、浙江、安徽、湖南、贵州和台湾等省区。此次在长山列岛的发现为山东鸟类新纪录,也是迄今所知该鸟在国内分布的最北限。鉴于草鸮比较罕见,我们将它笼养,进行了一些观察,现简介如下:一、初捕的草鸮,惊恐乱飞、拒食,需人工喂…     

鸮鹦鹉,大哥大

正作为一只身小体弱的侏鹦鹉,我想在江湖上混得有模有样几乎不可能。于是,我在某高人的指点下,拜了一位大哥,以为从此"鹉生"将一片光明……"鸮老大"大哥是来自新西兰的鸮鹦鹉,小弟我选择跟它混,主要是因为"鸮老大"身材魁梧,是鹦鹉界最大最重的成员,并且帅得一塌糊涂。同样是鹦鹉,我身长只有10厘米,老大却长到60厘米以上;我才几十克重,老大竟重达4千克。再仔细打量"鸮老大",我发现它的腿和爪子也是异常强壮,看起来倍儿有安全感;它的羽毛也十分漂亮,时尚的苔藓绿,不俗气     

鸮形目8种鸟类线粒体DNA多态性研究

采用14种限制性内切酶,对鸮形目8种鸟类(Tyto alba、T.capensis、Otus bakkamoena、O.scops、Asio otus、A.flammeus、Strix aluco、Glaucidium cuculoides)线粒体DNA进行限制性片段长度多态分析, 结果表明:不同种间存在基因组长度多态性,短耳鸮为23.35 kb,长耳鸮为19.78 kb,斑头鸺鹠为18.62 kb,红角鸮为17.65 kb.鸮形目种间具有较高的遗传变异,其中仓鸮和草鸮的平均遗传距离为1.0%,长耳鸮和短耳鸮平均为10.8%,红角鸮和领角鸮平均为13.1%,灰林鸮和斑头鸺鹠为12.3%,其中红角鸮与斑头鸺鹠的平均遗传距离最大为17.5%.鸮形目鸟类线粒体DNA的进化速率为每百万年变化2.0%～2.2%,提示鸮形目两个科间在距今2 800～3 000万年前分歧开来,同时,鸱鸮科各种间的分歧时间在距今2 000～2 500万年前,即处于中新世中期.     

鸮形目4种鸟类线粒体调控区全序列的测定与比较研究

利用Long-PCR和Primer Walking的方法对鸮形目的短耳鸮、长耳鸮、纵纹腹小鸮、灰林鸮4种鸟类的线粒体调控区进行了全序列测定。结果表明：短耳鸮的调控区跃度为3290bp;长耳鸮为2848bp;纵纹腹小鸮为2444bp;灰林鸮为1771bp。短耳鸮的调控区长度是4种鸮中最大的,并且是目前已知最大的鸟类线粒体调控区。这4种鸮类调控区的基本结构和其他鸟类相似,按照碱基变化速率的不同可以分为3个区：碱基变化速率较快的外围区域Ⅰ、Ⅲ和保守的中间区域Ⅱ。这4种鸟类调控区的3’端均存在大量的串联重复序列,短耳鸮为126bp单元重复7次和78bp单元重复14次;长耳鸮为127bp单元重复8次和78bp单几重复6次;纵纹腹小鸮有3个重复单元,分别为89bp单元重复3次、77bp单元重复4次和71bp单元重复6次;灰林鸮仅有1个单元的串联重复为78bp重复5次。调控区中串联重复序列可能是由链的滑动错配产生,另外这些重复序列都能形成热力学稳定的多重茎环二级结构,而且在重复序列中还发现一些保守基序,这说明重复序列可能具有一定的生理功能,影响调控区的调重控功能从而影响线粒体基因组的复制和转录。     

中华白海豚

<正>中华白海豚是我国一级重点保护野生动物,它们并非中国独有,从中国东部到澳大利亚再到南非的近海水域都有它们的身影,而且种群数量巨大。在中国,虽然在辽宁庄河、江苏如皋、上海横沙岛、浙江乐清和福建宁德都发现过中华白海豚的尸体,但目前能得到确认的种群只有5个,且都位于我国长江口以南的如下地区:福建厦门及台湾金门(不足100头)、台湾西部沿海(100~200头)、珠江口(约2500头)、雷州半岛东部(超过1000头)、北部湾(数量未知)。可见,雷州半岛东部的中华白海豚数量仅次于珠江口。相对中国其他水域的种群,雷州半岛东部的中华白海豚生存状况最好,值得珍惜并大力保护。     

6种猛禽消化系统的比较研究

对6种猛禽(普通鵟Buteo buteo、毛脚鵟B.lagopus、红隼Falco tinnunculus、长耳鸮Asio otus、短耳鸮A.flammeus和鸮Bubo bubo)的消化系统形态结构进行了解剖测量和比较,以了解鸟类消化系统形态结构与食性的关系.结果显示,长耳鸮的消化管最长,是体长的2.08倍;鸮的消...     

北京门头沟灰林鸮繁殖记录

<正>灰林鸮(Strix aluco)是广泛分布于欧亚大陆及非洲西北部温暖森林地带的鸮形目(Strigiformes)鸱鸮科(Strigidae)猛禽(del Hoyo et al.1999)。2008年出版的鸮形目鸟类专著Owls of the World将分布于南亚、东亚、东南亚的原属Strix aluco的种群划分出来作为一个独立的种Strix nivicola(K?nig et al.2008),其英文名为     

Habitat displacement effect between two competing owl species in fragmented forests

Many owl species use the same nesting and food resources, which causes strong interspecific competition and spatio-temporal niche separation. We made use of a recent colonisation of Ural Owls (Strix uralensis) in southern Poland to compare habitat preferences of Tawny Owls (Strix aluco) allopatry and sympatry with Ural Owls. We investigated spatial niche segregation of Ural Owl and the Tawny Owl in sympatry and compared habitat preferences of Tawny Owls breeding in allopatry and sympatry. Tawny Owls breeding in sympatry with Ural Owls occupied forests with higher canopy compactness, sites located closer to forest border and to built-up areas, as well as stands with a higher share of fir and spruce and a lower share of beech as compared to sites occupied by Ural Owls. Allopatric Tawny Owls occupied sites with lower canopy compactness and bred at sites located further from forest borders and in stands with lower share of fir and spruce and a higher share of deciduous as compared to sympatric Tawny Owls. As Ural owls are dominant in relation to Tawny Owls, this indicates that the presence of Ural Owls prevents Tawny Owls from occupying deciduous-dominated and old stands located in forest interior areas, far from buildings and forest edges. The results support habitat displacement between the two species when breeding in sympatry. We also show that protection of large forest patches is crucial for the Ural Owl, a species still rare in central Europe, while small patches are occupied by the abundant Tawny Owl.     

Tawny Owl Strix aluco as an indicator of Barn Owl Tyto alba breeding biology and the effect of winter severity on Barn Owl reproduction

In the temperate zone, food availability and winter weather place serious constraints on European Barn Owl Tyto alba populations. Using data collected over 22 years in a Swiss population, we analysed the influence of early pre‐breeding food conditions and winter severity on between‐year variations in population size and reproductive performance. To estimate pre‐breeding food conditions, we attempted a novel approach based on an index that combines Tawny Owl Strix aluco reproductive parameters and the occurrence of wood mice Apodemus sp. in their diet. Tawny Owls breed earlier in the season than Barn Owls and are strongly dependent on the abundance of wood mice for breeding. This index was strongly positively associated with the number of breeding pairs and early breeding in the Barn Owl. Winter severity, measured by snow cover and low temperatures, had a pronounced negative influence on the size of the breeding population and clutch size. Food conditions early in the breeding season and winter severity differentially affect the Barn Owl life cycle. We were able to use aspects of the ecology and demography of the Tawny Owl as an indicator of the quality of the environment for a related species of similar ecology, in this case the Barn Owl.     

吉林向海自然保护区占用喜鹊巢繁殖的鸟类巢记述

部分鸟类在繁殖过程中,为避免被捕食、减少繁殖投入等而选择占用其他鸟类的巢。2014~2016年每年的4~8月,在吉林向海国家级自然保护区记录到4种占用喜鹊巢进行繁殖的鸟类,其中绿头鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)8巢,纵纹腹小鸮(Athene noctua)4巢,长耳鸮(Aiso otus)5巢,麻雀(Passer montanus)6巢。大部分(82.6%)为利用喜鹊的废弃旧巢,而绿头鸭(1巢)、长耳鸮(2巢)和纵纹腹小鸮(1巢)少数侵占喜鹊当年新建的巢。     

Altitudinal segregation between Ural Owl Strix uralensis and Tawny Owl S. aluco: evidence for competitive exclusion in raptorial birds

Capsule The Owls were significantly segregated in space with the most important factor being altitude.

Aims To establish if the segregation between Ural and Tawny Owl on the level of habitat selection is due to different habitat requirements of the species or a consequence of competitive exclusion.

Methods Seven variables were recorded for habitat of Ural Owls, Tawny Owls that live in sympatry with Ural Owls and Tawny Owls that live in allopatry with Ural Owls. Data were gathered in five mountain areas covered with similar continuous montane forest inside and outside known Ural Owl distribution in Slovenia. Owl territories were surveyed in 2001 using playback method. Evidence for segregation was searched for using discriminant function analysis.

Results The altitudinal distribution of Tawny Owls sympatric to Ural Owls was restricted to low elevations with Ural Owls at high elevations. Where Ural Owls were absent, Tawny Owls widened the altitudinal part of their ecological niche to the mountaintop.

Conclusion Segregation between Tawny and Ural Owls is due to competitive exclusion, with the less competitive Tawny Owl being out-competed by the superior Ural Owl. The forests at foothills are influenced by human presence and therefore avoided by Ural Owls. In areas where both species live in sympatry, these areas act as refugia for Tawny Owls.     

Nest position,breeding success and diet of the Black-crowned Night Heron,Nycticorax nycticorax in the Anzali Wetland,Northern Iran (Aves: Ardeidae)

Breeding ecology of the Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) was studied in a mono-specific colony in the Anzali wetland, Northern Iran during the breeding season of 2016. The breeding period lasted from mid-May to late July. The average clutch size was 3.1±0.6 eggs and the breeding success 77.6%. No significant differences were found between nests built on trunks and those built on branches of trees. The clutch size and breeding success appeared to be independent of the structural variables of the nesting site (diameter of trees, height from the ground, height of nests from the canopy, nest number per tree, location of nests on trunks and branches). No significant difference was found between the timing of the start of incubation and the height of nests above the ground. The average vertical and horizontal distances between nests was one metre. Fish, particularly Carassius gibelio, dominated the diet of the nestlings.     

The importance of body reserves for successful reproduction in the Tawny owl (Strix aluco)

One-quarter of Tawny owl nests fail to hatch young, mainly because the eggs are chilled and/or deserted. In 1973–74 automatic photography was employed at four nests near Oxford to relate the incubation behaviour of females to the ration of prey supplied to them by their mates. The eggs did not hatch in two nests and young fledged from only one of the others. Females were less attentive at the nests which failed during incubation and on average received less prey, but even at successful nests there were some nights when the female was supplied with less than her estimated daily food requirement. Female Tawny owls accumulate large reserves of fat and protein before laying. These buffer against any temporary inability of the male to provide sufficient food during incubation, and enable the female to stay on the nest rather than hunt for herself and risk the eggs becoming chilled. When prey are scarce, many females do not lay at all, and the ultimate factor determining whether breeding takes place may be the female's ability to acquire body reserves sufficient to provide a chance of breeding successfully.     

Environmental correlates of annual survival differ between two ecologically similar and congeneric owls

Understanding how survival is affected by the environment is essential to gain insight into population dynamics and the evolution of life‐history traits as well as to identify environmental selection pressures. However, we still have little understanding of the relative effect of different environmental factors and their interactions on demographic traits and population dynamics. Here we used two long‐term, individual‐based datasets on Tawny Owl Strix aluco (1981–2010) and Ural Owl S. uralensis (1986–2010) to undertake capture‐mark‐recapture analysis of annual survival of adult females in response to three biologically meaningful environmental variables and their two‐way interactions. Despite the similar ecology of these two species, their survival was associated with different and uncorrelated environmental drivers. The main correlate of Tawny Owl survival was an inverse association with snow depth (winter severity). For Ural Owl, high food (vole) abundance improved survival during years with deep snow, but was less important during years with little snow. In addition, Ural Owl survival was strongly density‐dependent, whereas Tawny Owl survival was not. Our findings advise caution in extrapolating demographic inferences from one species to another, even when they are very closely related and ecologically similar. Analyses including only one or few potential environmental drivers of a species' survival may lead to incomplete conclusions because survival may be affected by several factors and their interactions.     

PREY TAKEN BY TAWNY OWLS DURING THE BREEDING SEASON

The diet of Tawny Owls during the breeding seasons 1949-52 in Wytham Woods, near Oxford, was determined (a) from analysis of pellets collected, (b) from observation at night, by the use of a red floodlight, of prey brought to the nest and (c) from records of prey left in the nest made during daily visits to weigh the young.
Analysis of pellets showed an increase in the proportion of moles and beetles (mainly cockchafen) in the diet after the first week of May (the time when, on average, the young owls are about half grown) and a decrease in the proportion of mice and voles.
These changes were confirmed in a more emphatic way from observations of food being brought to the nest and from records of prey left in the nest.
This greater emphasis suggests that tho food brought to the young may differ from that which the adults eat themselves.
The fact that no moles were observed being brought to nests at night, wherean many were recorded as surplus prey in the nest, showed that diurnal hunting is regular during the breeding reaaon.
A true assessment of prey taken by Tawny Owls during the breeding season should be based both on analyeis of pellets cast by the adults and on records of food brought to the nest throughout 24 hours. Such records could best be obtained with an automatic camera and flash and a design of nest-box which is described.     

Noise pollution and decreased size of wooded areas reduces the probability of occurrence of Tawny Owl Strix aluco

At present, urban areas cover almost 3% of the Earth's land surface, and this proportion is constantly increasing along with human population growth. Although urbanization leads to biodiversity decline, at the same time it creates a novel and extensive environment that is exploited by whole assemblages of organisms. These include predators, which use the matrix of different habitat types within the urban environment for breeding and/or foraging. This study investigated how attributes of the urban landscape influence the distribution pattern of a nocturnal acoustic predator, the Tawny Owl Strix aluco. The probability of occurrence of this species was correlated with the presence of natural forests, and the increasing size of wooded habitat patches within the urban landscape; however, Tawny Owls were less likely to occur at sites with high noise levels at night. Our study suggests that the distribution pattern of acoustic predators is shaped by the availability of primary habitat but reduced by noise intensity (which may decrease hunting efficiency). The Tawny Owl is a top predator in the urban environment and its presence/absence may therefore affect populations of other species; this provides clear evidence of the indirect effect of noise pollution on animal populations inhabiting urban environments.