两种鲟鱼卵在均匀流场中的漂移特性研究

鱼卵的漂移是鱼类早期发育时期响应水文过程的一个重要阶段[1,2]。鱼卵的漂移有利于其在河流生态系统中的分布扩散、孵化和躲避敌害等[3,4]。鱼卵的漂移过程受到多方面的影响,包括鱼卵本身的质量、大小、形状和水的特征如流速、流态以及泥沙含量等[5,6]。因此,在各种环境外在影响和鱼卵内在因素的作用下,各种鱼类的漂流方式不尽相同,同一种鱼卵在不同江段也呈现不同的漂移方式[7-9]。目前,鱼卵漂移规律的研究主要体现在大尺度的鱼卵分布调查(如洋流)中,有少量学者报道了不同水流速度下鱼卵垂直分布的定量情况、安全漂流孵化的下限流速等,而鱼卵与水流细部特征的响应关系和沉降规律等方面的报道较少[10-13]。因此,尽管国内外学者对鱼卵的漂移规律展开了初步研究,鱼卵在水流中如何漂移的问题仍然没有得到系统的回答。     

川芎咖啡酸-3-O-甲基转移酶的同源建模与分子模拟对接

[目的]分析川芎咖啡酸-3-O甲基转移酶(Caffeic acid-3-Omethyltransferase,COMT)序列特征、蛋白结构和活性位点。[方法]以紫花苜蓿中COMT的晶体结构为模板,利用同源建模构建川芎(Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort)COMT的三维模型。[结果]经过动力学优化后,川芎COMT的三维模型与紫花苜蓿COMT的结构极为相似,主要由α-螺旋和β-折叠构成,其中α-螺旋占37.26%、β-折叠占10.41%、无规卷曲占52.33%。川芎COMT含有两个重要的结构域:咖啡酸结合域与S-腺苷甲硫氨酸结合域,主要通过氢键与范德华力结合,其中咖啡酸与川芎COMT分子中的Asp208和Gly210形成氢键,S-腺苷甲硫氨酸与川芎COMT分子中的Ser186、Thr213、Ala215、Thr216、Trp268及Asp272等残基形成氢键。[结论]该文得到川芎COMT的序列特征、蛋白结构和活性位点,为该类COMT的催化机理研究和分子工程改造奠定基础。     

长江口日本鳗鲡幼体色素发育时相及其体型变化

<正>日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)是一种具有重要经济价值的降海洄游鱼类,产卵场位于西马里亚纳海脊南部[1,2],孵化的柳叶鳗仔鱼随北赤道流和黑潮输送至中国、朝鲜及日本的大陆架变态为玻璃鳗,并在河口水域变态为线鳗[3]。柳叶鳗-玻璃鳗-线鳗的变态,伴随着多个形态发育和生理调节过程。其中,表皮和内部器官上渐进沉积的黑色素是最清晰的可视标志[4]。Tesch和White[3]根据色素发育特征,将变态过程划分为I-VI色素发育时相。已有研究表明,幼鳗色素发育过程中个体体长、体重、体型、丰满度以及存活率等指标发生显著变化[5—13]。     

人TCF7L2基因启动子生物信息学分析

[目的]探讨人TCF7L2基因启动子特征。[方法]从UCSC数据库获得人TCF7L2基因5'调控区2 000 bp序列,利用多种在线软件对启动子、转录因子结合位点、Cp G岛、SNP等进行分析。[结果]5'调控区2 000 bp序列正义链上至少存在5个潜在的启动子,其中-242～-192 bp、-853～-803 bp之间可能包含核心启动子。查找到1个TATA盒,存在1个长度为499 bp的Cp G岛。Ali Baba2. 1、PROMO和JASPAR软件分别预测到241、944、1 035(正义链)个转录因子结合位点。利用conreal程序在人和小鼠TCF7L2基因启动子保守区域内预测到207个共同的转录因子结合位点,涉及到66种转录因子。启动子区发现2个SNP位点。[结论]对人TCF7L2基因启动子进行了生物信息学分析,获得了启动子特征。     

猫儿屎导管分子穿孔板新类型的发现

运用扫描电镜(SEM)对木通科(Lardizabalaceae)猫儿屎属(Decaisnea Hook.f. & Thoms.)植物猫儿屎[Decaisnea insignis (Griff.) Hook.f.et Thoms.]茎的次生木质部导管分子进行观察,以期为该属的系统演化提供依据.结果表明,猫儿屎的导管分子具有多个穿孔板,端壁穿孔板除了梯状以外,还有梯-网、梯-网-单、梯-单混合穿孔板等类型;侧壁穿孔板包括梯状、网状、梯-网混合状穿孔板;穿孔板上纹孔膜的残余有丝状、网状和片状.同时对导管分子的长度、宽度及端壁倾斜度等特征进行统计,并讨论了木通科各类群的穿孔板特征.     

家蚕浓核病毒(镇江)株主要结构蛋白基因的克隆及表达

家蚕浓核病毒(Bombyx mori densovirus,BmDNV)是一种昆虫细小病毒.与其它昆虫细小病毒感染昆虫体内多种组织不同,家蚕浓核病毒只感染家蚕中肠上皮组织的圆筒型细胞,感染该病毒细胞的细胞核可以被孚尔根和甲基绿浓染,在病毒感染的早期中肠上皮组织细胞数量增加,形成褶皱,最后感染细胞脱落到肠腔中[1-3].自从20世纪70年代末日本学者证实家蚕浓核病是由于家蚕浓核病毒感染引起的以来[4],已经分离得到了多个病毒株系[5-8].根据它们在血清学、理化特性、品种感受性和病理特征等方面的差异,分为BmDNV-1(伊那株)和BmDNV-2(以山梨株为代表)[8-11].     

橡胶褐根病拮抗放线菌17-7的筛选、鉴定及发酵条件优化

[背景]由有害木层孔菌(Phellinus noxius Corner)侵染引起的橡胶树褐根病是严重危害橡胶树的一类病害,给橡胶产业造成巨大的经济损失。[目的]从橡胶树根际土壤中筛选对橡胶树褐根病菌具有高拮抗活性的放线菌菌株,为该病害生防药剂的研发提供基础。[方法]采用稀释涂布法分离放线菌,平板对峙法、抑制菌丝生长速率法筛选拮抗菌株,通过培养特征、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析确定其分类地位;利用单因子试验和正交试验相结合确定其最优发酵配方及培养条件。[结果]筛选到一株对橡胶褐根病具有较强抑制作用的放线菌菌株17-7,其对橡胶树上的5种病原菌均有较好的抑制作用。菌株17-7与桑树链霉菌(Streptomyces samsunensi)亲缘关系较近,且形态特征、培养特征和生理生化特征基本相符。该菌株最优发酵配方和培养条件分别为:葡萄糖20.0 g/L、大豆粉25.0g/L、KH2PO4 1.0g/L、NaCl 0.5 g/L、CaCO30.5g/L,培养基装瓶量为150 mL/500 mL,起始pH 8.0,摇瓶培养转速为140 r/min,接种量为10%,培养温度为28℃,培养时间为5 d。[结论]菌株17-7被鉴定为桑树链霉菌(Streptomyces samsunensi),其对橡胶褐根病具有较强的拮抗作用。     

对2001年高考理科综合能力测试(天津、山西卷)试卷生物学科试题的分析(1)

本文试从试题所涉及的主要知识内容、考试目标要求、答案理由陈述 3个方面 ,按卷面题号顺序分别来谈谈个人意见。试题 1答案 :B[主要知识 ]　对过敏反应、血浆蛋白质性质、毛细血管壁通透性、血浆与组织液和淋巴的关系等问题的认识。[考试目标 ]　 1)理解在内环境中“血浆 -组织液 -淋巴 -血浆”转化形成的原理 ;2 )理解毛细血管在正常时的通透性特征与过敏时所发生的异常改变 ;3)理解血浆蛋白质影响水分在血浆与组织液之间转移的原理 ;4 )根据以上认识 ,对过敏时体液转移趋势作出分析和判断。[答案理由 ]　血浆蛋白质作为大分子亲水性胶体…     

糖尿病患者肠道菌群特征及其相关性的系统评价

目的对糖尿病患者肠道菌群特征及其相关性进行系统评价。方法检索知网、维普、万方、PubMed、Cochrane library、Embase等数据库关于糖尿病患者肠道菌群特征及其相关性的文献,同时追踪纳入文献的参考文献,时限为2009年3月至2019年3月,采用统一提取表,由两名研究者独立按照规定的纳入排除标准进行文献提取和方法学质量评估。最后采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta合并,Stata 12.0软件进行亚组分析与发表性偏倚识别。结果共纳入25篇研究,合计2 209例患者。Meta分析显示:(1)糖尿病患者菌群总量(SMD=-0.30,P=0.53)、乳杆菌数量(SMD=-0.79,P=0.20)下降,拟杆菌数量(SMD=1.43,P=0.12)、梭菌数量(SMD=0.28,P=0.40)增加,差异均无统计学意义,双歧杆菌数量(SMD=-1.82,P=0.02)下降,差异有统计学意义。(2)糖尿病患者菌群Shannon指数I~2=91%,r=-0.21[-0.32,0.09],P0.05;Chao1指数I~2=0%,r=-28.17[-40.85,-15.48],P0.05;均下降。(3)拟杆菌、双歧杆菌、梭菌与空腹血糖的相关性分别为:I~2=0%,r=-0.15[-0.27,-0.03];I~2=0%,r=-1.16[-1.42,0.91];I~2=0%,r=-0.28[-0.42,-0.14],均P0.05。而乳杆菌的相关性差异无统计学意义:I~2=47%,r=-0.00[-0.30,0.29],P=0.98。(4)乳杆菌和拟杆菌与炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-6)呈负相关,乳杆菌(r=-0.43;r=-0.60),P0.05;拟杆菌(r=-0.58;r=-0.58),P0.05,差异有统计学意义。结论糖尿病患者肠道菌群总量无明显变化,但有益菌含量和多样性下降,拟杆菌、双歧杆菌和梭菌含量与血糖水平呈负相关,而乳杆菌无相关,其结果还需要大样本、高质量的研究加以论证。     

计算机图像分析挖掘乳腺癌病理预后新指标

应用计算机辅助图像分析方法研究了230例乳腺浸润性导管癌(invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast,IDC)的1 150张苏木素-伊红组织病理图像。用支持向量机模型分割上皮-间质,用标记点控制的分水岭算法分割细胞核,提取出730个形态学特征。Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示12个形态学特征与8年无病生存相关(P0.05);Cox比例风险回归模型显示其中4个参数为独立预后因子:癌巢细胞密度(HR 1.645,95%CI[1.193,2.270],P=0.002)、间质细胞结构特征(HR 1.507,95%CI[1.084,2.095],P=0.015)、癌巢特征(HR 1.361,95%CI[1.026,1.804],P=0.032)及癌巢细胞核特征(HR 0.731,95%CI[0.538,0.993],P=0.045),可作为预测IDC预后的病理新指标。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.