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1.
下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素脉冲发生器 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
哺乳动物下且脑内诱发并调节促性腺激素释放激素脉冲式释放进入垂体门脉循环,从而引起黄体生成素脉冲式释放的神经机制叫做ＬＨＲＨ脉冲发生器,在下丘脑内侧基底部,记录到和ＬＨＲＨ脉冲释放相同下的多单位阵发性放电,以此为指标可直接生机能的中区神经内分泌系统的活动。 相似文献
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神经激肽B(neurokinkin B,NKB)是速激肽家族的一员,主要通过其受体NK3R发挥作用。NKB及NK3R在神经系统分布广泛。NKB具有使空腔脏器平滑肌收缩、松弛血管、降低平均动脉压、减慢心率、兴奋离体大鼠脊髓神经元及收缩瞳孔括约肌缩小瞳孔等生物学作用。近年来NKB在生殖内分泌中的调控作用越来越受到关注,关于其调节下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴(HPGA)的作用的研究也越来越深入。本文综述了NKB及其受体的分布范围、生理功能、NKB在生殖内分泌调控过程中的作用,其具体的作用机制还有待于进一步研究。 相似文献
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用离体静态培育系统进行的初步研究表明,在幼鲤,多巴胺（ＤＡ）显著刺激下丘脑片段和脑垂体碎片释放ＧｎＲＨ,并且是剂量依存的;促甲状腺素释放激素（ＴＲＨ）和γ－氨基酸丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）对ＧｎＲＨ的释放没有影响。在成鲤,ＤＡ抑制下丘脑片希和脑垂体碎片释放ＧｎＲＨ,而ＴＲＨ和ＧＡＢＡ刺激ＧｎＲＨ的释放;ＤＡ对ＧＡＢＡ刺激的ＧｎＲＨ释放也具有抑制作用;ＴＲＨ和ＧＡＢＡ的协同作用对下丘脑和脑垂体ＧｎＲＨ释放活动 相似文献
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用离体静态培育系统进行的初步研究表明 ,在幼鲤 ,多巴胺 (DA)显著刺激下丘脑片段和脑垂体碎片释放GnRH ,并且是剂量依存的 ;促甲状腺素释放激素 (TRH)和γ -氨基酸丁酸 (GABA)对GnRH的释放没有影响。在成鲤 ,DA抑制下丘脑片段和脑垂体碎片释放GnRH ,而TRH和GABA刺激GnRH的释放 ;DA对GABA刺激的GnRH释放也具有抑制作用 ;TRH和GABA的协同作用对下丘脑和脑垂体GnRH释放活动的影响明显低于TRH和GABA的单独作用 ,表明TRH和GABA之间可能存在着某种GnRH释放的相互消竭作用。 相似文献
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抗孕53影响大鼠垂体前叶对GnRH的敏感性反应 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本实验应用动情前期大鼠垂体前叶组织块离体培养方法,观察了 A 环失碳类甾体化合物—抗孕53对 LH 基础分泌和动员性分泌的影响。实验分为对照组、GnRH 组、抗孕53组、GnRH-抗孕53组。结果表明,GnRH 可显著促进 LH 分泌并产生自激作用。GnRH 的第一次作用后,LH 分泌增加量由对照组的0.7ng/ml 增加到4.3ng/ml,而当 GnRH 第二次作用后,这一效应显著增强,由对照组的0.5ng/ml 增加到6.8ng/ml,GnRH 的两次作用效应相比,差异极显著。抗孕53可部分抑制垂体对 GnRH 的敏感性反应。抗孕53作用后,LH 分泌增加量由 GnRH 第一次作用后的4.3减至2.5ng/ml,由 GnRH 第二次作用后的6.8降至4.1ng/ml。抗孕53不影响 LH 的基础分泌,与对照组相比,两组的 LH 分泌增加量无显著差异。抗孕53对垂体的这一作用可能是通过直接影响促性腺激素细胞的代谢及调节而实现。 相似文献
7.
利用在体注射实验和放射免疫测定法,研究了多巴胺能药物对性腺处于再发育期虎纹蛙的促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH)及促黄体激素（LH)分泌活动的影响。结果是：多巴胺（DA）及其激素剂阿扑吗啡（APO）可显著降低血浆LH水平;而多巴胺的拮抗剂－地欧酮（DOM）可显著增加垂体LH含量。DA对脑中cGnRH-Ⅱ的合成有抑制作用,而OM对其mGnRH的释放有一定的刺激作用。结果表明：DA可在脑及垂体水平分别抑制虎纹蛙GnRH和LH的释放,DA对LH释放的抑制作用很可能是通过D2受体实现的。 相似文献
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GnRH相关肽在大鼠垂体前叶的细胞学定位 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本研究应用特异性抗GnRH相关肽(GAP)N端11个氨基酸的抗血清和六种垂体前叶激素的抗血清,通过免疫组织化学双重染色技术观察GAP在大鼠垂体前叶细胞的定位。结果发现,GAP样免疫反应性物质存在于LH细胞和FSH细胞,而未见于GH、PRL、TSH和ACTH细胞。本文首次证明GAP存在于正常大鼠垂体促性腺激素细胞,为GAP调节LH和FSH的分泌提供了形态学证据;也支持GAP的功能序列在其分子的N端,或GAP进一步裂解出N端片段而发挥作用。 相似文献
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Kisspeptin是近10年新发现的调控动物生殖内分泌的关键因子,是kiss基因所编码的多肽产物,属神经内分泌肽类激素,为G蛋白偶联受体54(GPR54)的内源性配体。Kisspeptin具多个功能性的分子结构形态,在鱼类中,主要结构形式为Kisspeptin-10肽。Kisspeptin/GPR54系统在生殖中具重要功能。该文综合现有研究资料,就Kisspeptin在鱼类生殖内分泌调控中的概况、Kisspeptin神经元在鱼脑中的分布和定位、鱼类Kisspeptin分子的多态性、Kisspeptin调控鱼生殖内分泌的功能多样性、Kisspeptin调控鱼类生殖内分泌的机制、Kisspeptin的分子进化以及Kisspeptin和其他功能分子对鱼类生殖内分泌的协同调控进行了初步阐述,同时对Kisspeptin在鱼类生殖内分泌调控中的研究进行了展望。 相似文献
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促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH)是生殖过程中起重要调节作用的激素．近年来的研究发现,Ⅰ型GnRH(GnRHⅠ)和Ⅱ型GnRH(GnRHⅡ)在胎盘和胎盘来源的滋养层细胞中发挥生理功能．利用人滋养层细胞模型人绒毛膜上皮癌细胞系(JEG-3)细胞,探讨GnRHⅠ和GnRHⅡ对人滋养层细胞侵润的调节作用．荧光实时定量PCR证实,GnRHⅠ和GnRHⅡ可调节JEG-3细胞中经典GnRH受体(GnRHRⅠ)的表达．RNA干扰实验显示,特异性针对GnRHRⅠ的siRNA可显著阻断GnRHⅠ对JEG-3细胞的促侵润作用,但不能影响GnRHⅡ的促细胞侵润功能,提示GnRHⅡ可能通过经典GnRH受体以外的其他受体介导,以发挥促进滋养层细胞侵润的功能．对信号通路的进一步研究表明,GnRHⅠ和GnRHⅡ通过ERK和JNK激酶级联促进基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)的表达,以调节细胞的侵润． 相似文献
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Elena Vortsepneva Alexander Tzetlin Günter Purschke Nikolai Mugue Eva Haß-Cordes Anna Zhadan 《Invertebrate Biology》2008,127(4):403-416
Abstract. The morphology of the obligately ectoparasitic polychaete Asetocalamyzas laonicola was studied by light and electron microscopy, and its taxonomic position was determined using molecular methods. The parasite has an extensive coelomic cavity, complete septae, and well-developed segmental nephridia, circulatory, and digestive systems. The nervous system is rudimentary and without ganglia. The parasite's anterior region penetrates the tissues of the host, and opens into the host's body cavity. The epidermal tissues of the parasite and the host are highly integrated in the area of contact, and the parasite's cuticle is continuous with that of the host. Blood vessels of the parasite and the host may interlace in the fusion zone. The dorsal side of the parasite faces the dorsal side of the host. All parasites were males, but all hosts were females. In order to elucidate the uncertain systematic position of the parasite, molecular systematic studies were conducted. Parasite and host 18S rDNA sequences were virtually identical and revealed that both belong to the spionid cluster. These sequences differed from those of Scolelepis squamata and Scolelepis bonnieri by 2.7% and 0.9%, respectively. In addition, of seven partial sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene obtained from three parasites and four hosts, six were identical, and in one host–parasite pair, COI sequences differed by one substitution. Partial ITS2 sequences from one host–parasite pair were analyzed and also found to be similar but not identical, with two indels in a 645-bp alignment. We conclude that the parasite is in fact a dwarf male of its conspecific spionid female host. Consequently, A. laonicola is transferred to Scolelepis (Spionidae), forming the new combination Scolelepis laonicola. 相似文献
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Bribiescas RG 《American journal of physical anthropology》2001,115(4):297-303
Leptin is a recently discovered peptide hormone secreted primarily from adipocytes in humans and other mammals; it is a reflection of fat stores, and has been associated with reproductive function. However, few leptin measurements are available from nonindustrialized populations, including contemporary hunter/gatherer communities undergoing the transition to sedentary agriculture. This investigation reports single-sample serum leptin measurements in healthy Ache Amerindian males (n = 21; average age, 32.8 +/- 3.4 SE) and females (n = 12; average age, 31.3 +/- 4.3) in eastern Paraguay. Ache leptin concentrations were much lower than in industrialized populations, although significant sexual dimorphism was evident (female 5.64 ng/ml +/- 0.91 SE vs. male 1.13 ng/ml +/- 0.08; P < 0.0001). Indeed, female leptin levels were similar to those of anorexic women, despite apparently adequate adiposity. Controlling for fat percentage, no significant sex difference was evident, suggesting that adiposity was the primary source of leptin variation. Body fat percentage was highly correlated with leptin in females (r2 = 0.72; P < 0.0005) but not males, who exhibited a modest negative correlation (r2 = 0.25; P < 0.03). Weight (r2 = 0.45; P = 0.02) and BMI (kg/m2) (r2 = 0.81; P < 0.0001) were also significantly correlated in females but not males. These results suggest that: 1) clinical leptin norms based on industrialized populations may represent the highest range of human variation and may not be representative of most human populations; 2) hormonal priming may underlie population variation in leptin profiles; and 3) the relative importance of leptin as a proximate mechanism regulating reproductive effort during human evolution may have been modest. 相似文献
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《Reproductive biology》2021,21(4):100558
Reproduction in mammals is favoured when there is sufficient energy available to permit the survival of offspring. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase expressing neurons produce nitric oxide in the proximity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the preoptic region. nNOS neurons are an integral part of the neuronal network controlling ovarian cyclicity and ovulation. Nitric oxide can directly regulate the activity of the GnRH neurons and play a vital role neuroendocrine axis. Kisspeptin neurons are essential for the GnRH pulse and surge generation. The anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV), kisspeptin neurons are essential for GnRH surge generation. KNDy neurons are present in the hypothalamus's arcuate nucleus (ARC), co-express NKB and dynorphin, essential for GnRH pulse generation. Kisspeptin-neurokinin B-dynorphin (KNDy) neuroendocrine molecules of the hypothalamus are key components in the central control of GnRH secretion. The hypothalamic neurons kisspeptin, KNDy, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and other mediators such as leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin, play an active role in attaining puberty. Kisspeptin signalling is mediated by NOS, which further results in the secretion of GnRH. Neuronal nitric oxide is critical for attaining puberty, but its direct role in adult GnRH secretion is poorly understood. This review mainly focuses on the role of nNOS and its interplay with KNDy neurons in the hormonal regulation of reproduction. 相似文献
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J. P. Sinclair Y. Kameyama A. Shibata G. Kudo 《Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)》2016,18(5):859-867
Gynodioecy, a state where female and hermaphrodite plants coexist in populations, has been widely proposed an intermediate stage in the evolutionary pathway from hermaphroditism to dioecy. In the gynodioecy–dioecy pathway, hermaphrodites may gain most of their fitness through male function once females invade populations. To test this prediction, comprehensive studies on sex ratio variation across populations and reproductive characteristics of hermaphrodite and female phenotypes are necessary. This study examined the variation in sex ratio, sex expression, flower and fruit production and sexual dimorphism of morphological traits in a gynodioecious shrub, Daphne jezoensis, over multiple populations and years. Population sex ratio (hermaphrodite:female) was close to 1:1 or slightly hermaphrodite‐biased. Sex type of individual plants was largely fixed, but 15% of plants changed their sex during a 6‐year census. Hermaphrodite plants produced larger flowers and invested 2.5 times more resources in flower production than female plants, but they exhibited remarkably low fruit set (proportion of flowers setting fruits). Female plants produced six times more fruits than hermaphrodite plants. Low fruiting ability of hermaphrodite plants was retained even when hand‐pollination was performed. Fruit production of female plants was restricted by pollen limitation under natural conditions, irrespective of high potential fecundity, and this minimised the difference in resources allocated to reproduction between the sexes. Negative effects of previous flower and fruit production on current reproduction were not apparent in both sexes. This study suggests that gynodioecy in this species is functionally close to a dioecious mating system: smaller flower production with larger fruiting ability in female plants, and larger flower production with little fruiting ability in hermaphrodite plants. 相似文献
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Francisco José López István Merchenthaler Zsolts Liposits Andrés Negro-Vilar 《Cellular and molecular neurobiology》1996,16(2):129-141
Summary 1. Sex differences in the control of gonadotropin secretion and reproductive functions are a distinct characteristic in all mammalian species, including humans. Ovulation and cyclicity are among the most distinct neuroendocrine markers of female brain differentiation, along with sex behavioral traits that are also evident in different species.2. The luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) neuronal system is the prime regulator of neuroendocrine events leading to ovulation and hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle and, as such, is the potential site where many of these sex differences may be expressed or, at the very least, integrated. However, until recently, no significant differences were seen in LHRH neurons between male and female brains, including cell number, pattern of distribution, and expression of message or peptide (LHRH) levels.3. Recently, we reported that galanin (GAL), a brain-gut peptide, is coexpressed in LHRH neurons and that this coexpression is sexually dimorphic. When GAL is used as a marker for this neuronal system, it is clear that estradiol as well as progesterone profoundly affects the message and expression of the peptide and that this regulation, at least in rodents, is neonatally predetermined by gonadal steroid imprinting.4. Changes in GAL expression and message can also be seen at puberty, during pregnancy and lactation, and in aging, all situations that affect the function of the LHRH neuronal system. Using an immortalized LHRH neuronal cell line (GT1) we have recently observed that these neurons express estrogen receptor (ER) and GAL and that estradiol can increase the expression of GAL, indicating functional activation of the endogenous ER. 相似文献
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Kobelkowsky A 《Journal of morphology》2004,260(2):165-171
The anatomical organization of the reproductive system of the flounder, Bothus robinsi, is similar to other fish in the order Pleuronectiformes. Accentuated, external secondary sexual characters are observed in males such as increased body length, larger left pectoral fin, and greater interorbital distance. As a qualitative character, the rostral spine, which is part of the maxillary bone, is pronounced. The interorbital distance implies noticeable internal sexual differences, such as the broadening of the left frontal and lateral ethmoid bones, and a greater length of the oblique muscles of both eyes, the optic nerves, and the left olfactory nerve. Five male specimens examined had female external secondary sexual characters. 相似文献
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Stephen C. Weeks 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2012,66(12):3670-3686
Dioecy (gonochorism) is dominant within the Animalia, although a recent review suggests hermaphroditism is also common. Evolutionary transitions from dioecy to hermaphroditism (or vice versa) have occurred frequently in animals, but few studies suggest the advantage of such transitions. In particular, few studies assess how hermaphroditism evolves from dioecy or whether androdioecy or gynodioecy should be an “intermediate” stage, as noted in plants. Herein, these transitions are assessed by documenting the numbers of androdioecious and gynodioecious animals and inferring their ancestral reproductive mode. Both systems are rare, but androdioecy was an order of magnitude more common than gynodioecy. Transitions from dioecious ancestors were commonly to androdioecy rather than gynodioecy. Hermaphrodites evolving from sexually dimorphic dioecious ancestors appear to be constrained to those with female‐biased sex allocation; such hermaphrodites replace females to coexist with males. Hermaphrodites evolving from sexually monomorphic dioecious ancestors were not similarly constrained. Species transitioning from hermaphroditic ancestors were more commonly androdioecious than gynodioecious, contrasting with similar transitions in plants. In animals, such transitions were associated with size specialization between the sexes, whereas in plants these transitions were to avoid inbreeding depression. Further research should frame these reproductive transitions in a theoretical context, similar to botanical studies. 相似文献
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Summary 1. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was originally isolated as a hypothalamic peptide hormone that regulates the reproductive system by stimulating the release of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary. However, during evolution the peptide was subject to gene duplication and structural changes, and multiple molecular forms have evolved.2. Eight variants of GnRH are known, and at least two different forms are expressed in species from all vertebrate classes: chicken GnRH II and a second, unique, GnRH isoform.3. The peptide has been recruited during evolution for diverse regulatory functions: as a neurotransmitter in the central and sympathetic nervous systems, as a paracrine regulator in the gonads and placenta, and as an autocrine regulator in tumor cells.4. Evidence suggests that in most species the early-evolved and highly conserved chicken GnRH II has a neurotransmitter function, while the second form, which varies across classes, has a physiologic role in regulating gonadotropin release.5. We review here evolutionary aspects of the family of GnRH peptides and their receptors. 相似文献
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