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1.
黑颈鹤是我国青藏高原的特产鸟类。早在一个多世纪以前(1876年),俄罗斯学者(Przevalski)依据采自我国青海省的标本,首次将它命名为黑颈鹤。 黑颈鹤是世界15种鹤中最引人关注的一种,因为它是鹤类中惟一的高原种类,繁殖区基本上限于海拔4000米以上的青藏高原,越冬区一般不低于海拔2000米的人迹罕至的边远湿地;还因为它是人们迄今为止了解最少的鹤类。  相似文献   

2.
1 前言黑颈鹤是全世界15种鹤中唯一生存于高原地区的鹤类,为我国独产。据中美1995年联合调查结果表明,现仅有4000余只。由于数量特别稀少,《濒危野生动植物物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)和国际鸟类红皮书,都将其定为全球急需挽救的珍稀物种。我国政府将其列为国家一级保护珍禽。认真分析和掌握黑颈鹤的生态特点及规律,为其提供和创造优越的栖息环境,是保  相似文献   

3.
北京动物园甘声芸、郑锦璋承担的林业部重点课题“饲养下黑颈鹤繁殖技术研究”,经过四年努力,于1987年完成,12月26日在北京通过部级技术鉴定。 黑颈鹤是主要分布于我国高原的濒危物种,其繁殖地在青藏高原,野外已知数量约800只。把生活在青藏高原的黑颈鹤迁到北京进行繁殖,两地气候条件相差悬殊,确有很大的难度。然而,研究饲养下黑颈鹤的繁殖技术,对挽救濒危物种的种群数量,具有重要的科学价值,已经受到国际学术界的密切关注。  相似文献   

4.
黑颈鹤是中国特有种。我是1993年的夏天就在青藏高原上认识了。那次我看到的鹤正处于繁育期,所以我们人类很难靠近,拿着望远镜才能看清楚它们。不过,那次也幸运地看到了它们从我们头顶上匆匆飞过时那修长的身体。 第二次看到它们,是1996年在美国的国际鹤类基金会。在那里我被告知,全世界15种鹤中,国际鹤类基金会最后得到的一种鹤是黑颈鹤。它很珍贵,国际鸟类红皮书上,榜上有名。并将它们列为全球急需挽救的珍稀物种。 做为一个广播记者,我很想录到全世界15种鹤类的鸣叫。可美国科学家告诉我,黑颈鹤最不爱叫,能不能录到,要看你的运气。说来也好玩,在国际鹤类基金会,这最不爱叫的黑颈鹤的叫声,是我最先录到的。当地的科学家开玩笑地对我说,它们一定是知道老乡来了,想和你诉诉乡情。在美国国际鹤类基金会,我不知道黑颈鹤住在那儿想不想家,但可以  相似文献   

5.
若尔盖高原沼泽黑颈鹤数量分布   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
张家驹  罗佳 《四川动物》1991,10(3):37-38
青藏高原特产珍禽黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)是国际濒危物种贸易公约列为重点保护的几种鹤类之一,也是我国一类保护动物。自普尔杰瓦尔斯基(Prijevalsky,1876)首次在我国青海湖发现后,曾有Watton(1904)、Dolan(1939)、Ali(1947)等零星报道。近年来姚建初(1982)、郭聚庭(1981)、吕宗宝(1980、1988)、王岐山等(1987)、郑作新(1987)等对黑颈鹤的分布、数量、繁殖及研究现状加以报道。然而若尔盖高原的黑颈鹤研究甚少。自斯通(Stone,1933)在松潘草地采到标本之后,仅有郑作新等(1965)、王有辉等(1989)及四川珍贵动物资源调查队、陕西省动物研究…  相似文献   

6.
黑颈鹤          下载免费PDF全文
正该图片由武汉纺织大学庞爱民教授于2016年8月摄于西藏阿里日土县班公湖。黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)是大型涉禽,体长110~120cm,体重4~6kg,体羽灰白色,头部、前颈及飞羽黑色,尾羽褐黑色,头顶前方裸区呈暗红色,三级飞羽的羽片分散,当翅闭合时超过初级飞羽。1876年,俄国博物学家、探险家尼古拉·普尔热瓦尔斯基首次发现于中国的青海湖,是全球发现最晚的一种鹤类。黑颈鹤为中国特产种,分布于中国的青藏高原和云贵高原,包括青海、四川、甘肃、新疆、西藏、云南和贵州共7个省区,是世界上唯一生长、繁殖在高原的鹤。黑颈鹤栖息于海拔2 500~5 000m的高原,通常生活  相似文献   

7.
黑颈鹤     
<正>该图片由武汉纺织大学庞爱民教授于2016年8月摄于西藏阿里日土县班公湖。黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)是大型涉禽,体长110~120cm,体重4~6kg,体羽灰白色,头部、前颈及飞羽黑色,尾羽褐黑色,头顶前方裸区呈暗红色,三级飞羽的羽片分散,当翅闭合时超过初级飞羽。1876年,俄国博物学家、探险家尼古拉·普尔热瓦尔斯基首次发现于中国的青海湖,是全球发现最晚的一种鹤类。黑颈鹤为中国特产种,分布于中国的青藏高原和云贵高原,包括青海、四川、甘肃、新疆、西藏、云南和贵州共7个省区,是世界上唯一生长、繁殖在高原的鹤。黑颈鹤栖息于海拔2 500~5 000m的高原,通常生活  相似文献   

8.
云南省纳帕海自然保护区越冬黑颈鹤的集群特征   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
2004年10月-2005年5月,在云南纳帕海自然保护区采用定点扫描法对越冬黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)的集群类犁和集群大小进行了观察.结果表明黑颈鹤夜间集群夜栖,形成较大的夜栖群,平均群体大小为67.9只(16-157,n=17):按照有无灰鹤加入,又将其分为同种集群和混种集群两种类型,其中同种集群的黑颈鹤数量占整个越冬种群的65.3%.在白昼,黑颈鹤以家庭鹤、集群鹤及特殊群体3种类型活动,家庭鹤和集群鹤的平均大小分别为2.7只(2-4,n=145)和16.1只(3-65,n=1017).黑颈鹤的集群大小并不稳定,在日内和月份间均有明显变化(P=0.000<0.05).存越冬期,最大集群形成于12月,其次为11月和1月;在日内,早上8时集群最大,随后减小并保持相对稳定,18时黑颈鹤开始向夜栖地靠拢,使得集群再次开始增大.随后观察中还发现,黑颈鹤的家庭解体过程开始于3月底,当幼鹤被成鹤驱逐离群后,逐渐加入集群鹤活动,从而使得家庭鹤和集群鹤的大小和组成发生改变.黑颈鹤的集群大小和组成受自身状况、种内关系、天气、食物等多种因素的共同影响,随时间和季节变动而发生变化,是对自身、种群和环境条件变化的综合反映.  相似文献   

9.
正清晨,我站在山坡上,用快要冻僵的双手架好望远镜,对准了远处湿地中的一片黑点,等待着阳光慢慢驱散薄薄的晨雾,好看清它们从睡梦中醒来的样子……我观察的正是一种高原上的鹤类——黑颈鹤。一提起高原,我们首先想到的就是青藏高原和喜马拉雅。青藏高原主要在西藏和青海,向北一直到新疆南部,向东则到  相似文献   

10.
鹤类的研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
世界现存鹤科鸟类共有15种,除南美洲和南极洲外,其余各洲均有分布。化石鹤计有17种,发现于始新世、渐新世、上新世和更新世。其中游荡鹤属5种,发现于始新世;鹳鹤属2种,分别发现于始新世和渐新世,这两属的鹤类均已灭绝;鹤属10种。 根据大陆漂移学说和古气候的资料,初步分析认为鹤科鸟类大约发生在7千万年以前(白垩纪末期至新生代的第三纪初期),正值世界第二次大冰期后的间冰期,气候温湿,世界上具有适于鹤类栖息的广泛环境。至第四纪冰期和喜马拉雅运动的影响,有些鹤类绝灭了,有些则继续留存。例如黑颈鹤适应了青藏高原的隆起而形成,是为最年轻的种类。蓑羽鹤广泛分布于欧、亚、非洲,蓝蓑羽鹤分布于非洲南部,有可能是最古老的种类。地中海、非洲和北美洲可能是世界鹤类的发源地。从赤颈鹤、澳洲鹤的形态看,有可能起源于冈瓦纳古陆,但从气管的形态来看,又与其他鹤属鸟类较为一致;肉垂鹤、澳洲鹤和两种冕鹤都具肉垂或垂囊,赤颈鹤亦或具肉垂。鹤属中的白鹤,其气管则与分布在非洲南部的肉垂鹤相似。无论从分类学及鹤科鸟类的起源地,均值得进一步研究。  相似文献   

11.
云南大山包越冬黑颈鹤迁徙路线的卫星跟踪   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
2005年2月26日和3月1日在云南省昭通大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区,分别为4只越冬黑颈鹤佩戴卫星信号发射器(PTTs),跟踪研究其迁徙路线和迁徙停歇地。2005年春季迁徙中,有2只跟踪黑颈鹤到达繁殖地,其中1只黑颈鹤在2005年11月和2006年3月分别完成从繁殖地返回越冬地和从越冬地再次到达繁殖地的迁徙过程。2只春季迁徙黑颈鹤的迁徙路线大致相同——沿着长江上游金沙江、大渡河一直向北到达黄河上游白河及黑河沿岸若尔盖湿地内。春季迁徙过程中,途中停歇3—4次,总迁徙距离是674—713km,迁徙全程所用时间3—4天。秋季迁徙全程所用时间8天。在4个PTTs工作期间,共确定有13个黑颈鹤迁徙停歇地,其中11个停歇地在河流滩地;其他2个停歇地在高山湖泊附近。总体上,黑颈鹤一般选择海拔在1900m以上湖泊、河流等湿地内,距离耕地较近且人、畜干扰较少的栖息地停歇。  相似文献   

12.
Phenotypic flexibility of organs in migratory birds has been documented for a variety of species of different genera during the migratory period. However, very little is known about phenotypic mass changes of organs with respect to other events within the annual cycle. This seems particularly interesting when birds face different physiological challenges in quick succession. We investigated mass changes of 13 organs from garden warblers (Sylvia borin) during the transition from moult to migration. These long-distance migratory birds perform a complete moult within their wintering area just shortly before the onset of spring migration. Birds were sampled in three successive stages according to their moult status: group I consisted of birds with growing primary or secondary wing feathers, group II consisted of birds with completed wing moult but with still moulting body feathers, and group III consisted of birds that had completed wing moult and body moult. Size-corrected flight muscle, kidney mass, and pancreas mass differed significantly among the three groups. Flight muscle was heaviest in birds that were about to leave their wintering area (group III) compared with birds still in body moult (group II). Kidney and pancreas showed a pattern similar to each other, with the heaviest mass occurring in birds with moulting wing feathers (group I) and significantly reduced mass in birds that had completed wing moult (group II) or both wing and body moult (group III). Mass reductions of kidney and pancreas during the transition from moult to migration are considered to be related to the demands of moult, while increased flight muscle may be due to moult, migration, or both. Phenotypic mass changes of organs in birds occur during their migration, but they also occur during the transition between other phases of the annual cycle such as moult and migration and are not restricted to the flight muscle.  相似文献   

13.
Many migratory birds start prebreeding moult and premigratory fuelling some months before the breeding season and face severe time constraints, while travelling up to 15,000 km between non-breeding and breeding grounds. Shorebirds typically leave Southern Hemisphere non-breeding areas over a 3-4 week period, but whether they benefit from interannually consistent timing of departure is unknown. Here, I show that individual bar-tailed godwits (Limosa limosa baueri) from New Zealand are highly consistent in their migratory scheduling. Most birds left within the same week each year (between-year repeatability, r, of 0.83) and adult males, which moult into a bright breeding plumage, were also highly repeatable in the extent of their prebreeding moult (r=0.86). This is consistent with the hypothesis that birds have individually optimized migration schedules. Within adult males, but not females, smaller birds tended to migrate earlier than large birds. Whether this reflects differences in size-related migration speed, optimal breeding time at different sites or size-related natural or sexual selection pressures, remains unknown.  相似文献   

14.
于2005年及2006年春季在云南大山包和贵州草海给8只黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)放置了卫星发射器,观察结果表明,其中6只黑颈鹤至少完成了一次完整的春季或秋季迁徙。黑颈鹤在四川省汉源停歇的乡镇包括:乌斯河镇、河南、坭美、梨园、宜东、三交坪和皇木;在美姑停歇的乡镇包括:柳洪、依果觉、农作、拉木阿觉、炳途、瓦古、峨曲古龙门和尼哈。2005年6月4~8日和2006年6月8~14日实地考察了汉源和美姑两县的黑颈鹤停歇地点。黑颈鹤在两县的停歇地点都在海拔1900m以上且人为活动稀少的区域,或为草甸覆盖的高山浑圆山头,或为高山缓坡的林间空旷草地。  相似文献   

15.
Many populations of long‐distance migrants are declining and there is increasing evidence that declines may be caused by factors operating outside the breeding season. Among the four vulture species breeding in the western Palaearctic, the species showing the steepest population decline, the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus, is a long‐distance migrant wintering in Africa. However, the flyways and wintering areas of the species are only known for some populations, and without knowledge of where mortality occurs, effective conservation management is not possible. We tracked 19 juvenile Egyptian Vultures from the declining breeding population on the Balkan Peninsula between 2010 and 2014 to estimate survival and identify important migratory routes and wintering areas for this species. Mortality during the first autumn migration was high (monthly survival probability 0.75) but mortality during migration was exclusively associated with suboptimal navigation. All birds from western breeding areas and three birds from central and eastern breeding areas attempted to fly south over the Mediterranean Sea, but only one in 10 birds survived this route, probably due to stronger tailwind. All eight birds using the migratory route via Turkey and the Middle East successfully completed their first autumn migration. Of 14 individual and environmental variables examined to explain why juvenile birds did or did not successfully complete their first migration, the natal origin of the bird was the most influential. We speculate that in a declining population with fewer experienced adults, an increasing proportion of juvenile birds are forced to migrate without conspecific guidance, leading to high mortality as a consequence of following sub‐optimal migratory routes. Juvenile Egyptian Vultures wintered across a vast range of the Sahel and eastern Africa, and had large movement ranges with core use areas at intermediate elevations in savannah, cropland or desert. Two birds were shot in Africa, where several significant threats exist for vultures at continental scales. Given the broad distribution of the birds and threats, effective conservation in Africa will be challenging and will require long‐term investment. We recommend that in the short term, more efficient conservation could target narrow migration corridors in southern Turkey and the Middle East, and known congregation sites in African wintering areas.  相似文献   

16.
Long-distance migrants have evolved complex strategies for the timing of their annual moult, fattening and migration cycles. These strategies are likely to vary at different stages of a bird's life. Ringing data on 6079 Grey Plovers Pluvialis squatarola , caught on the Wash, England, between 1959 and 1996, were analysed to relate migratory strategies to patterns of primary moult and body mass changes. Adults returning from breeding grounds had a shorter and delayed primary moult (duration 90 days, starting date 19 August) in comparison with over-summering birds (duration 109 days, starting date 5 June). Three categories of migrant adults were identified on the basis of primary moult and body mass: (1) birds which did not moult, but increased body mass and migrated further south; (2) birds which moulted 1–3 inner primaries, suspended moult, increased body mass and migrated; and (3) birds which completed or suspended moult and wintered locally. In birds of the second category, timing of primary moult and body mass increase overlapped. Among wintering birds, 38% were in suspended moult. Ninety-six per cent of birds that suspended moult at the beginning of winter were males and almost all completed moult in spring. Grey Plovers which left Britain in autumn had an average body mass of 280 g, enough to reach southern Morocco without refuelling. Both wintering adults and first-year birds showed a prewinter body mass increase, peaking in December. Adults had a synchronized premigratory body mass increase in May, which suggested a negligible presence of African migrants. The average departure mass for spring migration, estimated at 316 g, would allow birds to fly non-stop to the Siberian breeding grounds in western Taymyr.  相似文献   

17.
新疆伊犁谷地秋冬季鸟类调查   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
于秋冬季节数次在伊犁谷地进行鸟类调查,共采集了标本98种,包括观察的10中,共计有108种,隶属于31科67属。文中讨论了鸟类在不同生境中的分布、垂直分布居贸情况和一些种新的分布资料。  相似文献   

18.
Birds on migration spend much more time on stopover sites to refuel for the next migration step than aloft, but empirical data on stopover duration are rare, especially for Palearctic trans-Sahara migrants whilst crossing the desert. Previous studies suggest that stopover duration of fat birds in oases is much shorter than that of lean birds. During 2003 and 2004 capture–recapture data of migrating passerines from two inland oases in spring and from one coastal site in autumn in Mauritania, West Africa, were analysed to test whether the probability of being a transient and the stopover duration depend on fuel stores at first capture. The application of capture–recapture models revealed that during autumn migration at the coast the proportion of transients (individuals that stop over only for 1 day) was relatively high (77–90%) in three out of four species investigated and stopover duration was short (1.9–4.6 days). In the inland oases in spring, transients were detected in only four out of 12 analyses. Stopover duration was longer than at the coast in autumn and surprisingly long in some species with durations of up to 30 days. Models taking into account the initial fat load of birds on the first capture occasion were, with one exception, never the most parsimonious ones. This indicates that the time spent after and before capture at the stopover site did not depend on the fat stores at first capture. Therefore, we cannot confirm the assumption that birds arriving at stopover sites in the desert with low fat loads stay longer than birds that arrive with high fat loads.  相似文献   

19.
For seasonally migrating birds, aspects of migratory behavior, such as the use of temperate versus tropical wintering areas, may influence their ability to respond to environmental change. Here, we infer potential flexibility in songbird migration from variation in two alternative stopover behaviors. Hierarchical Bayesian mark–recapture modeling was used to quantify stopover decisions over 19 years for four temperate and four tropical migratory species at a stopover site in southern Canada. Short-distance temperate migrants exhibited higher variability in behavior and greater responses to local weather than longer-distance tropical migrants, as measured by transience (the proportion of birds stopping <24 h, i.e. seeking brief sanctuary or subsequently relocating) and departure (re-initiation of migration by birds that stopped over for >24 h). In contrast to many previous works on climate–migration associations, annual variation in stopover behavior did not show strong links to broad-scale climatic fluctuations for either temperate or tropical migrants, nor was there any indication of directional changes in stopover behavior over the past two decades. In addition to suggesting that migratory songbirds—particularly tropical-wintering species—may face increasing threats with future climatic variability, our study highlights the potential importance of flexibility in en-route behavior for resilience to environmental change.  相似文献   

20.
1. Some bat species make long-distance latitudinal migrations between summer and winter grounds, but because of their elusive nature, few aspects of their biology are well understood. The need for migratory stopover sites to rest and refuel, such as used by birds, has been repeatedly suggested, but not previously tested empirically in bats. 2. We studied migrating silver-haired bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans) at Long Point, ON, Canada. We used digital radio-transmitters to track 30 bats using an array of five towers that effectively covered the entire region (c. 20 × 40 km). We measured stopover duration and departure direction, and documented movement patterns, foraging activity and roost sites. We measured body composition on arrival using quantitative magnetic resonance and simulated long-distance migration using observed body composition to predict migration range and rate. 3. Migration occurred in two waves (late August and mid-September). Most bats stayed 1-2 days, although two remained >2 weeks. One third of the bats foraged while at the site, many foraging opportunistically on nights when rain precluded continued migration. Bats roosted in a variety of tree species and manmade structures in natural and developed areas. Half of the bats departed across Lake Erie (minimum crossing distance c. 38 km) while half departed along the shoreline. 4. Simulations predicted a migration rate of c. 250-275 km per day and suggest that all but one of the bats in our study carried sufficient fuel stores to reach the putative wintering area (estimated distance 1500 km) without further refuelling. 5. Our results suggest that migrating bats stopover for sanctuary or short-term rest as opposed to extended rest and refuelling as in many songbirds. Daily torpor could reduce energy costs when not in flight, minimizing the need for extended stopovers and allowing bats to potentially complete their migration at a fraction of the time and energy cost of similar sized birds.  相似文献   

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