三倍体毛白杨叶片营养DRIS诊断

采用L1645正交设计法对造林后的三倍体毛白杨进行了施肥试验,运用DRIS诊断法对其叶片营养元素进行了研究.结果表明,以造林第3年7～10月份三倍体毛白杨叶片N、P、K元素浓度测定值为依据,成功制定了DRIS图解法及指数法的营养诊断标准,经检验取得了较高的诊断正确率.三倍体毛白杨叶片N、P、K三元素浓度最佳比值范围为N/P=19.116±1.270;N/K=3.054±0.289;K/P=6.356±0.651.DRIS诊断标准分别经各月份林木叶片养分元素浓度回代检验,林木N、P、K需肥次序与实际施肥量基本一致,其中以9月份林木各处理为例,诊断正确率达到了80%以上.3年生三倍体毛白杨林木对N、P、K需求次序为N>K>P,与DRIS诊断结果一致.运用DRIS法诊断得到的三倍体毛白杨叶片养分浓度最佳比值范围将为三倍体毛白杨的合理施肥,大面积推广提供科学依据.     

基于DRIS法的短枝木麻黄苗期综合营养诊断

以我国东南沿海沙地主要造林树种短枝木麻黄（Casuarina equisetifolia）一年生苗木为研究对象,应用氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）三元二次旋转回归法,根据现实生物量的差异,划分为2种不同的产量类型,同时结合室内养分含量分析,以高产量类型为最适值,制定了诊断施肥综合法（Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrate Sys-tem,简称DRIS）及指数法的营养诊断标准,研究氮、磷、钾不同施肥配比条件下苗木体内氮、磷、钾的养分含量及其需求程度,对短枝木麻黄进行苗期综合营养诊断分析。结果表明：施肥配比对短枝木麻黄苗木生物量积累规律有较大影响,苗木生物量最优解为19.84 g/株,对应的最佳施肥方案为氮、磷、钾分别施肥0.329 g/株、2.298 g/株、0.154 g/株。短枝木麻黄苗期小枝3种元素浓度的最佳比值范围为P/N=0.3174±0.1302;K/N=1.1010±0.506;K/P=3.5564±0.5075,以生长末期12月份各处理苗木为例,列出各元素的DRIS诊断指数及相对需肥次序,证实了营养诊断的准确性。     

基于DRIS法的短枝木麻黄苗期综合营养诊断北大核心CSCD

以我国东南沿海沙地主要造林树种短枝木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)一年生苗木为研究对象,应用氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)三元二次旋转回归法,根据现实生物量的差异,划分为2种不同的产量类型,同时结合室内养分含量分析,以高产量类型为最适值,制定了诊断施肥综合法(Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrate Sys-tem,简称DRIS)及指数法的营养诊断标准,研究氮、磷、钾不同施肥配比条件下苗木体内氮、磷、钾的养分含量及其需求程度,对短枝木麻黄进行苗期综合营养诊断分析。结果表明:施肥配比对短枝木麻黄苗木生物量积累规律有较大影响,苗木生物量最优解为19.84 g/株,对应的最佳施肥方案为氮、磷、钾分别施肥0.329 g/株、2.298 g/株、0.154 g/株。短枝木麻黄苗期小枝3种元素浓度的最佳比值范围为P/N=0.3174±0.1302;K/N=1.1010±0.506;K/P=3.5564±0.5075,以生长末期12月份各处理苗木为例,列出各元素的DRIS诊断指数及相对需肥次序,证实了营养诊断的准确性。     

不同施肥处理杜鹃红山茶N、P、K元素的DRIS营养诊断

对杜鹃红山茶(Camellia azalea)苗期生长大量营养元素进行诊断,为指导杜鹃红山茶苗木科学施肥和高效培育提供依据。以杜鹃红山茶0.5 年生嫁接苗为材料,用 N、P、K 三元二次正交旋转组合设计进行施肥试验,以处理12个月后嫁接苗N、P、K元素含量为依据,采用P/N、K/N、P/K作为诊断指标,计算相应系数并用诊断施肥综合法(DRIS)和指数法对N、P、K需求关系进行分析。杜鹃红山茶P和N元素含量最佳比值为0.074±0.108;K和N元素含量最佳比值为0.509±0.500;P和K元素含量最佳比值为0.148±0.090,建立杜鹃红山茶DRIS营养诊断指数表。杜鹃红山茶对N肥和K肥的反应比P肥更为敏感,栽培管理中应多施用N肥和K肥,促进苗木生长。     

元谋干热河谷实生印楝人工林产量和品质与叶片养分含量之间的关系

应用临界值浓度法、DRIS图解法和指数法等叶片营养诊断分析方法,研究了元谋干热河谷地区的实生印楝人工林产量和品质与叶片养分含量之间的关系.结果表明:6月份所采集的印楝叶片其养分含量与印楝产量之间存在显著线性相关;获得印楝高产的叶片全N、全P和全K的临界值分别为15.09、1.22和7.68 g·kg-1,相应的最适范围分别为15.09 ～ 22.68、1.22～1.59和7.68 ～9.17 g·kg-1;低产印楝人工林的叶片养分的DRIS图解法和DRIS指数法诊断结果基本一致,它们对N、P、K的需求次序均为P＞N＞K,并且这一结果与当地土壤本底肥分检测结果相印证.此外,叶片养分含量与印楝素含量之间不存在相关性,可能与印楝素本身的遗传因素有关,故不能在印楝实生群体中采用叶片营养诊断技术来进行种仁印楝素含量的诊断分析.     

‘华南8号’木薯生育期营养元素含量变化研究

通过对海南儋州地区高产木薯'华南8号'从种植至收获全生长期的养分分析,研究木薯的营养变化规律及适宜营养诊断部位.研究表明:(1)木薯各营养器官及不同月份大量元素的养分含量存在明显差异,全株平均养分含量为:K>N>Ca>Mg>P>S;(2)木薯N、P、K、Mg及S的适宜诊断部位为叶片;(3)全株平均养分含量比例为N:P:K:Ca:Mg:S = 0.89～1.87:0.14～0.27:1.06～1.72:0.54～0.99:0.18～0.32:0.06～0.16;(4)生殖生长阶段,随着株龄的增加,木薯N、P、K、Ca、Mg及S的含量均呈规律下降.     

林木生长氮磷限制的诊断方法研究进展

养分限制因子的快速、准确诊断是开展森林养分限制研究的重要基础。N和P是森林生态系统最普遍和最主要的限制性养分因子。当前树木生长N、P限制的主要诊断方法可分为施肥试验、叶片营养诊断和根系诊断3大类。本文对各种诊断方法及其研究进展进行了概述;指出了N、P限制诊断方法研究的发展趋势;强调了养分元素之间的相互作用和植物自身的生理生态适应性在养分限制诊断中的作用。     

不同林龄福建柏纯林与混交林生长及养分的差异北大核心CSCD

以不同林龄的福建柏[Fokienia hodginsii(Dunn)Henry et Thomas]为研究对象,比较两种人工林(纯林和混交林)经营模式下福建柏不同时期生长指标及器官养分的差异,并结合各器官养分随林龄增长的变化趋势,以揭示福建柏生长特性与养分含量间的相关性。结果表明:(1)随着林龄增加,两种经营模式的福建柏密度均显著减小,但总蓄积逐渐增加,而混交模式下福建柏不同生长时期的各项生长指标均优于同林龄的纯林。(2)两种营林模式下的福建柏叶片碳(C)、氮(N)元素含量均随着林龄增加呈上升趋势;磷(P)含量在15年生时最高,在生长前中期混交林P含量均显著高于纯林;钾(K)含量则在21年生时达到峰值,而混交林叶片K含量也低于纯林,这种差异在33年生时达到显著水平。(3)枝条N、K含量随林龄增加而减少,纯林枝条K含量高于混交林,混交林N含量则高于纯林;两种经营模式福建柏枝条C含量变化差异不显著,P含量则呈相反变化趋势。(4)树干C含量随着林分生长而增加,N含量先下降后上升,树干P含量随着林龄增加显著下降,且混交林P含量低于纯林,但差异不显著;纯林树干K含量在生长前期略高于混交林,但在生长中后期其含量显著降低,混交林K含量则显著升高。(5)根的C、N含量均随着林龄增加而减少,混交效益显著降低了根的C含量,并提高了其N含量;P与K含量变化差异较大,混交效益也会促进二者在福建柏根中的含量。     

茎瘤芥不同生长期植株营养特性及其与产量的关系

在涪陵区选取30个茎瘤芥种植农户,采用大田调查和室内化学分析方法,研究了茎瘤芥不同生长期（苗期、快速膨大期、采收期）叶片和茎瘤10种必需营养元素含量的变化特征及其与产量的关系。结果表明：茎瘤芥在整个生育期内,除K、S含量较高外,其余大、微量元素均在大多植物含量范围内;不同生育期茎瘤芥叶片、茎瘤中各养分含量变化具有明显的规律性,苗期叶片大量元素含量次序为N>K>Ca>P>S>Mg,快速膨大期和采收期叶片大量元素含量次序均为N>K>Ca>S>P>Mg,茎瘤中大量元素含量次序均为K>N>P>S>Ca>Mg,3个生长期叶片和茎瘤的微量元素含量,除快速膨大期茎瘤中略有不同（Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu）外,其余均为Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu;从苗期到快速膨大期再到采收期养分变化规律看,叶片中N、P、K、Fe、Cu和Zn含量呈降低趋势,而Ca、Mg、S和Mn则呈现先降低后升高的趋势,从快速膨大期到采收期茎瘤中除N、S、Fe和Cu元素呈降低趋势外,其余养分元素均呈上升趋势。从茎瘤芥不同器官养分含量高低看,快速膨大期和采收期叶片中N、P、K、Cu和Zn含量较茎瘤中低,而Ca、Fe和Mn含量的变化特点则相反,S和Mg差异较小,表明茎瘤芥不同部位对不同养分的敏感程度各异。相关分析表明,各生育期不同器官的Mg、Fe、Mn和Zn与产量呈显著或极显著的负相关关系,K、Cu与产量呈正的相关关系。通过逐步回归分析建立茎瘤芥各生育期植株营养元素与产量的回归预测模型,其中苗期叶片营养元素与产量的最优回归方程为Y= 36768 3583XK-6.328XFe-76.09XMn;快速膨大期叶片和茎瘤营养元素与产量的最优回归方程分别为Y=50458 21557XP 7925XCa-88092XMg-1145XCu和Y=32487 7294XK-116122XMg;采收期叶片和茎瘤营养元素与产量的最优回归方程分别为Y=36064 3413XK-30.15XFe和Y= 11791 7334XK-385XZn。因此,在茎瘤芥各生长期均应注意钾肥的合理施用,快速膨大期应重视磷肥的施用。而几种微量元素和镁素对茎瘤芥产量的负效应,则可通过增施充分腐熟的有机肥料加以调控。     

巴林脐橙叶片元素含量适宜指标研究

生物统计表明：采样地点及年份间的差异对巴林脐橙叶片元素含量有明显的影响;叶片微量元素含量的变异系数均显著高于大量元素。初步提出丰产巴林脐橙叶片元素含量的适宜指标：N2．8～3．3,P0．14～0．18,K1．4～2.1,Ca2.0～4.0,Mg0.25～0.45（以上单位×10-2）,Cu5～18,Zn20～50,Mn20～100,Fe50～160,B25～100（以上单位×10－6）上列指标可供营养诊断之参考。     

福建柏森林培育研究进展(综述)

本文从福建柏的优树选择、种子品质、育苗技术、种植模式、幼林管理、成年林管理和经济利用等方面,综述近年来福建柏森林培育的研究概况。     

滨海泥质盐碱地衬膜造林技术

盐碱地造林是当今世界上许多国家面临的巨大难题,中国的滨海泥质盐碱地就是其中之一,盐分含量高至不适宜苗木生长的程度。研究目的在于检验衬膜在滨海泥质盐碱地造林中的成效。于2007—2009年,对使用衬膜的新造林模式和全面客土、穴状客土两种传统造林模式栽植穴内外土壤电导率值、含水量及苗木生长情况进行测定和分析。与传统造林模式相比,新造林模式在衬膜的作用下,其穴内客土土壤水分含量有明显提高,盐分含量也明显较低;2009年苗木的成活率、苗高和冠幅较全面客土传统造林模式同比高出150.00%,7.00%和12.00%,较穴状客土传统造林模式同比高出838.00%,12.00%和22.00%;选用的四种苗木中,香花槐效果最好,最适宜滨海泥质盐碱地这种新的造林体系,红叶杨不适宜滨海泥质盐碱地。结果表明,使用衬膜在滨海泥质盐碱地造林体系中效果明显,且成本低廉,宜于推广。     

The role of mycorrhizae in afforestation (a review)

Hungary is facing to perform intensive afforestation. New forests will be planted on dry, poorly fertile soils nonprofitable for agricultural use. Applying artificially mycorrhized seedlings may considerably increase the effectivity of afforestation and decrease costs.     

An Afforestation System for Restoring Bottomland Hardwood Forests: Biomass Accumulation of Nuttall Oak Seedlings Interplanted Beneath Eastern Cottonwood

Bottomland hardwood forests of the southeastern United States have declined in extent since European settlement. Forest restoration activities over the past decade, however, have driven recent changes in land use through an intensified afforestation effort on former agricultural land. This intense afforestation effort, particularly in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley, has generated a demand for alternative afforestation systems that accommodate various landowner objectives through restoration of sustainable forests. We are currently studying an afforestation system that involves initial establishment of the rapidly growing native species eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.), followed by enrichment of the plantation understory with Nuttall oak (Quercus nuttallii Palm.). In this article, we examine the growth and biomass accumulation by Nuttall oak seedlings to determine whether this species can be established and whether it will develop beneath the cottonwood overstory. After 3 years of growth beneath cottonwood canopies, Nuttall oak seedlings were similar in height (126 cm), but were 20% smaller in root‐collar diameter than seedlings established in open fields. Seedlings established in the open accumulated more than twice the biomass of seedlings growing beneath a cottonwood canopy. However, the relative distribution of accumulated biomass in seedlings did not differ in the two environments. Ten percent of total seedling biomass was maintained in leaf tissue, 42% was maintained in stem tissue, and 48% was maintained in root tissue on open‐grown seedlings and seedlings established in the understory of cottonwood plantations. Though establishment in the more shaded understory environment reduced Nuttall oak growth, seedling function was not limited enough to induce changes in plant morphology. Our results suggest that an afforestation system involving rapid establishment of forest cover with a quick‐growing plantation species, followed by understory enrichment with species of later succession, may provide an alternative method of forest restoration on bottomland hardwood sites and perhaps other sites degraded by agriculture throughout temperate regions.     

濒危树种钟萼木不同海拔造林试验初报

采用4 a生钟萼木Bretschneidera sinensis实生苗进行不同海拔造林对比试验,对造林后4 a的净生长量进行全面调查。结果表明,不同海拔对造林成活率的影响不显著,高生长、地径生长差异显著。在海拔350、660、750 m处树高平均净生长量分别为72、164、162 cm,地径平均净生长量分别为0.93、1.53、1.83 cm,说明在较高海拔造林的树高、地径生长量均高于低海拔,造林地对海拔要求相对较高。     

Performance of seedlings from natural and afforested populations of Cupressus sempervirens under different temperature and moisture regimes

For successful afforestation programs seed quality is crucial, but seedlings are susceptible to climatic stress. Therefore, to improve afforestation success it is necessary to compare performance of seedlings from natural and cultivated populations under different climatic conditions. We investigated growth performance in seedlings of three natural and four afforested Syrian Cupressus sempervirens L. populations under different temperature and moisture regimes. A “warm” climate chamber approximately simulated current mean annual temperatures (day/night: 20/10°C) while a “hot” chamber simulated an average increase of 5°C (day/night: 25/15°C). Seedlings were irrigated twice (drier) or thrice (moist) weekly. Seedlings from natural provenances outperformed those from afforested stands in all growth variables in both chambers. In the warm chamber, root length and biomass were not affected by irrigation for both population types, but shoot height decreased for afforested seedlings under drier treatment while it slightly increased in natural seedlings. In the hot chamber, shoot height decreased but root length and biomass increased for population types under the drier treatment. Comparison between the two chambers showed that under the drier treatment shoot height and biomass decreased at higher temperatures, but root length and biomass were not significantly different. The same response to higher temperatures was observed under the moist treatment, but root biomass decreased too. Our results emphasize the necessity to protect the remaining natural forest of C. sempervirens in Syria and recommend systematic collection of seed material from natural stands for afforestation programs. This might also hold for ex situ cultivation of retrieving rare and endangered plant species.     

根际促生菌对石漠化地区造林苗木的促生效应

西南岩溶石漠化山区水土流失严重、养分贫瘠,导致植被恢复困难。为探究固氮菌对岩溶石漠化地区造林苗木的生长促进效应,该文以广西石漠化地区常见造林树种香樟、任豆、喜树和台湾相思苗木为材料,利用平板稀释法从石漠化乡土植物根际土壤筛选固氮菌,通过测定固氮酶活性及鉴定固氮菌菌种,选择固氮酶活性较高的菌种制成复合菌剂接种到试验苗木进行盆栽试验。结果表明:共筛选得到6株具有固氮能力的根际促生菌,分别属于根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)、中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium)和黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium),其中归类为根瘤菌属的3株固氮菌酶活性较高。复合菌剂接种试验表明接种固氮菌对造林苗木的生长具有明显促进作用。与未接种处理相比,接种处理苗木的株高、叶面积、生物量以及叶绿素含量均显著增长;同时苗木的氮、磷、钾含量也有不同程度的增加。其中,香樟、任豆、喜树和台湾相思的氮含量分别提高了28.9%、53.1%、37.0%和31.6%;香樟、台湾相思的磷含量分别增加了25.6%和42.5%;任豆、台湾相思的钾含量分别增加了57.5%和49.7%。接种石漠化乡土固氮菌能够显著促进造林苗木生长和养分含量,在石漠化植被修复中具有较好的应用前景。     

青刺果播种育苗技术的初步研究

采用随机区组设计了青刺果不同播种时间和不同播种方法试验,进行青刺果不同育苗方式对比研究。结果表明:青刺果的育苗宜随采随播,其种子出苗率达72.4%,随着种子储藏时间的后移,出苗率显著下降,干藏与沙藏对种子出苗率的影响差异不明显;裸根苗和容器苗苗木生长质量上无明显差别,随采随播到当年雨季造林时(9月)苗木嫩小,不宜上山造林,但容器苗此时可造林。     

沙地植物柄扁桃的生物学特性及引种栽培的研究

通过研究发现柄扁桃具有典型旱生植物的形态结构特征。同时,在生理特征上也与旱生环境相适应。因此,在沙区引种栽培柄扁桃是可行的。柄扁桃的繁殖主要采用播种法,利用沙藏催芽法处理种子,树苗当年可出圃造林。沙地造林采用植前造林法,将株高４０—１００ｃｍ的健壮苗在春季栽植于平缓的沙地、沙丘迎风坡下部或丘间地等风蚀轻、水分条件好的沙地。     

Effects of Tree Guards and Weed Mats on the Establishment of Native Tree Seedlings: Implications for Forest Restoration in Hong Kong, China

The effects of tree guards and weed mats on establishment and growth of native tree seedlings, Thick‐leaved oak (Cyclobalanopsis edithiae (Skan) Schott., Fagaceae), planted in an exposed hillside grassland in Hong Kong, were investigated. The natural regeneration of C. edithiae is poor due to a lack of seed dispersal agents and high seed predation, and therefore, this species is often targeted for forest restoration. The experiment lasted for 3.5 years during which the height, basal diameter, and crown diameter of individual seedlings were measured and survivorship recorded. The use of weed mats alone did not have a significant effect, but a combination of tree guards and weed mats led to a significant improvement in establishment, survivorship, and growth of the seedlings during the experimental period. Initially, the guards promoted rapid height growth of the seedlings, although lateral growth and secondary stem thickening were compromised. After the seedlings grew over the tree guards, the basal diameter and crown diameter increased at a notably faster rate. The combined effect of the tree guard and weed mat on the seedling growth pattern was found to be beneficial and contributed to the high survivorship of the seedlings. Comparing the survivorship data and the costs of various treatments, the use of tree guards in combination with the weed mats was demonstrated to be more cost‐effective than planting the seedlings without tree guards or weed mats. The potential for applying the technique in afforestation programs with native tree species for forest restoration in Hong Kong and other tropical regions is discussed.