棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂的寄生对棉铃虫体内主要代谢物质的影响

寄生蜂是调节寄主害虫种群数量的一个重要因子.棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂Campoletis chorideae Uchida是棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera Hübner和烟青虫Helicoverpa assulta Guenée的主要寄生性天敌,对两种害虫的田间自然控制起着非常重要的作用.本文选取棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂-棉铃虫系统为研究对象,从齿唇姬蜂的寄生对棉铃虫体内主要代谢物质的影响等方面进行了研究.试验结果显示,棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂的寄生使棉铃虫幼虫组织中糖原含量发生了明显的变化,与未被寄生的同龄棉铃虫幼虫相比,被寄生幼虫组织中的糖原含量下降了近一倍,被寄生的棉铃虫幼虫血淋巴和虫体组织中蛋白质、脂肪的含量均显著下降.     

邯郸地区棉铃虫寄生蜂考察

<正> 1972年起,我们对棉铃虫的寄生蜂进行了观测调查,所得结果分述如下。 邯郸地区共发现寄生蜂8种。卵期有拟澳洲赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂;幼虫期有棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂Campoletis chlorideae Uchida,拟瘦姬蜂Netelia sp.,细颚姬蜂Enicospilus sp,夜蛾瘦姬蜂Ophion luteus Linnaeus,侧沟茧蜂Microplitissp.,方室茧蜂Meteorus sp.。其中以赤眼蜂和齿唇姬蜂寄生率最高,其次为拟瘦姬蜂,其他四种比较少。     

Bt杀虫蛋白对不同品系棉铃虫和中红侧沟茧蜂生长发育的影响

以棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)室内敏感品系和田间品系为寄主,研究了亚致死浓度的Bt杀虫蛋白对中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator (Haliday)生长发育的影响。结果表明： 当寄主一直取食,或者在被寄生前12小时开始取食含Bt杀虫蛋白浓度为0,0.5,1.0, 2.0,4.0,8.0 μg/g的饲料时,与对照相比,中红侧沟茧蜂的卵-幼虫历期延长,茧重和成虫体重降低,成虫寿命缩短,但对茧期没有明显影响。Bt杀虫蛋白能有效抑制两个棉铃虫品系幼虫的生长,显著降低棉铃虫蛹重;当Bt蛋白浓度为4.0 μg/g时,显著降低棉铃虫化蛹率。用转双基因抗虫棉SGK321（表达Cry1A+CpTI蛋白）饲喂两个棉铃虫品系初孵幼虫,室内品系的第2、3、4和5天校正死亡率分别为48.5%、87.8%、96.6%和 95.8%,显著高于田间品系（30.9%、59.6%、80.9%及86.1%）。本研究表明,不论是田间品系还是室内品系,棉铃虫取食含Bt杀虫蛋白的饲料后,对中红侧沟茧蜂的生长发育都具有显著的负面作用。     

三种内寄生蜂寄生对小菜蛾幼虫精子发生的影响

内寄生蜂寄生可能会引起寄主的寄生性去势。对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella与菜蛾啮小蜂Oomyzus sokolowskii Kurdumov (膜翅目： 姬小蜂科)、半闭弯尾姬蜂Diadegma semiclausum Hellén (膜翅目： 姬蜂科)、菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesia plutellae (Kurdj.) (膜翅目： 茧蜂科) 3个寄生体系,利用形态学方法和蛋白质技术,研究了寄生对小菜蛾幼虫精子发生的影响。结果表明：菜蛾啮小蜂寄生对寄主的精子发生过程没有影响。半闭弯尾姬蜂寄生造成寄主精母细胞的细胞核畸形,精细胞的染色质超浓缩并趋向核膜,但能形成少量的精子;半闭弯尾姬蜂寄生会导致寄主精巢总蛋白的含量显著下降。菜蛾盘绒茧蜂寄生对小菜蛾幼虫精子发生的抑制程度最强,被寄生寄主的精母细胞出现肿胀,核膜皱缩,胞质中的线粒体发生病变;精细胞的染色体也出现超浓缩并趋向核膜,大量的精子溶解,无正常的精子形成;其精巢总蛋白含量的下降程度比姬蜂寄生的更为明显,且导致分子量为63.4 kD的主蛋白缺失。     

棉田棉铃虫寄生峰对常规棉及转Bt棉品种的趋性反应

连续4年采用人工定期释放棉铃虫卵、幼虫和定期回收法,研究了不同棉花品种与棉铃虫卵期、幼虫期寄生蜂种群数量变化的关系．通过对卵、幼虫寄生率反正弦转换后进行方差分析表明,无论是在棉铃虫卵期还是在其幼虫期,转基因棉田中棉铃虫卵和幼虫的被寄生率始终显著低于其亲本对照棉．运用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定转基因棉及其亲本对照棉对棉铃虫幼虫寄生蜂——中红侧沟茧蜂的选择性行为反应,用成对数据进行方差分析,并进行了“T”测验．结果表明,转基因棉对棉铃虫寄生蜂有较强的忌避反应,且取食转基因棉的棉铃虫幼虫与被害转基因棉两者的共同组合与单独被害棉之间对寄生蜂的忌避效应基本一致．     

棉田棉铃虫寄生峰对常规棉及转Bt棉品种的趋性反应

连续4年采用人工定期释放棉铃虫卵、幼虫和定期回收法,研究了不同棉花品种与棉铃虫卵期、幼虫期寄生蜂种群数量变化的关系.通过对卵、幼虫寄生率反正弦转换后进行方差分析表明,无论是在棉铃虫卵期还是在其幼虫期,转基因棉田中棉铃虫卵和幼虫的被寄生率始终显著低于其亲本对照棉.运用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定转基因棉及其亲本对照棉对棉铃虫幼虫寄生蜂———中红侧沟茧蜂的选择性行为反应,用成对数据进行方差分析,并进行了“T”测验.结果表明,转基因棉对棉铃虫寄生蜂有较强的忌避反应,且取食转基因棉的棉铃虫幼虫与被害转基因棉两者的共同组合与单独被害棉之间对寄生蜂的忌避效应基本一致.     

棉酚对棉铃虫生长及其寄生物齿唇姬蜂发育的影响(英文)

以中国北方棉区的主要害虫棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera（Hbner）及其内寄生蜂棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂Campoletischlorideae（Uchida）为试虫,研究了棉花重要抗虫次生性物质棉酚对棉铃虫生长和齿唇姬蜂发育的影响。0．1％的棉酚对棉铃虫幼虫有生长刺激作用,0．5％的棉酚则对棉铃虫幼虫生长有抑制作用。齿唇姬蜂成虫在寄生时对寄主大小有较严格的选择性,92％的被寄生幼虫体重小于18mg。0．1％的棉酚使寄主适合寄生期缩短10．75％;0．5％棉酚使寄主适合寄生期延长28．15％。棉酚对齿唇姬蜂发育有负效应。0．1％棉酚对寄主的生长刺激作用,不能使蜂成虫体重显著增加,但可显著延长蜂卵和幼虫期,缩短蛹期;高浓度的生长抑制作用,导致蜂成虫体重显著减轻,蛹期缩短,蜂卵和幼虫期亦显著延长。据此,对棉花抗虫性与生物防治在害虫综合防治实践中应用的协调性进行了讨论。     

棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂的生物学特性

研究了湖南长沙地区棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂的生物学特性及田间消长规律,棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂在湖南长沙地区年发生约10代,以7个世代发生在棉田,田间出现3个寄生高峰,分别在5月上旬－6月下旬,8月中旬－9月上旬及9月中旬－10月中旬,寄生率平均在25,1－63,1％,从卵发育到成虫的平均历期变化范围在32℃下13天至11．6℃下75．5天,棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂能寄主棉铃虫,斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾,但偏爱寄主棉铃虫。该蜂能寄生棉铃虫1－3龄幼虫,很少寄生4－6龄幼虫,喜寄生2－3龄幼虫,每雌可寄生斜夜蛾2龄幼虫5－23头。本建立了发育速率及成蜂寿命与温度关系的回归模型,探讨了越冬问题,比较了长江流域和黄河流域铃虫齿唇姬蜂生物学特性的差异。     

闭弯尾姬蜂与菜蛾盘绒茧蜂寄生菜蛾幼虫时的种间竞争

在室内25℃下,以菜蛾3龄初幼虫作寄主,研究了菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesia plutellae和半闭弯尾姬蜂Diadegma semiclausum的种间竞争。当寄主供2种蜂同时产卵寄生时,2种蜂各自的寄生率与其单独寄生时无显著差异,合计寄生率比一种蜂单独存在时有所提高,但差异不显著。2种蜂均能产卵寄生已被另一种蜂寄生了的寄主幼虫。当寄主被2种蜂寄生的间隔时间很短（少于10 h）时,所育出的蜂绝大部分（80%以上）为绒茧蜂;当寄主先被绒茧蜂寄生,并饲养2天以上再供弯尾姬蜂寄生时,所育出的全为绒茧蜂;当寄主先被弯尾姬蜂寄生,并饲养2天以上再供绒茧蜂寄生时,寄主幼虫绝大部分不能存活,只有少部分能育出寄生蜂,且多为弯尾姬蜂。当2种蜂的幼虫存在于同一寄主体内时,2种蜂的发育均受到另一种蜂的抑制;绒茧蜂1龄幼虫具有物理攻击能力,能将弯尾姬蜂卵或幼虫致死。这些结果表明,菜蛾盘绒茧蜂与半闭弯尾姬蜂在同一寄主中发育时,前者具有明显的竞争优势。     

高效液相色谱法检测菜蛾绒茧蜂幼虫体内多杀菌素残留

应用高效液相色谱法检测施用于寄主幼虫的多杀菌素可否传递到在其体内发育的寄生蜂幼虫。以对多杀菌素高抗的小菜蛾Plutella xylostella幼虫作为菜蛾绒茧蜂Cotesia plutellae的寄主,待绒茧蜂发育到1龄幼虫时,将浓度为50 mg/L的多杀菌素点滴到寄主幼虫背板上,随后让寄主幼虫取食经50 mg/L多杀菌素处理过的甘蓝叶片,寄主幼虫和其体内的蜂幼虫再发育3天后,将寄主幼虫解剖取出蜂幼虫,用高效液相色谱法对经多杀菌素处理的小菜蛾幼虫体液以及绒茧蜂幼虫匀浆液进行检测,结果多杀菌素的2个活性成分spinosyn A和spinosyn D均被检测到,两者的多杀菌素残留浓度分别是2.79 mg/L和0.94 mg/L。这表明,通过寄主幼虫体壁接触和取食进入其体内的多杀菌素,可通过寄生蜂幼虫体壁浸透、蜂幼虫对寄主血淋巴的取食,或这两种途经一起进入蜂幼虫的体内,对蜂幼虫产生作用。     

Effects of transgenic Cry1A＋CpTI cotton and Cry1Ac toxin on the parasitoid, Campoketis chlorideae （Hymenoptera：Ichneumonidae）

Abstract The effect of transgenic double genes, Cry1A + CpTI cotton and Cry1Ac toxin on the parasitoid, Campoketis chlorideae Uchida of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), was investigated in the laboratory. Helicoverpa armigera larvae when in the first, second and third instar could not survive if fed on transgenic cotton leaves. Consequently, C. chlorideae larvae could not complete their development if parasitizing on such hosts. After H. armigera larvae were reared on transgenic or traditional cotton leaves for 12J48 hours, they were parasitized by C. chlorideae females. Parasitized larvae continued to feed on transgenic or traditional cotton for 12–48 h. The present results showed that the body weight of larvae of the parasitoids were significantly reduced when parasitized hosts fed on transgenic cotton leaves compared to those fed on traditional cotton. Duration of egg and larvae stage were significantly prolonged, pupal and adult weight of C. chloridae was decreased when the host larvae fed on transgenic cotton leaves longer than 48 h. The development duration of C. chlorideae pupae on the hosts fed on transgenic cotton leaves in each treatment was not significantly different from those of controls. The longevity of parasitoid females and males fed with a solution containing Cry1Ac toxin was not significantly different with that of the control.     

Superparasitism behavior and host discrimination of Campoletis chlorideae (Ichneumonidae: Hymenoptera) toward Mythimna separata (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)

The oriental army worm, Mythimna separata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), was adopted as a host to keep Campoletis chlorideae Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) populations in the laboratory, because it can be mass reared. However, wasp cocoon production in this system via single parasitism was not satisfactory. To improve the rearing efficiency of C. chlorideae on M. separata, we studied the effects of superparasitism on the offspring production of C. chlorideae, as well as the host discrimination ability of the adult wasps in the laboratory. The results showed that, compared with single parasitism, both double and quintuple parasitism significantly increased C. chlorideae cocoon production in M. separata without a significant effect on emergence, weight, or sex ratio of adult wasps at the P < 0.05 level. Host selection experiments suggested that C. chlorideae preferred to lay eggs on unparasitized hosts rather than freshly parasitized hosts but could distinguish neither the 24-h postparasitization hosts from the unparasitized hosts nor the freshly self-parasitized hosts from the conspecifically parasitized hosts. No-choice behavior tests indicated that C. chlorideae took significantly longer time to accept the freshly parasitized hosts containing more than two eggs compared with the unparasitized hosts. In the end, superparasitism behavior and its application in the mass rearing of this endoparasitoid are discussed.     

Interspecific competition between the ichneumonid Campoletis chlorideae and the braconid Microplitis mediator in their host Helicoverpa armigera

We investigated interspecific competition between Campoletis chlorideae Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Microplitis mediator (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in their host, the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory conditions. Cotton bollworm larvae were allowed to be parasitized by both wasp species simultaneously or sequentially at different time intervals. When host larvae were parasitized simultaneously by both parasitoids, the majority of the cocoons produced were of M. mediator. When host larvae were parasitized initially by M. mediator followed by C. chlorideae at 12 or 24 h, parasitoids emerging from the multiparasitized hosts were mainly M. mediator. In contrast, when host larvae were parasitized initially by C. chlorideae, followed by M. mediator 12 or 24 h later, parasitoids emerging from the multiparasitized hosts were mainly C. chlorideae. Dissections of host larvae at various time intervals after parasitization by the two parasitoids showed that first instars of M. mediator could physically attack the larvae of C. chlorideae, but not the eggs of C. chlorideae. When a host was parasitized by both wasp species sequentially, more host larvae died and the number of wasp offspring was significantly reduced compared to a host parasitized by only one wasp. Conversely, in simultaneous multiparasitism, the host mortality and wasp offspring production were not significantly different from those parasitized by single wasp species.     

BIONOMIC OF CAMPOLETIS CHLORIDEAE (HYM:ICHNEUMONIDAE)AS A PARASITOID OF THE COTTON BOLLWORM HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA(LEP:NOCTUIDAE)*

Abstract The bionomics of Campoletis chlorideae and the regularity of its seasonal fluctuations were studied in Changsha district, Hunan province. Field investigation indicated that there were ten generations of C. chlorideae a year, of which seven occurred in cotton fields. Three peaks of cotton bollworm parasitization by C. chlorideae were observed, early May to late June, mid August to early September, mid September to mid October respectively. One peak occurred in tomato and tobacco fields, the other two in cotton fields. The parasitization rate ranged from 25. 1 % ‐63. 1 %. The total development time from egg to adult ranged from 13. O days at 32°C to 75. 5 days at 11. 6 °C. Each wasp could parasitize the 5–23 second instar larvae of tobacco caterpillar. C. chlorideae could parasitize the cotton bollworm, beet armyworm and tobacco caterpillar, but preferred the cotton bollworm larvae. C. chlorideae could parasitized 1st‐ 3rd instar larvae of the tobacco caterpillar, but seldom parasitzed 4th ‐ 6th instar larvae. Moreover, C. chlorideae preferred second instar larvae. Theoretical models for developmental speed, adult longevity and the influence of temperature were proposed. The overwintering of C. chlorideae Uchida was also discussed. Moreover, methods for utilization of C. chlorideae Uchida in crop protection were presented and the bionomics of Curyoletis chlorideae in both the Yangtze River Valley and Yellow River Valley were compared.     

转基因棉花对棉铃虫天敌寄生率的影响

采用分期接虫、分期回收法研究常规棉与转基因棉花品种 (系 )上棉铃虫寄生性天敌在不同棉花品种上的寄生作用。结果表明 ,无论是第 2代棉铃虫发生期间还是第 3 ,4代棉铃虫发生期间 ,无论是棉铃虫卵期还是幼虫期 ,转基因棉花品种 (系 )的棉铃虫卵、幼虫寄生率均显著低于常规棉花品种上的寄生率。棉铃虫卵期寄生蜂主要是拟澳洲赤眼蜂 ,幼虫寄生蜂为棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂等。由此看出转基因棉对棉铃虫寄生性天敌存在非亲和性。     

Influence of transgenic cottons with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus thuringiensis cry1Ac</Emphasis> gene on the natural enemies of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa armigera</Emphasis>

Transgenic cotton has been released for cultivation in several parts of the world to increase crop productivity. However, concerns have been raised regarding the possible undesirable effects of genetically modified crops on non-target organisms in the eco-system. Therefore, we studied the effects of transgenic cottons with cry1Ac gene from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) on the natural enemies of cotton bollworm/legume pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under field and laboratory conditions. There was no apparent effect of transgenic cotton on the relative abundance of predatory spiders (Clubiona sp. and Neoscona sp.), coccinellid (Cheilomenes sexmaculatus Fab.), and the chrysopid (Chrysoperla carnea Stephens). However, the abundance of spiders, coccinellids, and chrysopids was quite low in insecticide protected plots towards end of the cropping season. There was a significant reduction in cocoon formation and adult emergence of the ichneumonid parasitoid, Campoletis chlorideae Uchnida reared on H. armigera larvae fed on the leaves of transgenic cottons before and after parasitization. However, no Bt toxins were detected in H. armigera larvae and the parasitoid cocoons with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Reduction in cocoon formation was because of early mortality of the H. armigera larvae due to Bt toxins in the leaves of transgenic cotton. There was a slight reduction in adult weight and fecundity, and prolongation of the larval period when the parasitoid was raised on H. armigera larvae fed on the leaves of transgenic cotton before and after parasitization. Survival and development of C. chlorideae was also poor when H. armigera larvae were fed on the leaves of cotton hybrid Mech 184. The adverse effects of transgenic cotton on survival and development of C. chlorideae were largely due to early mortality, and possibly poor nutritional quality of H. armigera larvae due to toxic effects of the transgene.     

中红侧沟茧蜂对棉花挥发性物质的触角电位反应

中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator (Haliday) 是棉铃虫 Helicoverpa amigera (Hübner)的主要寄生蜂之一。在寻找害虫的过程中,害虫的寄主植物释放出的气味起着至关重要的作用。本文测定了中红侧沟茧蜂雌蜂对棉花中17种气味物质的触角电位反应,比较了雌雄茧蜂对6种气味反应的差别,并且测定了雌蜂对4种气味物质的剂量 反应。结果表明,在所测的气味物质中,中红侧沟茧蜂对脂肪族化合物的反应最强,对芳香族化合物的反应居中,而对萜类化合物的反应较弱。对所测的气味物质的反应,雌雄茧蜂之间的差异不显著。雌蜂对正己醛、苯乙酮、正壬醇的反应阈值为25 μL, 对苯甲醛的反应阈值为250 μL,在所测的浓度范围内,对4种化合物的反应均未达到饱和。     

Effects of Bt transgenic Chinese cabbage on the herbivore Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its parasitoid Microplitis mediator (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

We investigated the effects of a diamondback moth-resistant Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris subsp napus variety pekinensis Makino), expressing the insecticidal protein CrylA(c) toxin derived from Bacillus thuringiensis, on the nontarget herbivore Mamestra brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its parasitoid wasp Microplitis mediator (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). A decreased survival rate at neonate stage was observed in M. brassicae when reared on Bt cabbage, although overall development was not significantly affected. According to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test using CrylA(c) antibody, the Cry toxin was only detected in the alimentary canal, not in the hemolymph or remaining body parts of M. brassicae, indicating that the ingested Cry toxin is neither distributed inside the body nor transferred through the trophic level. As expected, no Cry toxin was found in the larvae and cocoons of M. mediator. In addition, no significant changes were observed in the parasitization rate, larval period, pupal period, cocoon weight, or adult emergence rate when M. mediator wasps were reared on the M. brassicae larvae fed with transgenic Chinese cabbage. In summary, no direct or indirect adverse effects of transgenic Chinese cabbage on the two nontarget insect species were observed, suggestive of low risk in herbivore-parasitoid food chain.     

转基因作物对生物多样性的影响

转基因作物对生物多样性的影响是重要的环境问题之一,近年来,已有这类实验的报道。夏敬源等的研究说明大田种植转基因Bt虫棉花对棉铃虫优势寄生性天敌齿唇姬蜂（Campoletis chlorideae）和侧沟绿茧蜂（Microplitis sp.）的寄生率、羽化率和蜂茧质量造成严惩的危害。国际上一些昆虫学家也做了很好的工作,尤其1999年5月Losey在Nature上发表转基因Bt抗虫玉米在实验室水平上引起大斑蝶死亡报道后,世界范围内引起极大的反响,在有关经遗传修饰生物体（GMOs）的潜在生态风险和人体健康影响的问题上美国始络抱抵制的强硬态度,这次也开始有所所松动。两个有影响的美国玉米加工公司富布不再接受欧盟拒绝进口的转基因玉米品种。欧盟宣布在进一步研究得到结论前冻结转基因作物产品进口的审批。欧盟所属有关国家有的禁止进口,有的反对欧盟审批。科技界及公众众说纷纭。建议我国政府要加强GMOs潜在生态风险及对公众健康的研究及商业化生产后的监测。