温度对麦长管蚜体色变化的影响

研究了温度对麦长管蚜体色变化的影响及不同温度下麦长管蚜种群数量变动的规律.结果表明:在21(CK)、23、26、29、31℃5个温度处理下,随着温度的升高,红色型麦长管蚜在实验种群中所占比例逐渐升高;绿色型麦长管蚜的种群增长的高峰先缩短后延长,而红色型麦长管蚜的种群增长的高峰逐渐延长;绿色型蚜虫的平均世代时间呈先缩短再延长的趋势,红色型蚜虫的平均世代时间仅仅呈延长的趋势.结论:麦长管蚜体色变化受温度影响,红色型蚜虫为高温诱导所产生的生物型.当温度为25.91℃时(T50 =25.91℃),麦长管蚜的后代中有50％的个体是红色型蚜虫.该结论为蚜虫生态遗传与进化提供理论依据.     

麦长管蚜发育起点温度及有效积温的研究

<正> 麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae(Fab.)是我国小麦上的重要害虫之一,它不仅直接吸食小麦植株,还能传播大麦黄矮病毒,(BYDV),引起小麦黄矮病的流行,其损失更大。因此,已引起人们的高度重视。不少人对该种蚜虫的发生规律、危害损失及防治都进行了研究,但对麦长管蚜的发育起点温度及有效积温的研究尚未见到正式报道。为此,我们于1987年冬季在西     

温度对麦长管蚜的影响

温度对麦长管蚜的影响汪世泽,郝树广（西北农业大学陕西杨陵７１２１００）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＴｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｏｎＥｎｇｌｉｓｈＧｒａｉｎＡｐｈｉｄ￥．ＷａｎｇＳｈｉｚｅ;ＨａｏＳｈｕｇｕａｎｇ（ＮｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔｅｒｎＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｙａｎｇｌｉｎｇ,ＳｈａａｎｘｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ７１２１００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（３）：５３－５６．ＩｎａｎｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆＥｎｇｌｉｓｈｇｒａｉｎａｐｈｉｄ,ｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｒａｔｅＶ（ｔ）ｏｆａｌａｔａｅｉｓｌｏｗｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈａｔｏｆａｐｔｅｒａｅ,ａｎｄｔｈｅＶ（ｔ）ｏｆ４ｔｈｉｎｓｔａｒｏｆａｌａｔａｅｉｓｔｈｅＩｏｗｅｓｔ．Ｔｈｅａｌａｔａｅａｐｐｅａｒｓｔｏｂｅａｂｌｅｔｏｔｏｌｅｒ－ａｔｅａｗｉｄｅｒｒａｎｇｅｏｆｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ,ｂｕｔｔｈｅｓｕｒｖｉｖａｌｃｕｒｖｅｉｓａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄｅｖｉｄｅｎｔｌｙｂｙｉｔ．Ａｔｌｏｗｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ,ｔｈｅｃｕｒｖｅｄｅｃｌｉｎｅｓｓｌｏｗｌｙ,ｂｕｔａｔｈｉｇｈｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ     

温度对麦长管蚜种群存活率的特征参数的影响

在测定麦长管蚜种群存活率基础上,本提出反S型曲线模型来描述种群存活率,探讨了麦长管蚜种群存活率过程变化的特征参数,并得到不同的特征值．     

温度和湿度对麦长管蚜飞行能力的影响

利用计算机控制的微小昆虫飞行磨系统测定了温度、湿度对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae飞行能力的影响。结果表明,适于飞行的温度为12～22℃,湿度为60%～80%。在温度8℃以下或25℃以上,其飞行能力明显降低。在温度18℃时,麦长管蚜的平均飞行时间、飞行距离最大分别为3.101 h、3.676 km。在相对湿度40%、60%和80%时,飞行时间分别为1.573 h、2.272 h和3.032 h,飞行距离与湿度的关系与飞行时间相似。飞行速度随温度的增高而加快,在相对湿度60%左右时,麦长管蚜的平均飞行速度较快。在20℃,相对湿度80%条件下,单个个体的最大飞行时间、最大飞行距离和最大飞行速度可达14.32 h、22.51 km和1.57 km/ h,表现出麦长管蚜具有较强的飞行能力。     

麦长管蚜为害小麦经济阈值研究

本文报道了麦长管蚜为害小麦的田间实验结果。分析表明:麦长管蚜为害小麦的关键时间是小麦灌浆期;对于郾师9号其经济阈限在灌浆前期是480头/百株或2402日头/百株的累积蚜量,在灌浆中期是185头/百株或922日头/百株的累积蚜量;对于冀麦19号,其经济阈限在灌浆前期为222头/百株或1110日头/百株的累积蚜量,在灌浆中期为369头/百株或1845日头/百株的累积蚜量。     

宁夏地区麦长管蚜远距离迁飞的研究

通过1992—1978年的调查试验, 初步明确了以下事实:本地越冬的麦长管蚜尚未羽化, 田间已出现有翘成蚜;小麦苗期发现了穗期才能产生的穗型蚜;在冰冻期的高山上多次捕到有翅麦蚜;有翅成蚜大范围的“同期突发”现象;外来麦蚜占春季田间有翅蚜的98.8%以上.首次提出, 在有本地蚜源的情况下, 存在外来蚜源, 且外来蚜源可以成为春季田间麦长管蚜群的主体.本文分析讨论了迁入蚜源的可能基地和须进一步研究的问题.     

麦长管蚜发生期预测的研究

麦长管蚜Macrosiphumavenae（Fabr-icius）是我地小麦穗期的主要害虫,每年都有不同程度的发生。受虫源、气候等因素的影响,其发生期（穗蚜量达500头的日期）不同年份间差异很大。为了及时准确作出预报,指导防治,笔者应用模糊因素加权综合评判法对麦长管蚜发生期预测进行了研究,现将结果报告如下。1研究方法1．1选取预报因子麦长管蚜的发生期主要受温度、降雨量等气候因素的影响。笔者对本站1982～1994年13年的系统观测资料进行整理分析,筛选出与发生期相关性较好的预报因子2个：X1,3月下旬～4月上旬平均气温（℃）,相关系数r1y＝…     

麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜对吡虫啉敏感性的比较研究

采用麦穗浸渍法在室内测定了麦长管蚜Macrosiphumavenae(Fabricius)和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphumpadi(L .)对吡虫啉可湿性粉剂和乳油的敏感度。结果表明 ,禾谷缢管蚜对吡虫啉的敏感度是麦长管蚜的 3～ 4倍 (基于LC50 的比较 )。在北京、河南、江苏、湖北、四川等地同浓度的吡虫啉对禾谷缢管蚜的防治效果要好于麦长管蚜 (特别是在低浓度时尤为明显 )。依据我国不同省份小麦穗蚜的优势种不同 ,建议用吡虫啉防治小麦穗蚜时 ,在南方麦区 ,禾谷缢管蚜为优势种的麦田 ,吡虫啉用药量为 15～ 3 0g(a.i) hm2 ;北方麦区 ,以麦长管蚜为优势种的麦田 ,吡虫啉的用药量应大于 3 0g(a.i) hm2 。     

Generation specific life history traits of winged shape Sitobion avenae

When reared under constant conditions from egg hatch the proportion of offspring of Sitobion avenae (F.) (Aphididae: Macrosiphini) that developed into winged individuals declined from the second to fourth generation. The winged individuals produced in these three generations showed a progressive decrease in their wet and dry weights and an increase in the length of their largest embryo with generation. The trend in winged individual production and also the trends in their size and reproductive strategy appear to be programmed and are similar to the generation specific strategies that have been described in other species of aphid.     

Comparison of the potential rate of population increase of brown and green color morphs of Sitobion avenae （Homoptera： Aphididae） on barley infected and uninfected with Barley yellow dwarf virus

Life tables of brown and green color morphs of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae （Fabricius） reared on barley under laboratory conditions at 20 ＋ 1℃,65% ± 5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16 ： 8 h （L ： D） were compared. The plants were either： （i） infected with the Barley yellow dwarf virus （BYDV）; （ii） not infectedwith virus but previously infested with aphids; or （iii） healthy barley plants, which were not previously infested with aphids. Generally, both color morphs of S. avenae performedsignificantly better when fed on BYDV-infected plants than on plants that were virus free but had either not been or had been previously infested with aphids. Furthermore,when fed on BYDV-infected plants, green S. avenae developed significantly faster and had a significantly shorter reproductive period than the brown color morph. There wereno significant differences in this respect between the two color morphs ofS. avenae when they were reared on virus-free plants that either had been or not been previously infestedwith aphids. These results indicate that barley infected with BYDV is a more favorable host plant than uninfected barley for both the color morphs ofS. avenae tested, particularly the green color morph.     

不同营养层次挥发物对燕麦蚜茧蜂寄主搜寻行为的影响

“Ｙ”型管嗅觉计及风洞测定试验明,小麦植株,麦长管蚜（Sitobion avenae),禾谷缢管蚜（Rhopalosiphum padi)对燕麦蚜蜂（Aphidius avenae)雌蜂的吸引作用较小,而有蚜植株及蚜害植株对其吸引作用较大,并以麦长管蚜有蚜植株的吸引作用最强,尽管该蜂对禾谷缢管蚜的寄生率极你,工作量 由其危害诱导产生的挥发性信息化僵物对该蜂仍具有较强的吸引作用,GC－MS鉴定结果表明,麦蚜取食诱导的挥发性信息化合物主要是2－莰烯,6－甲基－5－已烯－2－酮,顺－3－已酰酸酯有水杨酸甲酯,其中6－甲基－5－已烯－2－酮和6－甲基－5－已烯－2－醇对燕麦蚜划蜂的吸引作用最强,水杨酸酯无明显吸引作用。     

Effective tolerance based on resource reallocation is a virus‐specific defence in Arabidopsis thaliana

Plant viruses often harm their hosts, which have developed mechanisms to prevent or minimize the effects of virus infection. Resistance and tolerance are the two main plant defences to pathogens. Although resistance to plant viruses has been studied extensively, tolerance has received much less attention. Theory predicts that tolerance to low‐virulent parasites would be achieved through resource reallocation from growth to reproduction, whereas tolerance to high‐virulent parasites would be attained through shortening of the pre‐reproductive period. We have shown previously that the tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), a relatively low‐virulent virus in this host, accords to these predictions. However, whether other viruses trigger the same response, and how A. thaliana copes with highly virulent virus infections remains unexplored. To address these questions, we challenged six A. thaliana wild genotypes with five viruses with different genomic structures, life histories and transmission modes. In these plants, we quantified virus multiplication, virulence, and the effects of infection on plant growth and reproduction, and on the developmental schedule. Our results indicate that virus multiplication varies according to the virus × host genotype interaction. Conversely, effective tolerance is observed only on CMV infection, and is associated with resource reallocation from growth to reproduction. Tolerance to the other viruses is observed only in specific host–virus combinations and, at odds with theoretical predictions, is linked to longer pre‐reproductive periods. These findings only partially agree with theoretical predictions, and contribute to a better understanding of pathogenic processes in plant–virus interactions.     

麦长管蚜脱巴克纳氏共生菌的分子验证

蚜虫脱共生效果的鉴定对蚜虫-巴克纳氏菌共生体系的研究至关重要.采用光学显微镜观察及特异性PCR扩增技术,对麦长管蚜(Sitobion aoenae)脱巴克纳氏共生菌的效果进行了研究.结果表明:用利福平处理5 d和10 d后的麦长管蚜,PCR检测发现有巴克纳氏菌(Buchnera)特异性扩增条带,说明共生菌仍然存在;在利福平处理 15 d后,PCR检测没有发现特异性扩增条带,说明麦长管蚜胞内共生细菌的核酸已经被降解;光学显微镜观察与PCR检测结果相一致.     

Molecular-genetic evidence of aphid pathogen Pandora kondoiensis infection in Sitobion avenae collected in Denmark

Entomophthoralean-specific primers were used to estimate the occurrence of entomophthoralean species in the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae in Denmark. Sequencing documented for the first time the presence of Pandora kondoiensis in Denmark. Specific primers were designed and P. kondoiensis was identified on 12% of infested straws sampled in 2012.     

Life-cycle variation in the aphid Sitobion avenae: costs and benefits of male production

Abstract 1. Patterns of male production and life-cycle variation were investigated in the aphid Sitobion avenae . Seventy-seven field-collected clones were subjected to a 14 °C short day-length regime to assess their reproductive modes, and three clones were used to study life-cycle inheritance. A further analysis assessed the cost of male production.
2. In comparison with those from East Anglia, there were more holocyclic and intermediate clones found in Scottish populations, and they produced significantly more mating females. In total, 44% of clones were androcyclic.
3. The inheritance of life cycle showed a greater level of complexity than could be achieved by previously suggested monohybrid inheritance mechanisms.
4. Holocyclic and intermediate clones produced a higher proportion of males than did androcyclic clones. Inter-clonal differences were reflected in the pattern of male production in the reproductive sequence.
5. A significant cost was associated with male production in terms of a reduction in both fecundity and total offspring biomass.
6. Winged females rarely gave birth to males but the pattern of mating female production differed between holocyclic and intermediate clones.
7. Patterns of male and mating female production by the different types of clone may be related to different advantages and disadvantages of dispersal and inbreeding.
8. Recent models of aphid overwintering could be enhanced by consideration of issues raised in this study, such as the cost of male production, the inheritance of life cycle, and the patterns of sexual morph production.