景观水体疏浚底泥的农业利用研究

对运河 (杭州段 )疏浚底泥土地利用的可行性及其生态影响进行了研究 .实验室发芽率测定表明 ,土壤中大量掺入疏浚底泥对种子发芽率有一定的影响 ,但在盆栽中影响很小 .疏浚底泥田间投放量在 2 70t·hm-2 以下 ,对青菜的生长具有促进作用 ,超过 2 70t·hm-2 以上用量对青菜产量有一定影响 .与青菜相比 ,草坪草、园艺花卉对底泥投放量具有更大的耐性 ,表现出明显的促进生长现象 .底泥用量在 10 80t·hm-2 以下时青菜中Cu、Zn含量均未超过食品卫生标准 ,用量为 135 0t·hm-2 时则均超过了标准 .原状土柱淋洗实验发现底泥用量在 4 5 0t·hm-2 以下未造成地下水污染 ,表明运河底泥直接土地利用较一般污水污泥堆肥的危害更小 ,园林投放比农田投放具有更大的可行性 ,土地利用是一种经济可行的疏浚底泥处置方法     

湖南会同红栲-青冈-刨花楠群落生物生产力的研究

用回归分析方法 ,对我国亚热带湖南会同红栲 青冈 刨花楠群落的生物生产力进行了研究 ,结果表明 ,林分总生物量为 45 1.0 2t·hm-2 ,其中乔木层、灌木层和藤本生物量分别为 42 6 .76、17.76和 1.80t·hm-2 ,枯枝落叶层现存量为 4.70t·hm-2 ,乔木层净生产量和平均生产量分别为 34.46t·hm-2 ·年 -1、13 .32t·hm-2 ·年 -1.     

暖温带落叶阔叶林碳循环的初步估算

 森林生态系统碳循环过程与大气中二氧化碳含量有密切的关系,直接影响着大气成分的组成,进而对全球气候变化有重要影响。以我国暖温带落叶阔叶林生态系统近10年的定位研究为基础,初步建立了该类生态系统碳循环数值模式。结果表明：暖温带落叶阔叶林典型生态系统每年从外界主要是大气中吸收的碳是10.3 t·hm-2·a-1,植物呼吸释放到大气中的碳通量为5.5 t·hm-2·a-1。森林植物干物质积存的碳量为4.8 t·hm-2·a-1,通过凋落物分解释放到大气中的碳通量为2.46 t·hm-2·a-1。森林同化的碳绝大部分以活生物呼吸和凋落物分解的形式释放到大气中去了,存留在活生物体和凋落物中的很少。通过对碳现存量的研究发现,所研究的森林生态系统碳现存量为165.05 t·hm-2,其中活生物体碳现存量为61.2 t·hm-2,死生物体碳现存量为104.05 t·hm-2 (包括土壤中碳),土壤碳现存量为96 t·hm-2。土壤碳储量占总碳储量的58%,土壤是该地区森林生态系统主要的碳库,森林生态系统土壤中碳储量的变化必然引起整个区域碳储量整体动态的变化。     

鼎湖山马尾松林生态系统碳素分配和贮量的研究

鼎湖山马尾松林中 ,马尾松各器官碳含量平均为 5 4.46%,灌木层植物 48.1 0 %,草本层植物40 .2 1 %,地表现存凋落物层 5 4.40 %,以上各组分总平均为 49.2 9%。土壤碳密度为 7.3 7kg· m- 2 (深 1 0 0cm)。生态系统各组分碳贮量分别为 :乔木层 68.876t·hm- 2 ,林下植物层 6.0 3 0 t· hm- 2 ,凋落物层 5 .892 t·hm- 2 ,土壤层 73 .70 5 t· hm- 2。根据研究结果 ,还对广东省马尾松林的现有碳贮量和碳吸存潜力进行了估算和讨论。     

华南人工林凋落物养分及其转移

对华南 5种人工林凋落物量、凋落物养分及绿叶养分含量的测定结果表明 ,各种人工林凋落物量大小依次为 :马占相思 (11.1t·hm-2 ) >湿地松 (7.3t·hm-2 ) >荷木 (6 .5t·hm-2 ) >大叶相思 (4.8t·hm-2 ) >柠檬桉(2 .6t·hm-2 ) .马占相思通过落叶回归土壤的养分量高于其它类型 .5种人工林均通过养分转移机制 ,大量从枯老叶中转移N、P、K养分 ,其中马占相思转移的养分量最大 ,营养转移的季节性差别较大 .各种人工林对其它元素的转移现象不确定 .     

西双版纳白背桐群落生物量研究

对云南西双版纳热带次生演替初期的白背桐群落生物量进行了测定.结果表明,10龄群落总生物量为57.819 t·hm-2,其中乔木层为51.019 t·hm-2(占群落生物量的88.24%),灌木层5.644 t·hm-2(占9.76%),层间植物1.013 t·hm-2(占1.75%),草本层0.143 t·hm-2(占0.25%).与其5龄群落相比,10龄群落乔木层、灌木层和层间植物的生物量分别增长了105.04%、122.73%和93.32%,草本层生物量降低83.53%.在演替过程中群落乔木层生物量主要集中于少数优势树种,白背桐、木姜子、榕树的生物量合计26.170 t·hm-2(占乔木层生物量的51.29%).群落乔木层生物量主要以小径级树木的生物量为主,其器官生物量积累的大小顺序依次为干＞枝＞根＞叶.     

划分土壤类型的一种新方法--以功能生态学理论为基础

借助功能生态学的理论 ,提出了运用土壤的特征物质 (CM)和特征时间 (CT)区分土壤类型的新方法。通过数学模拟 ,分别计算了灰色森林土和黑钙土的特征物质和特征时间 :当灰色森林土和黑钙土的年凋落物量分别为 5 .5t·hm-2 和 11.2t·hm-2 时 ,它们的CM和CT分别为 133t·hm-2 、80年和 82 0t·hm-2 、6 5 0年。CM和CT的值随着输入土壤的物质量和土壤中分解速度的变化而变化 ,而且受外界环境因素 (包括自然因素和人为因素 )的影响。CT随土壤深度的增加而增大     

广东南澳岛植被恢复过程中的群落动态研究

 以广东南澳岛的1个草坡、4个人工林和3个次生林群落为对象,采用时空互代的方法,将这8个群落当作植被恢复中的不同阶段,研究各群落的群落结构、生物量、叶面积指数和土壤养分等,进而研究了南澳岛退化生态系统植被恢复的过程和机理。随着植被的恢复进程,群落的阳性种类逐渐减少,中生性种类逐渐增加。物种多样性、均匀度、生态优势度和β多样性指数分析表明南澳岛植被恢复过程群落组成结构的复杂性依退化草坡→人工林→次生林逐渐增加。南澳岛退化草坡、10年生人工林、15年生人工林和次生林的生物量分别为4.81t·hm-2、45.18t·hm-2、100.39t·hm-2和88.34t·hm-2,叶面积指数分别为1.04、3.81、5.89和6.52,凋落物贮量分别为0.42t·hm-2、3.20t·hm-2、3.70t·hm-2和4.90t·hm-2。南澳岛植被恢复过程中土壤有机质、全氮和速效磷和交换性K含量逐渐增加。由于海岛的生境、大风和暴雨的影响,海岛植被恢复的格局不同于大陆,而其恢复速度也较慢。根据本研究结果,提出了人工促进海岛植被恢复的途径。     

贡嘎山森林生物量和生产力的研究

对贡嘎山苞槲柯、香桦林,铁杉、槭、桦杉,峨眉冷杉林Ⅰ,峨眉冷杉林Ⅱ和鳞皮冷杉林的生物量和生产力进行了研究。它们的生物量分别是220．082t·hm-2、568．008t·hm－2、544．519t·hm-2、282．558t·hm-2和279．819t·hm－2;它们的生产力分别是9．962t·hm-2·a-1、10．067t·hm－2·a－1、12．936t·hm-2·a-1、4．692t·hm-2·a-1和1．389t·hm-2·a－1。通过对贡嘎山森林生物量和生产力与生态因素的相关分析表明,年降水量是制约森林生物量和生产力的主导因子。     

西双版纳热带湿性季节雨林生物量及其分配规律研究

 本文采用标准木回归分析法(乔木层、木质藤本)和样方收获法(灌木层、草本层)研究了西双版纳湿性季节雨林生物量及其分配规律。群落总生物量为360.909t·hm-2,其在各层的分配为：乔木层352.563t·hm-2(占群落生物量的97.69％)、灌木层4.737t·hm-2(占1.31％)、木质藤本3.108t·hm-2(占0.86％)、草本层0.501t·hm-2(占0.14％)。群落生物量绝大部分集中于乔木层。乔木层生物量的器官分配为：干241.270t·hm-2(占乔木层生物量的68.43％)、根69.614t·hm-2(占19.75％)、枝37.287t·hm-2(占10.57％)、叶4.392t·hm-2(占1.25％);乔木层生物量的径级分配主要集中于中等径级,胸径在20～80cm间的6个径级,生物量达255.460t·hm-2(占72.46％);生物量在乔木层中垂直分配为：Ⅰ亚层219.365t·hm-2(62.22％)、Ⅱ亚层107.743t·hm-2(30.56％)、Ⅲ亚层25.455t·hm-2(7.22％);生物量大于乔木层生物量0.5％的树种共计26种,其中大于5％的有番龙眼(Pometia tomentosa)(19.67％)、云南玉蕊(Barringtonia macrostachya)(5.44％)、千果榄仁(Terminalia myriocarpa)(5.27％),生物量种类分配反映出优势种明显的特点。乔木层叶面积指数为5.724。     

污泥草地利用的初步研究

对经堆处理的污泥有机肥培育结缕草（Zoysia japonica)的初步研究表明,在污泥符合农用标准条件下,以Cd为施污泥肥厚的限制因子,在施污泥有机肥45t.hm^-2（干重）以下时,在微酸性土壤（PH＜6．5）,土壤Cd含量低于Cd的土壤环境质量标准（0.3mg.kg^-1),地下水NO^-3-N含量低于地面水Ⅰ、Ⅱ类标准（NO^-3-N10mg.kg^-1,P0.1mg.kg^-),土壤中有机质,速效N、总N、总P分别经对照增加16％、78％、61％和140％,结缕草生物量比对照区高1倍,可以认为,污泥草地利用是一种良好途径。     

Using event trees to quantify pathogen levels on root crops from land application of treated sewage sludge

AIMS: To quantify the incremental exposure of root crops, at point of harvest, to enteric pathogens from sewage sludge applied to agricultural land according to current regulations and guidance (Safe Sludge Matrix). METHODS AND RESULTS: A quantitative risk assessment based on the Source-Pathway-Receptor approach is developed for Cryptosporidium and salmonellas. Event trees are constructed to model the partitioning of pathogens present in raw sewage into sludge at the sewage treatment works and to model to the pathways by which root crops may be exposed to those pathogens after treatment and land application of the sludge. The main barriers are sewage sludge treatment, and decay and dilution of the pathogens in the soil. The exposures are expressed in terms of the arithmetic mean. This represents the total loading and accommodates fluctuations not only in the levels of pathogens present in sewage but also in the removal efficiencies by the various barriers. One source of uncertainty is the degree of by-pass of sludge treatment at operational scale. CONCLUSIONS: The models predict that land application of sewage sludge treated by conventional processes (achieving 2-log removal) increases the exposures of root crops to salmonellas and Cryptosporidium oocysts by counts of 0.070 and 0.033 kg(-1), respectively. These predictions are based on decay periods in the soil of 5 and 12 weeks, respectively, and are therefore worst case in not allowing for the full extent of no harvesting periods. A Monte Carlo simulation predicts that 0.01% of 1-kg batches contained > 50 salmonellas and demonstrates that, for risk assessment, it is acceptable to use the arithmetic mean exposure directly in the dose-response curve. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The predicted numbers of pathogens on root crops at point of harvest provide a basis for modelling the excess risks to humans consuming such crops. The approach underpins scientifically the Safe Sludge Matrix.     

Persistence of poliovirus 1 in soil and on vegetables grown in soil previously flooded with inoculated sewage sludge or effluent.

Land disposal of sewage sludge and effluent is becoming a common practice in the United States. The fertilizer content and humus value of such wastes are useful for agricultural purposes, and the recycling of sewage onto the land eliminates many of our stream pollution problems. The potential exists for crops grown in such irrigated soil to be contaminated by viruses that may be present in the sewage. Studies were initiated to determine viral persistence in soil and on crops grown under natural conditions in field plots that had been flooded to a depth of 1 inch (2.54 cm) with poliovirus 1-inoculated sewage wastes. Lettuce and radishes were planted in sludge- or effluent-flooded soil. In one study, the vegetables were planted 1 day before flooding, and in another they were planted 3 days after the plots were flooded. Survival of poliovirus 1 in soil irrigated with inoculated sewage sludge and effluent was determined during two summer growing seasons and one winter period. The longest period of survival was during the winter, when virus was detected after 96 days. During the summer, the longest survival period was 11 days. Poliovirus 1 was recovered from the mature vegetables 23 days after flooding of the plots had ceased. Lettuce and radishes are usually harvested 3 to 4 weeks after planting.     

Persistence of poliovirus 1 in soil and on vegetables grown in soil previously flooded with inoculated sewage sludge or effluent.

Land disposal of sewage sludge and effluent is becoming a common practice in the United States. The fertilizer content and humus value of such wastes are useful for agricultural purposes, and the recycling of sewage onto the land eliminates many of our stream pollution problems. The potential exists for crops grown in such irrigated soil to be contaminated by viruses that may be present in the sewage. Studies were initiated to determine viral persistence in soil and on crops grown under natural conditions in field plots that had been flooded to a depth of 1 inch (2.54 cm) with poliovirus 1-inoculated sewage wastes. Lettuce and radishes were planted in sludge- or effluent-flooded soil. In one study, the vegetables were planted 1 day before flooding, and in another they were planted 3 days after the plots were flooded. Survival of poliovirus 1 in soil irrigated with inoculated sewage sludge and effluent was determined during two summer growing seasons and one winter period. The longest period of survival was during the winter, when virus was detected after 96 days. During the summer, the longest survival period was 11 days. Poliovirus 1 was recovered from the mature vegetables 23 days after flooding of the plots had ceased. Lettuce and radishes are usually harvested 3 to 4 weeks after planting.     

表施和混施污泥对团花根系生长的影响

林地利用被认为是污泥资源化利用的重要方式,但施用污泥对林木根系生长的影响报道较少。本研究通过根箱试验,分析表施和混施10%污泥对速生树种团花不同土层根系形态、土壤pH值和电导率动态变化及根系重金属含量的影响,并拟合土壤pH值、电导率和根系重金属含量与根长的关系。结果表明: 与不施污泥(对照)相比,混施污泥显著抑制了团花根长、根表面积和根体积增长,混施污泥120和240 d后,0～20 cm土层总根长分别为不施污泥的76.9%和67.4%;表施污泥对团花根长和根表面积的影响不显著,但显著提高了根体积。混施污泥显著提高了土壤pH值和电导率及根系重金属含量,混施污泥0～20和20～40 cm土层根系镉含量分别是不施污泥的11.5和10.0倍。线性回归拟合分析显示,不同处理0～20 cm土层的电导率与根长均呈显著负相关;表施和混施污泥根系镉含量与根长呈极显著负相关。上述结果表明,混施污泥抑制了团花根系生长,这可能是由于混施污泥提高了土壤电导率和根系镉含量所致,而表施污泥对团花根系生长的作用不明显。     

Listeria monocytogenes contamination of crops grown on soil treated with sewage sludge cake

A l -G hazali , M.R. & A l -A zawi , S.K. 1990. Listeria monocytogenes contamination of crops grown on soil treated with sewage sludge cake. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 69 , 642–647.
Listeria monocytogenes was found in the sewage sludge cake which is commonly used as an agricultural fertilizer in Iraq. Soils treated with this material were contaminated with the organism. Pot and field experiment showed that crops grown on treated soil became contaminated with L. monocytogenes and when alfalfa plant was grown on farmland soil treated with sewage sludge cake, listerias were found on 10% of 50 plants sampled at harvest, but the organism was detected only in low numbers on these crops (≤ 5 cells/g). This could add to the risk to animals and man.     

Listeria monocytogenes contamination of crops grown on soil treated with sewage sludge cake

Listeria monocytogenes was found in the sewage sludge cake which is commonly used as an agricultural fertilizer in Iraq. Soils treated with this material were contaminated with the organism. Pot and field experiment showed that crops grown on treated soil became contaminated with L. monocytogenes and when alfalfa plant was grown on farmland soil treated with sewage sludge cake, listerias were found on 10% of 50 plants sampled at harvest, but the organism was detected only in low numbers on these crops (less than or equal to 5 cells/g). This could add to the risk to animals and man.     

Leaching of boron through sewage sludge amended soil: the role of clinoptilolite

A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the release of boron from soil-sewage sludge mixtures by leaching using a clinoptilolite type natural zeolite, before land application of the sewage sludge. Soil columns were filled up with the clinoptilolite soil after mixing with sewage sludge at a rate of 30 tons ha(-1) and with two different particle sizes (0.1-0.25 and 1.0-2.0 mm) of clinoptilolite each at the concentrations of 1% and 2%. The particle size and the application rate of clinoptilolite affected both boron leaching from soil compared to the control treatment (soil and sewage sludge mixture). The total soluble boron leached from a soil column varied from 66-92% depending on the applications of clinoptilolite and reached 96% for the control treatment, following application of 80 cm depth of water in all treatments. In the cases of the 1% application rate of 0.1-0.25 and 1-2 mm sized clinoptilolite 78% and 92% of the total boron leached, respectively. While at 2% application rate of 0.1-0.25 and 1-2 mm zeolite, 66% and 87% of total soluble boron leached, respectively. Boron concentrations in the soil layers increased as application rate increased and particle size of clinoptilolite decreased because of its high adsorption capacity. Adsorption isotherms indicated that clinoptilolite had a high adsorption capacity for boron compared to the sewage sludge and soil.     

Effects of Sewage Sludge on Plant Community Composition in Restored Limestone Quarries

The effects of sewage sludge, used to improve fertility of replaced soil, on vegetation were studied in limestone quarry restoration. Plant community growing in the first stages after sludge application was surveyed in six quarries of NE Spain. Areas with a mixture of sewage sludge and residual soil were compared to areas where the application consisted only of residual soil (a mixture of previous top soil and mine spoils). Sewage sludge was hypothesized to increase total biomass and cover, modifying species composition and delaying the early successional recover of the community. The results showed that both biomass and plant cover increased because of sewage sludge addition. The floristic composition was dominated by ruderal species that did not show any dependence on sewage sludge application. Convergence on similarity between sludge and control plots was not detected along a 5‐year period. Although species richness was significantly lower in sludge plots, diversity and equitability indexes did not show differences between treatments. The results did not show differences in the proportion of non‐native species. The proportion of legumes was lower in sludge plots. These results show that the plant communities resulting from the addition of sewage sludge to the soil used in limestone quarry restoration have more biomass and cover, but less number of species, and they do not show a clear trend to converge to those areas restored only with non‐amended soil.