泉水鱼的细胞遗传学分析

以泉水鱼(Pseudogyrinocheilus prochilus)的肾为材料,采用体内注射植物血球凝集素(PHA)和秋水仙素、肾组织细胞短期培养、常规空气干燥法制备泉水鱼染色体标本,对其核型进行分析。以泉水鱼外周血细胞为样本,鸡(Gallus gallus)血细胞DNA含量(2.50 pg/2c,2c指二倍体)为标准,用流式细胞仪测定了泉水鱼的DNA含量。结果表明:(1)泉水鱼的染色体数量为2n=50,核型公式为12m+14sm+14st+10t,总臂数NF=76,未发现性别相关的异型染色体;(2)泉水鱼的DNA含量为鸡血对照的(1.05±0.04)倍,其绝对DNA含量为(2.62±0.10)pg/2c。泉水鱼的染色体数目和DNA含量显示出二倍体的特征。     

中华沙鳅染色体核型

采用PHA和秋水仙素活体注射方法制备了中华沙鳅头肾组织染色体标本并分析其核型。结果表明,中华沙鳅二倍体染体色数目为96,核型公式为:2n=8m+12sm+20st+56t,臂数NF=116,无异形染色体分化。通过与其他鳅科鱼类染色体核型比较,推测中华沙鳅核型是鳅科祖先经过罗伯逊易位、染色体类型转变、染色体多倍化等途径进化而来。     

黄喉拟水龟细胞核DNA含量的分析

以黄喉拟水龟 (Mauremysmutica)的红血细胞为材料 ,以鸡红血细胞为DNA标准 ( 2 5pg/2c) ,采用流式细胞仪测定了黄喉拟水龟及其两个种群的细胞核基因组DNA含量。黄喉拟水龟的细胞基因组DNA含量为 5 16± 0 2 9pg/2c (n =6 0 ) ;南方种群的细胞核DNA含量为 5 19± 0 30pg/2c (n =30 ) ,北方种群为 5 14±0 30pg/2c (n =30 ) ,两个种群的核DNA含量无显著差异 (t=0 6 84 7,df =5 8,P >0 0 5 )。     

十四种淡水鱼的DNA含量

本实验采用血涂片,Feulgen染色,显微荧光光度法对分属4目7科的14种淡水鱼的红细胞核DNA含量进行了初步测定。在这些鱼类中,二倍体染色体数目和DNA含量存在着明显的相关性:2n=50左右的类型的DNA含量大多在2.0—2.9微微克(pg);而2n=100的鲤鱼和泥鳅则具有相对高的DNA含量,分别为3.5和4.6pg。分类地位较高的黄鳝和乌鳢具有较低的DNA含量,分别为1.6和1.3pg。鲤科鱼类中,染色体数目2n=50和2n=48的两种类型并不存在一致性的显著差异,这可能反映了这两类核型在进化上的近缘程度。泥鳅的DNA含量大约是大鳞付泥鳅的DNA含量(2.2pg)的2倍,证明了泥鳅是一种四倍体类型的鱼。     

匙吻鲟的细胞遗传学分析

采用体内注射PHA和秋水仙素,肾细胞短期培养,常规空气干燥法制备匙吻鲟(Polyodon spathula)的染色体标本.对其肾细胞染色体数目统计分析表明,匙吻鲟染色体组南120条染色体所组成.以测得的核型参数和按Levan,et al.提出的染色体划分标准得出:具有22对中部着丝粒染色体(m),16对亚中部着丝粒染色体(sm),22对亚端部着丝粒染色体(st)和端部着丝粒染色体(t);染色体臂数(NF)为196,核型公式为44 m + 32am + 44st,t.再采用流式细胞仪分析系统测定匙吻鲟体细胞的DNA含量,与鸡血细胞标准对照相比为2.69±0.19,以鸡红细胞DNA含量2.3 pg/N测算.则匙吻鲟体细胞DNA含量为6.18 pg/N.根据所得到的结果并结合已发表的鲟鱼类DNA含量和染色体资料,判定匙吻鲟为四倍体物种.鲟形目伍类全部为多倍体起源的鱼类,在细胞水平的进化比较特殊,以染色体加倍的方式进行.染色体加倍及分化,可能是造成鲟形目鱼类种类较多及多倍体类型(4n、8n、12n等)丰富的主要原因.     

黄藤染色体核型及基因组大小分析

为探究黄藤(Daemonoropsjenkinsiana)染色体核型和基因组的大小,采用体细胞染色体常规制片法与显微摄影技术相结合的方法,对黄藤染色体进行了核型分析,同时以番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)为内标,应用流式细胞术对黄藤叶片基因组大小、DNA含量和DNA倍性进行了测定。结果表明,黄藤茎尖是理想的染色体制片材料;黄藤的染色体数为2n=24,核型公式为K(2n)=1M+17m+5sm+1st,核型类型为2C;核型不对称系数61.20%;黄藤的DNA含量为1.57 pg,基因组大小为1 539.53 Mb,黄藤的DNA倍性为二倍体(2n)。这是首次报道黄藤的核型和基因组大小,为深入开展黄藤属及其近缘属植物的核型和基因组比较分析提供了参考依据。     

两种蒿属植物的染色体数目和核型研究

本文报道了我国蒿属2个种的染色体核型,它们的核型模式为:油蒿2n=36=28m+6sm+2st;褐沙蒿2n=36=26m+2sm+8st(2SAT)。     

风毛菊属5种植物的核型分析

采用常规压片法,对风毛菊属(Saussurea)5种植物的染色体数目和核型类型进行分析。结果表明:大耳叶风毛菊(S.macrota)核型公式为2n=2x=26=10m+12sm+4st,属2A型;长梗风毛菊(S.dolichopoda)核型公式为2n=2x=26=14m+8sm+4st,属2A型;川陕风毛菊(S.licentiana)核型公式为2n=2x=28=12m+16sm,属2B型;杨叶风毛菊(S.populifolia)核型公式为2n=2x=28=6m+18sm+4st,属2B型;尾叶风毛菊(S.caudata)核型公式为2n=2x=30=14m+14sm+2st,属2A型。这5种风毛菊属植物中,除大耳叶风毛菊染色体数目和核型类型与前人报道的一致外,其余4种植物的染色体数目和核型类型均为首次报道,并在川陕风毛菊中发现1对B染色体。     

角堇与大花三色堇染色体核型分析

以2份角堇与4份大花三色堇自交系为试验材料,采用染色体常规压片方法,观察和分析了它们的细胞染色体数目、相对长度、平均臂比等核型指标,以明确两种植物细胞学特点,为分类以及育种提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)2份角堇自交系染色体数目均为2n=2x=26,染色体基数为x=13,染色体核型公式分别为2n=2x=26=8m+12sm+6st、2n=2x=26=4m+16sm+6st,核型不对称系数为67.20%~70.10%,核型分类均属于3B。(2)4份大花三色堇自交系均为四倍体,其中2份(EYO-1-2-1-4、DSRFY-1-1-2)染色体数目为44,核型公式为2n=4x=44=4m+16sm+6st、2n=4x=44=16m+24sm+4st;2份(G10-1-3-1-4、XXL-YB-1-1-1-1)染色体数目为48,核型公式分别为2n=4x=48=8m+20sm+20st、2n=4x=48=4m+36sm+8st,核型不对称系数为66.74%~71.77%,核型分类属于2B、3B。     

桤木属7种植物的核型分析

利用改良去壁低渗法对分布于欧美地区的桦木科(Betulaceae)桤木属(Alnus Mill.)7种植物进行染色体数目与核型分析。结果显示:所有材料染色体形态比较一致,多为由中部(m)及近中部(sm)着丝点染色体组成。意大利桤木(A.cordata)为六倍体,体细胞染色体数为2n=6x=42,核型公式为2n=6x=42=36m+6sm;绿桤木(A.viridis)为八倍体,体细胞染色体数为2n=8x=56,核型公式为2n=8x=56=46m+10sm(SAT);薄叶桤木(A.tenuifolia)、灰桤木(A.incana)、欧洲桤木(A.glutinosa)、裂叶桤木(A.sinuata)和红桤木(A.rubra)均为四倍体,体细胞染色体数均为2n=4x=28,其核型公式分别为2n=4x=28=16m(1SAT)+12sm、2n=4x=28=22m+6sm、2n=4x=28=24m+4sm、2n=4x=28=24m+4sm、2n=4x=28=26m+2sm。其中红桤木(A.rubra)的核型属于1B型,其余均为2B型。     

Data reassessment in a phylogenetic context gives insight into chromosome evolution in the giant genus Solanum (Solanaceae)

Chromosome data are fundamental in evolution. However, there has been no attempt to synthesize and evaluate the significance of such information from a phylogenetic perspective in the giant genus Solanum, which was the aim of this work. New and published information of the main cytotaxonomic features (chromosome number, polyploidy, total length of the haploid complement, mean chromosome length, mean arm ratio, karyotype formula, nuclear DNA amount, number/position of rDNA sites) was compiled and mapped onto an embracing Solanaceae phylogeny, performing Ancestral States Reconstruction. There were 506 Solanum species with chromosome counts (49.7% from an estimated total of 1,018 spp.), with x?=?12 being the most frequent number (97%). Species with karyotypes represent 18.8%, while 8% have been studied with any molecular cytogenetic technique. Chromosome characters showed transitions associated with supported nodes, some of which have undergone fewer transitions than others. The common ancestor of all Solanum was a diploid with 2n?=?24, a karyotype with st and/or t chromosomes, 2C DNA content of 1–1.2 pg, one locus of 18–5.8–26S rDNA and one of 5S, both loci being asyntenic. The chromosomal variables behave as homoplastic, with reversions in all branches. The analysed characters were sorted from more to less conserved: asynteny of rDNA loci; number of sites of 18–5.8–26S; chromosome number; karyotype formula; number of 5S loci. This pattern of chromosomal evolution distinguishes Solanum from closely related genera and from genera from other families with a similar number of species.     

Chromosomal characteristics and karyotype evolution of Oxyopidae spiders (Araneae, Entelegynae)

We made a cytogenetic analysis of four species of Oxyopidae and compared it with the karyotype data of all species of this family. In Hamataliwa sp, the mitotic cells showed 2n♂ = 26+X(1)X(2) and telocentric chromosomes. The 2n♂ = 28, which has been described for only one oxyopid spider, is the highest diploid number reported for this family. Peucetia species exhibited distinct karyotype characteristics, i.e., 2n♂ = 20+X(1)X(2) in P. flava and 2n♂ = 20+X in P. rubrolineata, revealing interspecific chromosome variability within this genus. However, both Peucetia species exhibited telocentric chromosomes. The most unexpected karyotype was encountered in Oxyopes salticus, which presented 2n♂ = 10+X in most individuals and a predominance of biarmed chromosomes. Additionally, one male of the sample of O. salticus was heterozygous for a centric fusion that originated the first chromosomal pair and exhibited one supernumerary chromosome in some cells. Testicular nuclei of Hamataliwa sp and O. salticus revealed NORs on autosomal pairs, after silver impregnation. The majority of Oxyopidae spiders have their karyotype differentiated by both reduction in diploid number chromosome number and change of the sex chromosome system to X type; however, certain species retain the ancestral chromosome constitution 2n = 26+X1X2. The most remarkable karyotype differentiation occurred in O. salticus studied here, which showed the lowest diploid number ever observed in Oxyopidae and the second lowest registered for Entelegynae spiders.     

C-banding and DNA content in three species of Belostoma (Heteroptera) with large differences in chromosome size and number

C-banding was carried out on Belostoma elegans (2n=26+X₁X₂Y) (), B. micantulum (2n=14+XY) () and B. oxyurum (2n=6+XY) () (Belostomatidae, Heteroptera). The C-bands always have a telomeric localization and no interstitial bands were detected. An inverse relationship between chromosome size and chromosome number exists, and besides, an inverse relationship between chromosome size and the size of the C-bands was observed. The DNA content was determined in all three species. B. elegans has a C content of 1.55±0.06 pg, B. micantulum has 0.88±0.04 pg and B. oxyurum had 0.53±0.04 pg.Considering the male meiotic characteristics, the chromosome complement and the results of C-banding and DNA content, the karyotype of B. oxyurum probably originated through autosomal fusions. The karyotype of B. micantulum and B. elegans could have originated through autosomal fusions or fragmentations respectively; with the information available up to now it is not possible to discard any of the two pathways.     

雅江点地梅（报春花科）3个居群的核型和倍性变化

首次报道了雅江点地梅（Androsace yargongensis)3个居群的染色体数目和核型,对倍性也进行研究。3个居群的染色体数目（2n),核型公式（KF）,染色体相长度组成（C．RL）,核型不对4称系数（As,K%)和核型类型（KT）分别为：野牛沟居群2n=40,KF=36m(1SAT) 2SM 2ST b,C,RL=2L 14M2 22M1 2S 2bS,As.K=54.75%,KT=2A;巴颜喀拉山居群2n=40,KF=36m 2sm 2st 1b,C.RL=4L 16M2 18M1 2S 1bS,As.K=56.31%,KT=2B;达坂山居群2n=60,KF=40m 14sm 6st,C.RL=4L 24M2 26M1 6S,As.K=59.56%,KT=2B。根据3个居群的染色体和核型不对称性与居群所在地的地理位置,认为雅江点地梅核型和倍性的演化与高海拔生态环境和寒冷、干旱的气候加剧有密切关系。     

山东10种植物的核型分析

对山东１０ 种植物进行了核型分析。茴茴蒜（ Ｒａｎｕｎｃｕｌｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｂｇｅ－） 染色体数目２ｎ ＝１６ , 核型公式Ｋ（２ｎ） ＝ ２ｘ ＝ １６ ＝ ２ Ｍ ＋ ２ｍ ＋ ２ｓｍ ＋ １０ｓｔ, “３Ａ”类型; 五脉地椒（ Ｔｈｙｍｕｓｑｕｉｎｑｕｅｃｏｓｔａｔｕｓ Ｃｅｌａｋ－） 染色体数目２ｎ＝ ２６ , 核型公式Ｋ （２ｎ） ＝ ２ｘ＝ ２６ ＝ ８ Ｍ ＋ １８ｍ , “１Ａ”类型; 蛇床（ Ｃｎｉｄｉｕｍ ｍｏｎｎｉｅｒｉ（Ｌ－） Ｃｕｓｓ－） 染色体数目２ｎ＝ ２０ , 核型公式Ｋ （２ｎ） ＝ ２ｘ＝ ２０ ＝ ２Ｍ＋ １６ｍ ＋ ２ｓｍ , “２Ｂ”类型; 波斯菊（ Ｃｏｓｍｏｓ ｂｉｐｉｎｎａｔｕｓ Ｃａｖ－） 染色体数目２ｎ ＝ ２４ , 核型公式Ｋ（２ｎ） ＝ ２ｘ ＝ ２４ ＝ １６ｍ ＋ ２ｍ （ｓａｔ） ＋ ６ｓｍ , “２Ａ”类型; 白车轴草（ Ｔｒｉｆｏｌｉｕｍ ｒｅｐｅｎｓ Ｌ－） 染色体数目２ｎ＝ ３２ , 核型公式Ｋ （２ｎ） ＝ ４ｘ ＝ ３２ ＝ ３２ｍ , “１Ａ”类型; 铁苋菜（ Ａｃａｌｙｐｈａ ａｕｓｔｒａｌｉｓ Ｌ－）染色体数目２ｎ ＝ ３２ , 核型公式Ｋ （２ｎ） ＝ ２ｘ＝ ３２ ＝ ３２ｍ , “１Ｂ”类型; 地构叶（ Ｓｐｅｒａｎｓｋｉａ ｔ?     

草鱼(♀)×赤眼鳟(♂)杂交F1倍性分析和性腺发育特点

为探讨草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella♀)×赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus♂)杂交F₁的倍性和生育性能, 对杂交F₁的染色体核型和红细胞核DNA含量进行分析和测定, 并运用组织学方法对繁殖期和非繁殖期共124尾杂交F₁的性腺发育特点进行研究。结果显示: (1)杂交F₁染色体2n=48, 核型公式2n=26 m+20 sm+2 st, NF=94, 未发现端部着丝点染色体、随体和次缢痕等结构; (2)杂交F₁相对DNA含量为对照组鸡血的1.29倍, 其绝对DNA含量为(3.21±0.61) pg/N, DNA指数为0.92; (3)经解剖观察和切片鉴定, 杂交F₁卵细胞分为两种类型: 一类卵细胞第Ⅰ—Ⅴ时相均发育正常, 可完成排卵并产生后代, 为正常发育型; 另一类卵细胞发育到第Ⅴ时相后, 卵黄颗粒减少, 油滴增加, 呈无卵黄空洞状, 为异常发育型。杂交F₁精巢包括初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞和精子细胞, 无成熟精子; 部分精小囊内精细胞量极少, 多为结缔组织或脂肪组织; 生产实践中暂未发现可以排精的杂交F₁个体。研究表明, 草鱼与赤眼鳟杂交获得的杂交F₁为二倍体, 部分雌性可育, 雄性可能为败育群体。     

七种药用植物的染色体研究

对山东７种药用植物的染色体进行了研究。结果表明：田旋花（ＣｏｎｖｏｌｖｕｌｕｓａｒｖｅｎｓｉｓＬ）的染色体数目为２ｎ＝７８;蜜柑草（ＰｈｙｌａｎｔｈｕｓｍａｔｓｕｍｕｒａｅＨａｖａｔａ）的染色体数目为ｎ＝８８;挂红灯（ＰｈｙｓａｌｉｓａｌｋｅｋｅｎｇｉＬｖａｒｆｒａｎｃｈｅｔｉ（Ｍａｓｔ）Ｍａｋｉｎｏ）的染色体数目为２ｎ＝２４,核型公式为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２４＝２ｍ＋１８ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ＋２ｓｔ（ｓａｔ）,核型“２Ａ”型;无剌曼陀罗（ＤａｔｕｒａｓｔｒａｍｏｎｉｕｍＬｖａｒｉｎｅｒｍｉｓ（Ｊａｃｑ）ＳｃｈｉｎｚｅｔＴｈｅｌ）的染色体数目为２ｎ＝２４,核型公式为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２４＝２０ｍ＋４ｓｍ,核型“１Ｂ”型;决明（ＣａｓｉａｔｏｒａＬ）的染色体数目为２ｎ＝２６,核型公式为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２６＝２４ｍ＋２ｓｍ,核型“１Ａ”型;荔枝草（ＳａｌｖｉａｐｌｅｂｅｉａＲＢｒ）的染色体数目为２ｎ＝１６,核型公式为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝１６＝６ｍ＋１０ｓｍ,核型“２Ａ”型;车前（ＰｌａｎｔａｇｏａｓｉａｔｉｃａＬ）的染色体数目为２ｎ＝３６,核型公式为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝３６＝３２ｍ＋４ｓｍ,核型“１Ａ”型。     

Karyotype Analysis of 5 Species of Polygonatum Mill.

The present paper reports the chromosome numbers and karyotypes of five species in Polygonatum from Anhui of China. The materials used in this work are listed in Table 1, Photomicrographs of somatic metaphase and karyograms of the five species of Polygonatum in Plate 1, 2, 3, the idiograms in Fig. 1-11 and a comparison of the karyotype of them is provided in Table 2. The results are shown as follows: 1. Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.)Druce Two materials were examined. One from Mt. Huangshan, Anhui, has 2n= 16 = 10m (3sc)+ 6sm (Plate 1 :A, B). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 1. The chromosomes range in length from 2.85 to 8.85 μm, with the total length 48.63μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.11, The karyotype belong to Stebbins’(1971) 2B. The two chromosomes of the first pair have arm ratios 1.01 and 1.29 respectively, and The first pair has one chromosome carrying a satellite attached to the short arm, showing heterozyosity .The chromosome num ber of 2n= 16 in P. odoratum and its karyotype are reported for the first time. The other from Langyashan, Chu - xian, Anhui, is found to have 2n = 18 = 10m (Isc)+2sm+6st(2sc) (Plate 1: C, D). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 2. The chromosomes range in length from 2.43 to 8.29μm, with the total length 46.67µm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.41. The karyotype is also of 2B. In a somatic chromosome complement the 2nd pair have one chromosome carrying a satellite attached to the long arm, showing heterozygosity. 2. Polygonatum filipes Merr. Two materials were examined. One from the Huangshan, Anhui is found to have two cytotypes: 2n= 16 and 2n=22. This paper reports one of them. The karyotype formula is 2n=22=8m+8sm(2sc)+6st(Plate 3: Q, R). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 3. The chromosomes range in length from 2.55- 5.85μm, with the total length 45.01 μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.29. The karyotype belongs to 3B. The other material from the Fangchang, Anhui, is shown to have four cytitypes: 2n= 14, 2n= 16, 2n=20 (Plate 3: W) and 2n=22. This paper reports two of them. Type I: the karytype formula is 2n=14=10m+4sm (Plate 3: S, T). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 5. The chromosomes range in length from 2.59 to 7.61μm, the total length 37.44μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest is 2.94. the karyotype belongs to 2B. Type II :The karyotype formula is 2n=16=8m+4sm+4st (Plate 3: U, V). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 4. The chromosomes range in length from 2.65 to 8.21 μm, the total length 46.01 μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.10. The karyotype belongs to 2B. The chromosome numbers of 2n=20, 2n= 14 and 2n=22, and karyotype of 2n= 14 and 2n=22 in P. filipes are reported for the first time. 3. Polygonatum cytonema Hua Two materials were examined. One from the Langyashan, Chuxian, anhui, is found to have 2n = 18 = 8m (2sc)+ 6sm+ 4st (Plate 2: K, L). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 7. The chromosomes range in length from 3.41 to 9.21 μm, the total length 56.34μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest is 2.70. The karyotype belongs to 2B. The other material from the Huangshan, Anhui, has two cytotypes: 2n=20 and 2n= 22. Type I: The karyotype formula is 2n= 20= 8m+ 6sm+ 6st (Plate 2: M, N). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 8. The chromosomes range in length from 1.75 to 5.03μm, with the total length 32. 91μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2. 87. The karyotype is also of 2B. Type II: The karyotype formula is 2n=22=6m+ 8sm+4st+ 4t (Plate 2: O, P ). The idiogram is Shown in Fig. 10. The chromosomes range in length from 1.75 to 4.95 μm, with total length 35.05μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.83. The karyotype brlongs to 3B. 4. Polygonatum desoulayi kom. The material from Xuancheng, Anhui, is found to have karyotype 2n = 22 = 10m (2sc) + 6sm (lsc) + 6st ( Plate 2. I, J). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 6. The chromosomes range in length from 1.86 to 5.61μm, with the total length 41.98μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.02. The karyotype is also of 3B. The first pair has one chromosome carrying a satellite attached to the long arm, showing heterozygosity. The chromosome number and karyotype of Chinese material are reported for the first time. 5. Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. The material from the Langyashan, Chuxian, Anhui is found to have two cytotypes. Type 1: the karyotype formula is 2n = 18 = 2m+ 2sm+ 10st+ 2t+ 2T (Plate 1: G, H). The idiogram is shown in Fig.9. The chromosomes range in length from 1.86 to 4.03μm, with total length 28.28μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.17. The karyotype classification belongs to 3B. Type II: The karyotype formula is 2n=24=6m+4sm+12st+2T (Plate 1: E, F). The idiogram is shown in Fig. II. The chromosomes range in length from 2.01 to 5.03μm, with total length 41.36μm and the ratio of longest to shortest 2.50. The karyotype is also of 3B. The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of Chinese material are reported for the first time.