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刘佳妮  李伟强  包志毅 《生态学报》2008,28(9):4352-4362
随着道路的不断建设,道路网络对自然生态环境的影响效应日益显著,众多生态学家开始从道路网络与自然景观的空间位置入手,研究不同组织形式的道路网络对自然生态系统产生的不同影响,从而探讨生态最优化的道路网络组织模式.旨在研究浙江省的干线公路网络对自然生态环境造成的影响,从而探讨生态最优化的道路网络组织模式.总结了道路网路理论的最新研究进展,介绍了由R. T. T. Forman和J. A. G. Jaeger提出的两个道路网络影响模型;随后运用Forman教授的道路网络理论分析了浙江省干线公路网络对森林景观的破碎化影响,并运用公路影响阈值分析方法对破坏较为严重的森林景观斑块进行了更为深入的分析,结果表明:国道、省道网络侵占的森林面积较大,对森林生态服务功能的发挥有着较大的影响;高速公路网络则使得森林景观斑块严重降级和破碎,极大地影响着生物多样性的保护.若按照目前的公路规划,到2020年底,由国道、省道和高速公路共同形成的道路网络将对浙江省的森林景观系统造成严重破坏;最后,对浙江省公路网络的布局提出了5点调整建议.  相似文献   

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道路生态学中的景观生态问题   总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4  
汪自书  曾辉  魏建兵 《生态学杂志》2007,26(10):1665-1670
道路具有重要的景观生态影响,是道路生态学研究的热点问题之一。本文综述了道路生态学的研究历程和概况,从基础理论研究、道路对生物和理化环境的影响、道路与景观格局以及道路与土地利用/覆盖变化4个方面论述了目前道路生态学中景观生态问题的主要研究内容,并根据现有的研究成果概括了该领域的主要研究方法,即生物调查、道路缓冲区/影响区分析、叠图分析和综合分析。提出中国道路生态学中景观生态问题研究存在的主要问题,并对该领域未来的研究热点进行了展望。  相似文献   

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We reconstructed the vegetational landscape of the pre-industrial era (the beginning of the twentieth century) in north-eastern Japan, and estimated the distribution patterns of traditional land-uses, as suggested from the vegetation. We found significant correspondence between the spatial patterns of vegetational landscape and site attributes, and hypothesized the underlying mechanisms. The study area was classified into three vegetation types: grasslands, secondary forests and old-growth forests. It was determined that the grasslands were formed and maintained by burning; secondary forests were derived from either charcoal woods or forests recovered on abandoned grasslands; and old-growth forests had suffered the least anthropogenic disturbance. Each past vegetation type showed significant dependency on site attributes such as altitude, slope angle, slope aspect, hydrological topography and distance from the nearest human habitation. The relative importance of these site attributes varied depending on the vegetation type. Grasslands and old-growth forests, which were the most and the least disturbed sites in the study area, respectively, showed clear contrasts in their dependencies especially on the slope aspect and on elevation. These site attributes were thought to have had influences on each vegetation type by determining the inflammability of the site. Satellite photographs indicated that north-facing valleys had been relatively wet throughout the fire-prone spring season. Hence, these areas would have been free from frequent fire, and more likely to preserve old-growth forests. Ground wetness in spring was thought to be the underlying factor determining the contrasts in past vegetation and land-use patterns in the area.An erratum to this article can be found at  相似文献   

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声景包含重要的生态信息,具有实时性强、信息密度高的特点,有重要研究价值。现有的声景研究中,音频及相关环境参数采集和分析仍需要大量的人工作业,耗时耗力。基于多传感集成、边缘计算和深度学习技术,建立了一套声景大数据在线采集与分析系统,包括边缘计算节点和中心计算服务器。并通过3个实验站点,进行了近1年的技术验证,实现了声景大数据的自动化在线采集、传输和分析。该系统能适应户外恶劣的自然环境,能根据任务需求持续不断地进行声景大数据在线采集和分析,稳定性好。声学指数可以反映声景变化,但因指数侧重点不同,不同的声学指数之间变化特征差异较大,需要组合使用。通过声纹特征图能直观地识别出不同发声源,对物种的快速识别、声源的分类等具有较强的借鉴意义。系统借助VGGish网络提取的高维声景特征图能很好地识别不同站点和不同时间的声景变化,在不同站点和昼夜上具有较高的区分精度,有快速和直观地反映不同生态系统的类型特征、生态系统动态变化的潜力。丰富声纹特征库、优化声景特征分析神经网络、建设声景长期监测共享网络,有助于扩展系统在物种识别、生物多样性快速分析、生物与环境相互作用机制方面的应用。研究为声景大数据的在线采集...  相似文献   

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道路生态学研究进展   总被引:71,自引:11,他引:71       下载免费PDF全文
宗跃光  周尚意  彭萍  刘超  郭瑞华  陈红春 《生态学报》2003,23(11):2396-2405
“道路生态学”是当代景观生态学的最新研究领域。重点探讨道路生态学和生态道路网的研究进展。从景观生态学的点效应、廊道效应和边际效应出发 ,引入景观生态网络的概念 ,即由点、线、网按照一定等级结构、功能分工和空间秩序组合成的生态网络体系 ,其中道路网和水网是最主要的表现形态。根据网络理论构造网络结构影响度模型 ,在 GIS和 RS的支持下 ,通过对北京局部地区道路网动态模拟的分析表明 ,道路网对其他景观的影响是通过点效应、廊道效应、点 -廊道 -网络叠加效应共同作用的结果 ,这种影响与道路网络密度和道路影响带的范围成正比。因此 ,为了最大限度减少道路网对自然生态系统的干扰与破环 ,提出生态道路网络建设的 8点建议  相似文献   

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Ward  Tockner 《Freshwater Biology》2001,46(6):807-819
1. A broadened concept of biodiversity, encompassing spatio‐temporal heterogeneity, functional processes and species diversity, could provide a unifying theme for river ecology. 2. The theoretical foundations of stream ecology often do not reflect fully the crucial roles of spatial complexity and fluvial dynamics in natural river ecosystems, which has hindered conceptual advances and the effectiveness of efforts at conservation and restoration. 3. Inclusion of surface waters (lotic and lentic), subsurface waters (hyporheic and phreatic), riparian systems (in both constrained and floodplain reaches), and the ecotones between them (e.g. springs) as interacting components contributing to total biodiversity, is crucial for developing a holistic framework of rivers as ecosystems. 4. Measures of species diversity, including alpha, beta and gamma diversity, are a result of disturbance history, resource partitioning, habitat fragmentation and successional phenomena across the riverine landscape. A hierarchical approach to diversity in natural and altered river‐floodplain ecosystems will enhance understanding of ecological phenomena operating at different scales along multidimensional environmental gradients. 5. Re‐establishing functional diversity (e.g. hydrologic and successional processes) across the active corridor could serve as the focus of river conservation initiatives. Once functional processes have been reconstituted, habitat heterogeneity will increase, followed by corresponding increases in species diversity of aquatic and riparian biota.  相似文献   

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精确的声音采集与监测是声景生态学研究的基础,但目前声景生态学中的监测时空尺度选择尚不明晰。以Web of Science数据库核心合集2011年至2023年收录的86篇研究文献为对象,梳理与总结了声景生态学监测的空间与时间尺度及其尺度选择。在空间尺度上,分区布点法和网格布点法是目前使用最多的空间布点方法,常见的录音设备的最小间距为200m,常见的录音设备的平均离地高度为1.5m,较低的设备高度适用于探寻近地面灌丛昆虫群落声景,较高的设备高度适用于记录树冠层的动物声学活动。时间尺度可分为连续与间隔式采样,其中,连续采样适合收集短期和精细化时间尺度的音频数据,触发式连续采样适用于收集特定鸣声物种的声音信息;间隔采样适合捕捉长期的声学模式变化,其中每10min或15min采样1min是目前最为主要的方式,分别占12.3%和7.4%。不同声景生态学研究目标的监测时空尺度选择差异较大,其中声景格局及其驱动因素研究多使用间隔式采样和网格布点法,生态环境质量评估多使用间隔式采样和样线布点法,生物多样性及其声学特征评估多使用连续式采样和随机布点法,而分区布点法普遍应用于各类研究目标中。目前声景生态学面临空间尺度与生态等级结构的依赖性问题、时间尺度转换及其转换精度问题、时空尺度的合理选择问题,建议未来研究需聚焦于构建立体式声景监测空间网络、开展声景生态多尺度模拟、强化声景尺度选择的定量评估。  相似文献   

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Human disturbance is widespread across landscapes in the form of roads that alter wildlife populations. Knowing which road features are responsible for the species response and their relevance in comparison with environmental variables will provide useful information for effective conservation measures. We sampled relative abundance of European rabbits, a very widespread species, in motorway verges at regional scale, in an area with large variability in environmental and infrastructure conditions. Environmental variables included vegetation structure, plant productivity, distance to water sources, and altitude. Infrastructure characteristics were the type of vegetation in verges, verge width, traffic volume, and the presence of embankments. We performed a variance partitioning analysis to determine the relative importance of two sets of variables on rabbit abundance. Additionally, we identified the most important variables and their effects model averaging after model selection by AICc on hypothesis‐based models. As a group, infrastructure features explained four times more variability in rabbit abundance than environmental variables, being the effects of the former critical in motorway stretches located in altered landscapes with no available habitat for rabbits, such as agricultural fields. Model selection and Akaike weights showed that verge width and traffic volume are the most important variables explaining rabbit abundance index, with positive and negative effects, respectively. In the light of these results, the response of species to the infrastructure can be modulated through the modification of motorway features, being some of them manageable in the design phase. The identification of such features leads to suggestions for improvement through low‐cost corrective measures and conservation plans. As a general indication, keeping motorway verges less than 10 m wide will prevent high densities of rabbits and avoid the unwanted effects that rabbit populations can generate in some areas.  相似文献   

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近年来,人工智能技术的迅速发展,为构建完备的生物多样性监测体系提供了技术支持,从声音角度拓展生物多样性监测体系成为新的发展趋势。在声景生态学中,声景是由生物声、人类声和地理声共同构成的景观,声学生态位假说和声学适应性假说为声景评估生物多样性提供了主要的理论基础。总结了人工识别法、声学指数法和自动识别法三种常用评估方法,梳理方法的概念、评估原理、差异和局限性。归纳声景在评估生物多样性中造成偏差的影响因素,如生物学因素、环境因素、噪声干扰和数据采集方式。因物种遗传、行为和环境导致的鸣声复杂性,增加了物种识别和分类的不确定性,使得仅依靠声学特征来评估多样性存在一定的局限性。为此,需深入研究声学生态位假说和声学适应性假说的作用机理,并整合多学科专业知识和技术,以建立更全面的理论框架和应用模型。同时,开展数据采集和处理的标准化、融合和创新评估方法并建立声景特征数据库共享平台,为生物多样性快速评估和保护提供更有效的工具和方法。  相似文献   

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Road ecology, the study of the impacts of roads and their traffic on wildlife, including birds, is a rapidly growing field, with research showing effects on local avian population densities up to several kilometres from a road. However, in most studies, the effects of roads on the detectability of birds by surveyors are not accounted for. This could be a significant source of error in estimates of the impacts of roads on birds and could also affect other studies of bird populations. Using road density, traffic volume and bird count data from across Great Britain, we assess the relationships between roads and detectability of a range of bird species. Of 51 species analysed, the detectability of 36 was significantly associated with road exposure, in most cases inversely. Across the range of road exposure recorded for each species, the mean positive change in detectability was 52% and the mean negative change was 36%, with the strongest negative associations found in smaller-bodied species and those for which aural cues are more important in detection. These associations between road exposure and detectability could be caused by a reduction in surveyors’ abilities to hear birds or by changes in birds’ behaviour, making them harder or easier to detect. We suggest that future studies of the impacts of roads on populations of birds or other taxa, and other studies using survey data from road-exposed areas, should account for the potential impacts of roads on detectability.  相似文献   

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The increasing development of highways severely threatens several vertebrates due to habitat fragmentation, edge effects and roadkills. Understanding how the landscape influences the occurrence of roadkills on highways can provide insights into the preferred routes of fauna dispersion and define the priority stretches to implement mitigation actions. This study evaluated the association between landscape characteristics and fauna roadkills on the BR-158 highway (State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil), where the adjacent vegetation encompasses phytophysiognomies of the Cerrado, a severely threatened biome. The spatial distribution of recorded road-killed vertebrates (secondary data) was analysed using the statistical tool 2D Hotspot Identification, which defined the stretches with the highest mortality (hotspots). The surrounding landscape within a 1 km buffer zone around the highway was characterized based on area and distance information considering the land use and cover. Generalized linear models were applied to test the influence of locations on roadkill, considering the landscape characteristics as independent variables and the presence/absence of roadkill as the dependent variable. Our results indicated two hotspot stretches along the BR-158 highway and a higher probability of roadkill in stretches associated with riparian forests and more distant from urban areas. The identification of landscape characteristics associated with the occurrence of vertebrate roadkills can help guide the planning and monitoring of highways. Furthermore, in dry ecosystems such as the Cerrado, we must provide information to implement priority actions in stretches of riparian forest, aiming to mitigate the adverse effects of highways on local biodiversity conservation.  相似文献   

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王静怡  李春明  林婴伦  李大锋 《生态学报》2022,42(21):8928-8934
声景生态学是研究景观中生物与非生物声音在多种时空尺度下的声学格局与过程,揭示声音与人类以及声音与自然之间关系的学科。基于声景生态学的研究内容,从声景元素解析、生物多样性评估及人类身心健康评价应用案例中,梳理了数据分析的前沿方法。结论表明,分析技术的发展,特别是人工智能技术的进步,使声景生态学的研究呈现从人工到机器、从单一特征计算到多维特征提取、从单学科研究到多学科联合分析的技术化发展趋势,不断拓展着声景生态学的研究深度与广度。同时这些分析技术的发展也急需优化和标准化,来提高方法的通用性和研究结果间的可比性。此外,需要融合生态学、计算机科学和心理学等交叉学科的理论和方法,进一步推动声景生态学数据分析技术方法体系的完善。  相似文献   

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生态型城市公园是城市居民重要的游憩空间,其声景品质直接影响游客体验的满意程度。以福州金山公园为研究对象,通过定性与定量相结合的方法研究生态型城市公园中声景感知与游憩体验之间的关系及其影响因素。研究发现:生态型城市公园中人们更偏爱自然声,尤其是鸟叫声;交通声是主要影响公园景观美景度的声源类型;儿童嬉闹声及音乐声是影响声景安静度的显著因素,交通声、音乐声以及脚步声与总体满意度关系最为密切;年龄、性别和教育背景是社会、人口及行为学因素中影响典型声源感知最显著的3个因素,而不同游览动机的人群对声景感知也存在显著差异。研究结论可为生态型城市公园景观及声景设计提供理论依据。  相似文献   

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  1. Dispersal has important ecological and evolutionary consequences for populations, but understanding the role of specific traits in dispersal can be difficult and requires careful experimentation. Moreover, understanding how humans alter dispersal is an important question, especially on oceanic islands where anthropogenic disturbance through species introductions can dramatically alter native ecosystems.
  2. In this study, we investigated the functional role of spines in seed dispersal of the plant caltrop (Tribulus cistoides L., Zygophyllaceae) by anthropogenic dispersal agents. We also tested whether humans or wildlife are more important seed dispersers of T. cistoides on the Galápagos.
  3. Tribulus cistoides is found on tropical mainland and oceanic island habitats. The dispersal structure of T. cistoides is called a mericarp, and they are typically protected by one pair of upper spines and a second pair of lower spines, but the presence and size of spines varies within and between populations. On the Galápagos, the upper and lower spines protect mericarps from seed predation by Darwin's finches. We tested whether spines play a dual role in dispersal by factorially manipulating the presence/absence of the upper and lower spines to simulate natural variation in mericarp morphology.
  4. The upper spines greatly facilitated seed dispersal, whereas the lower spines had no discernible effect on dispersal. The presence of upper spines increased dispersal rate on shoes by pedestrians 23‐fold, on fabrics (e.g., towels) and cars by nearly twofold, and the presence of upper spines increased dispersal distance by cars sixfold. When comparing dispersal rates in habitats with high (roads and foot paths) versus low (arid forest) anthropogenic activity, dispersal rates were demonstrably higher in the habitats with more human activity.
  5. These results have important implications for understanding the ecology and evolution of plant dispersal in the Anthropocene. Spines on the fruits of T. cistoides play important functional roles in anthropogenic dispersal, whereas native and introduced wildlife plays a minor role in dispersal on inhabited islands of the Galápagos. Our results imply that seed predators and humans are jointly shaping the ecology and evolution of contemporary populations of T. cistoides on the Galápagos.
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生态学中的干扰理论与应用实例   总被引:27,自引:0,他引:27  
魏斌  张霞 《生态学杂志》1996,15(6):50-54
生态学中的干扰理论与应用实例魏斌张霞吴热风(北京大学环境科学中心,100871)TheoreticalAnalysisofDisturbanceinEcologyanditsApplication.WeiBin,ZhangXiaandWuRefeng...  相似文献   

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  1. Anthropogenic climate change is altering every ecosystem on Earth. Understanding these changes requires quality baseline measurements of ecosystem states. While satellite imagery provides a coarse baseline for regional‐scale changes in vegetation, landscape‐scale observations are lacking. Ground‐based repeat photographic points (RPP) can provide this finer baseline. As precise visual records of ecosystems at a particular time, RPP provide rich data for diverse uses. Current methodology for establishing RPP, developed in the era of film cameras, requires placement of permanent markers in a landscape to provide accurate repeats over time. Another form of RPP involves relocating sites of historic photographs, to assess change between historic and present‐day photographs. Through a three‐year field survey, we synthesized these techniques to modernize repeat photography for the 21st century ecologist.
  2. We established 100 RPP in the Peloncillo Mountains of New Mexico, recapturing 86 RPP in the three years (2015–2017) of the study. During our study, a large (>16,000 ha) complex of wildfires burned more than half of the RPP sites we established in the prior month, providing a unique opportunity to assess method accuracy after dramatic landscape disturbance by comparing burned, unburned, pre‐, and post‐fire RPP image recapture precision.
  3. Our method produced 92% mean similarity for 86 RPP between original and repeated photographs, with no difference between burned and unburned sites. Interval between photographs did not cause a decline in similarity.
  4. Our updated methods can be practically applied to nearly all terrestrial study systems. Landscape changes driven by human (e.g., effects of anthropogenic climate change, land use) and natural activities (e.g., wildfires, phenology, and hydrologic events) are especially well suited to our updated methods. Modern smartphones include the technology necessary (e.g., camera, GPS, and compass) to employ our method and provide a means for low‐cost deployment of the technique in diverse landscapes. We encourage broad adoption of this technique to establish baseline RPP of ecosystems across the globe, and the formation of a centralized database for repeat photography.
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