普洱季风常绿阔叶林次生演替中木本植物幼苗更新特征

以时空替代的方法,将针阔混交林、季风常绿阔叶林的次生林与成熟林等3个处于同一空间下的群落作为次生演替进程中的3个阶段,研究云南普洱地区次生演替过程中的木本植物幼苗更新特征,分析了次生演替过程中木本植物幼苗的物种组成、密度、高度级及与环境因子的相关性。结果表明:在8个共144 m2的幼苗样地中调查木本植物幼苗101种2014株,其中乔木幼苗是主要组成。随着次生演替的进行,木本植物幼苗、乔木与藤本幼苗密度逐渐增加,灌木幼苗密度无显著变化;藤本植物幼苗的物种丰富度随着次生演替进行而增加,乔木与灌木幼苗则无显著变化,成熟季风常绿阔叶林中木本植物幼苗Shannon-Wiener指数要显著小于针阔混交林与次生季风常绿阔叶林。次生与成熟季风常绿阔叶林木本植物幼苗多度随高度级增加而减少,针阔混交林则呈现偏峰曲线,幼苗密度均集中分布在高度20 cm以内,3个群落演替阶段木本植物幼苗物种丰富度随高度级增加呈现偏锋曲线。相似性系数反映出乔木和藤本幼苗的更新来源与群落的物种组成存在着紧密的联系。乔木幼苗密度分布与样地坡度之间存在着显著的负相关,灌木幼苗密度与土壤pH值之间存在着显著正相关。     

昆明西山半湿润常绿阔叶林及其〖HJ*3〗〖HJ*2〗次生演替群落的更新特征

对昆明西山国家森林公园处于不同演替阶段的云南油杉林、云南油杉-滇青冈混交林和滇青冈林内木本植物幼苗的种类组成、数量及更新方式等进行了调查分析。结果表明:在所调查的共144个25m2的样方中,共记录到木本植物幼苗32科45属共49种。随着演替的进行,幼苗总密度表现出先增加后降低的趋势,处于演替中期的云南油杉-滇青冈混交林内幼苗最丰富,平均密度达80株.25m-2。在不同演替阶段各植被类型中,实生和萌生两种更新方式同时存在,单一的更新方式可能使群落的更新面临较大的风险。幼苗发生了顶死或梢枯后,从其根颈处生出多个萌枝形成多干基株的更新方式结合了实生和萌生更新各自的优点,是幼苗在与环境长期作用过程中进化出的一种有效对策。     

秦岭山地典型次生林木本植物幼苗更新特征

采用样方法调查了秦岭山地5种典型次生林——油松林、锐齿栎林、红桦林、云杉林和华山松林幼苗的更新特征.结果表明:不同次生林木本植物幼苗物种分化明显,除锐齿栎林和华山松林外,其余次生林幼苗物种相似性系数均较低;油松林和锐齿栎林木本植物幼苗数量、物种丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数及均匀度指数均较高,红桦林均最低;云杉林和华山松林幼苗数量及物种多样性指数基本一致.不同次生林幼苗和幼树所占比例存在明显差异,除红桦林幼树数量的比例较大外,其余林分幼苗的比例较大,为云杉林＞油松林＞锐齿栎林＞华山松林.不同林分幼苗萌生比例差异明显,为华山松林＞云杉林＞红桦林＞锐齿栎林＞油松林.锐齿栎林和油松林乔木幼苗比例最高,分别占木本幼苗总种数的68％和51.4％,群落处于演替中期,持续更新能力较强;云杉林、华山松林乔木幼苗比例分别为40％和15％,处于演替后期,更新能力较差;而红桦林中幼苗很难发育成幼树,持续更新能力欠缺.     

林隙对小兴安岭阔叶红松林树种更新及物种多样性的影响

研究了小兴安岭阔叶红松林不同林隙梯度(林隙中心、林隙近中心、林隙边缘)中主要树种的数量特征,以及林隙大小对树种更新的影响.结果表明:不同梯度林隙内灌木树种的密度均明显高于非林隙,同种灌木密度的比值在1.08～18.15之间;随林隙面积增加,乔木幼苗更新密度逐渐增大,幼树Ⅰ(高度H≥1 m,胸径DBH≤2 cm)和幼树Ⅱ(H≥1 m,2 cm＜DBH≤5 cm)的更新密度呈多峰曲线.林隙灌木总体更新密度主要随幼苗和幼树Ⅰ数量而变化.林隙内不同位置幼苗的平均树高、平均基径、种密度和个体密度有所差异.从林隙中心到非林隙,更新层乔木幼苗重要值的大小顺序为:林隙中心＞林隙近中心＞林隙边缘＞非林隙;物种均匀度呈高-低-高的变化,物种多样性的变化为早期林隙＞中期林隙＞晚期林隙.     

秦岭山地锐齿栎次生林幼苗更新特征

分析了秦岭山地锐齿栎次生林群落乔木及木本幼苗物种特征值、更新生态位宽度及不同影响因子下（包括林分密度、坡向、海拔等）乔木更新动态。结果表明,乔木层物种有25种,锐齿栎占有明显地优势,重要值为149.18%。其次为华山松(Pinus armandii)和千斤榆(Carpinus cordata)等;更新层共有木本植物41种,其中乔木种有28种,占所有木本植物总数量的68%,优势种有青蛙皮槭(Acer grosseri)、木姜子(Litsea pungens)等。林下有丰富的幼苗库,径级及龄级比较小。更新方式以实生为主;分析了10种更新优势乔木种群的生态位宽度,同种幼树种群生态位宽度均大于幼苗种群生态位宽度。幼苗种群生态位宽度从大到小依次为榛子(Corylus heterophylla)、锐齿栎、青蛙皮槭等。幼树种群生态位宽度从大到小依次为榛子、青蛙皮槭、锐齿栎等;林分密度对林下乔木幼苗和幼树数量影响不同。当林分密度（株?hm-2）从720增加到1460时,幼苗密度逐渐增大。随后随着林分密度的增加,又呈现出减少的趋势。而幼树密度随着林分密度增加一直呈现出减少的趋势。坡向对锐齿栎次生林林下乔木幼苗和幼树的影响各异,阳坡（南偏西3）均利于幼苗和幼树的更新。南偏西45林分内,幼苗密度急剧减少。随着坡向转为阴坡,幼苗密度又逐渐增加。而幼树密度逐渐减少。当海拔从1083 m增加到1547 m时,幼树密度逐渐增加。随后,随着海拔增加到1882 m,幼树密度则逐渐减小。而幼苗密度随着海拔的增高一直呈现减小的趋势。     

东灵山地区辽东栎幼苗的建立和空间分布

 研究树木实生苗的建立对森林生态系统的保育和恢复具有重要意义,在北京东灵山地区调查了辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)实生和萌生幼苗在几种典型的植被类型中的空间分布以及辽东栎一年生实生幼苗在1个林窗梯度上的建立。选择几种典型的植被类型,研究辽东栎实生幼苗和萌生幼苗在森林中的空间分布。结果显示,在不同植被类型中辽东栎实生和萌生幼苗的密度存在空间差异,实生苗密度随幼苗年龄增大逐渐降低,种群的更新主要依靠萌生苗完成。在1个落叶阔叶林中选择1个林窗,在不同梯度(即林窗中间、林窗和树冠连接处,以及树冠下)上,播种辽东栎坚果,第二年秋季调查实生幼苗的2个生长指标和出苗率。结果显示,林窗对一年生实生幼苗的生长高度有影响。幼苗高度在林窗中比在树冠下大;林窗对辽东栎幼苗最长叶片长度和幼苗的出苗率没有影响。说明辽东栎实生幼苗的良好生长需要阳光比较充足的生境条件。本项研究结果建议,对辽东栎种群的更新,应该适当择伐一些较大个体,使森林形成一些林窗或林中空地,以利于辽东栎实生幼苗的建立,这样才能使辽东栎种群通过实生苗进行更好的自然更新。     

鄂东南枫香(Liquidambar formosana)林、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)-枫香林群落结构及更新

长江中下游低山丘陵地区是一个植被曾经受到破坏的生态脆弱区,枫香林和马尾松枫香林是该地区的重要植被类型,对于维持该地区的生态安全具有重要意义.对地处鄂东南低山丘陵地区的枫香林和马尾松枫香林的群落结构及其主要乔木的实生更新进行了研究,结果表明:(1)该地区枫香林和马尾松枫香林群落的乔木和灌木层物种组成存在差异;(2)枫香林中的枫香种群不能实现持续地实生更新;马尾松枫香林的马尾松是一个年龄为25～30a的同生群,而枫香则为一个增长种群;(3)对马尾松、枫香、化香、合欢4种主要乔木实生幼苗的种间关联、生长发育规律、空间分布格局的分析表明:①在4种幼苗形成的6个种对中,只有马尾松和化香间呈显著的负关联(p≤0.01),其它种对间不存在明确的关联关系.②马尾松、枫香、化香、合欢的幼苗均呈聚集分布,其中枫香幼苗在高生长过程中趋向于随机分布.③ 4种幼苗的高生长速率表现出不同的规律,其中马尾松和枫香呈"J"型加速增长;化香和合欢幼苗的高生长速率分别在d、e级幼苗出现拐点,其幼苗高生长为"S"型增长\.该地区的植被演替呈现枫香为主的落叶阔叶树种取代马尾松的趋势,但是枫香林的演替趋势还有待进一步研究.     

塔里木河下游不同退化区地表植被和土壤种子库特征

对塔里木河下游不同退化程度的4个典型断面进行了植被和土壤种子库的取样调查,采用种子萌发试验研究了不同退化区植被和土壤种子库的特征,结果表明:(1)塔里木河下游地表植被表现为严重的逆行演替,具体体现为胡杨林都为过熟林,几乎没有胸径在10cm以下的幼林;植被盖度、密度和多样性指数均维持在一个较低的水平上;随退化程度不断加重,地表植被中草本植物的相对密度、相对盖度和相对频度逐渐降低,而灌木和乔木的相对密度、相对盖度和相对频度逐渐增加;(2)研究区土壤种子库的基本特征是:土壤种子库种类贫乏、密度低、多样性指数和相似性系数不高;(3) 随退化程度的加重,土壤种子库物种数不断减少、密度明显下降、优势种组成趋于单一、表层种子库比例升高、1年生草本植物占优势逐渐向多年生草本植物和灌木植物转变及土壤种子库物种组成与地上植被物种组成上差异显著.     

秦岭山地油松群落更新特征及影响因子

采用样方法,对秦岭山地油松次生林群落更新特性和相关环境因子进行了研究.结果表明:油松次生林更新层乔木树种共36种,占总种数的51.4%;优势种有短柄枹栎、锐齿栎和榛子等;幼苗库丰富,高度级及龄级较小;更新方式以实生为主,该森林群落处于演替中期、林分密度对林下乔木幼苗、幼树数量影响极显著(P<0.01),当林分密度从580株.hm-2增加到1500株.hm-2时,林下更新的幼苗、幼树密度呈增加趋势,随着林分密度的继续增加,其密度逐渐减少;坡向对幼苗、幼树密度的影响显著(P<0.05),当坡向由南偏西10°到南偏西40°,林下幼树密度逐渐减少,至阴坡(北偏东10°)幼树数量又逐渐增加.不同坡位林分更新特征各异,平坡林分中幼苗、幼树密度均较大;从坡下向上,幼苗密度逐渐减少,而幼树密度逐渐增大;海拔从1159 m增至1449 m,幼树密度逐渐增加,至1658 m时,幼树密度逐渐减小,而幼苗密度则一直呈现增加趋势.处于阴坡的中密度林分更新效果最佳.合理调整林分密度是加快林分更新的有效途径之一.     

长白山森林不同演替阶段采伐林隙土壤种子库特征

对长白山地区不同恢复演替阶段的杨桦次生林、次生阔叶林和阔叶红松林采伐林隙内的土壤种子库进行了研究.结果表明：次生阔叶林林隙内土壤种子库的种子密度最大,为652粒·m^-2.随着森林群落的演替,土壤种子库的多样性指数和均匀度指数逐渐增大,而优势度指数则逐渐降低;红松、臭松和色木槭等顶极种的种子密度逐渐增大,山槐、水曲柳等树种的种子密度逐步降低;种子库的物种组成同更新幼苗的相似性越来越高,相异性则越来越低.在3种林型中,非林隙林分土壤种子库的种子密度,以及同幼苗的相似性均与林隙内种子库相同.说明土壤种子库为群落的恢复演替提供了丰富的种源基础,且随着恢复演替的进行,对地表植被更新的影响越来越强.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.