氨基酸代谢调控在大鳞副泥鳅应对氨暴露中的作用

将大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)暴露于30 mmol/L NH4Cl溶液中以研究高浓度环境氨对其血浆、肝脏及肌肉组织中游离氨基酸含量的影响。氨暴露会显著影响大鳞副泥鳅血浆、肝脏及肌肉组织中游离氨基酸含量(P0.05)。随着氨暴露时间的延长,大鳞副泥鳅血浆中丙氨酸的含量显著增加,且显著高于对照组(P0.05)。在氨暴露12h后,其肝脏组织中游离谷氨酸含量显著上升(P0.05),而在暴露72h后迅速下降(P0.05)。而游离丙氨酸含量在氨暴露的前24h内基本保持恒定,随后开始显著上升(P0.05)并持续至72h。在氨暴露大鳞副泥鳅12h后,肌肉中游离谷氨酸含量显著上升(P0.05),随后快速下降至初始水平并持续到实验结束(P0.05),且在暴露72h和96h时显著低于对照组(P0.05)。肌肉中游离丙氨酸含量随着氨暴露时间的延长呈现先上升后降低的趋势,并在暴露12h和48h时出现2个峰值,且显著高于对照组(P0.05)。在氨暴露下,其血浆、肝脏及肌肉中游离谷氨酸含量显著降低,且谷氨酰胺含量和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性显著提高,说明在高环境氨条件下,大鳞副泥鳅会利用谷氨酰胺合成酶将谷氨酸和NH_4~+合成无毒的谷氨酰胺以降低氨毒性。随着氨暴露时间的延长,大鳞副泥鳅血浆和组织有明显的丙氨酸累积且游离谷氨酸、精氨酸和脯氨酸含量显著降低,说明其可通过代谢这些特定氨基酸生成丙氨酸以降低体内氨的累积。     

盐度对凡纳滨对虾体组织蛋白质积累、氨基酸组成和转氨酶活性的影响

本文研究了低、中和高三个盐度水平(分别为3‰、17‰和32‰)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)各组织蛋白质的积累、肌肉谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活力、肌肉总氨基酸和游离氨基酸组成和含量的影响。结果显示,经过50d不同盐度水平的试验,低盐度组对虾的肝胰腺和血淋巴中可溶性蛋白质含量显著高于中、高盐度组(p<0.05),而肌肉中可溶性蛋白质含量在各处理组间无显著性差异;低、高盐度均导致肌肉中谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活力升高,但是各处理间的差异不显著;低、高盐度组凡纳滨对虾肌肉总氨基酸和总必需氨基酸含量均显著高于中盐度组(p<0.05),中、低盐度处理组非必需氨基酸含量差异不显著,而低盐度组对虾肌肉中蛋氨酸、丝氨酸、半胱氨酸和脯氨酸含量均显著低于中盐度组(p<0.05),其中脯氨酸为常见的5种主要渗透调节氨基酸之一;低、高盐度组对虾肌肉总游离氨基酸含量显著高于中盐度组(p<0.05),而盐度对机体绝大部分肌肉游离氨基酸含量的影响不显著(p>0.05)。结果显示,当环境盐度偏离凡纳滨对虾最适生长盐度时,其可通过在肝胰腺和血淋巴蛋白质积累及提高自身转氨酶活力,来获得机体在渗透调节供能时所需的氨基酸,而这些氨基酸以脯氨酸为主。     

盐度胁迫对红耳龟生长与血液生化指标的影响

为了解外来物种红耳龟在不同盐度水域中的生存状况,本研究选用体重67.28 g±19.39 g的红耳龟进行为期70 d的不同盐度胁迫实验,分别测定红耳龟在对照组以及盐度为10‰组和20‰组(以下简写为10组和20组)的体重特定增长率和血液生化指标变化.结果表明,盐度10组的体重特定增长率极显著高于对照组和盐度20组(P＜0.01),而盐度20组的体重特定增长率略大于对照组,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);盐度10组的肌酸激酶(CK)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的活性显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);盐度10组和20组的血糖(Glu)含量显著高于对照组(P＜o.05);各盐度组血清渗透压(Osmp)、Na+、C1、K+、Mg2+、血清尿素氮(BUN)、尿酸(UA)含量差异显著(P＜0.05);盐度20组Ca2+显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).说明红耳龟可通过提高血液中血糖含量及代谢所需的酶活性使得其代谢水平升高,从而为抵抗胁迫提供所需能量;还可以通过提高血液渗透压及无机离子的浓度来适应外界渗透压的升高,从而使其能够在不同盐度水域中生存.本研究为红耳龟对盐度的耐受生理及入侵机理研究提供生理学方面的依据.     

大劣按蚊不同时期游离氨基酸的变化

大劣按蚊幼虫期有28种氨基酸,β-丙氨酸含量最高;蛹期有27种氨基酸,雄蛹氨基酸总量比雌蛹高,其中羟脯氨酸、谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、酪氮酸、β-丙氨酸,精氨酸含量较高;雄蚊有28种、雌蚊有27种氨基酸,雄蚊氨基酸总量比雌蚊高,其中羟脯氨酸、谷氨酰胺、脯氨酸、丙氨酸、半胱氨酸、酪氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸含量较高。结果表明:同一种昆虫,不同时期、雌、雄的氨基酸含量和比例有差异。     

PVY侵染后烟草营养成分的变化及其对介体烟蚜生长发育的影响

【目的】明确马铃薯Y病毒(potato virus Y,PVY)侵染后诱导的烟草营养成分的变化及其对烟蚜Myzus persicae生命特性的影响,旨在进一步解析PVY-烟草-烟蚜三者间的互作机制。【方法】通过蒽酮比色法和氨基酸自动分析仪测定了PVY不同侵染时期烟株体内的可溶性糖和游离氨基酸含量的变化;测定和比较了感病与健康烟草植株上烟蚜种群生长发育、成虫寿命、繁殖力和有翅蚜产生量的差异性。【结果】PVY侵染前、中、后期(分别为侵染后5,12和20 d)的烟草叶片中游离氨基酸的总量均显著高于健康烟草叶片。相较于健康烟草叶片,在PVY侵染前期的烟草叶片中,谷氨酸、脯氨酸、天冬氨酸、色氨酸、缬氨酸、赖氨酸和组氨酸的含量显著增加;PVY侵染中期,感病叶片中丝氨酸含量显著下降,谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、色氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、精氨酸和组氨酸含量显著提高;PVY侵染后期,感病叶片中甘氨酸含量显著下降,谷氨酸、脯氨酸、天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、丙氨酸、苯丙氨酸、组氨酸、酪氨酸和精氨酸含量显著提高。在PVY侵染的前期和中期,感病叶片中的可溶性糖含量显著高于健康烟叶,而在侵染后期感病叶片中可溶性糖含量显著低于健康烟草叶片的。PVY侵染前期和中期的烟草叶片中总糖和总游离氨基酸的含量比值显著高于健康烟草叶片中的。在PVY侵染的烟草植株和健康烟草植株上取食的烟蚜其发育历期、若蚜历期、成蚜繁殖期、繁殖后期、寿命、烟蚜种群的内禀增长率、周限增长率和平均世代周期均无显著差异,但在感病烟草植株上取食的烟蚜成蚜繁殖前期显著缩短,其繁殖力和净生殖率显著提高。相较于健康烟草植株,在PVY侵染烟草植株上定殖的烟蚜种群有翅蚜发生的高峰期提前。【结论】PVY侵染前期和中期提高了寄主烟草的营养品质,从而提高了烟蚜的繁殖力。侵染后期烟草营养品质的下降,促使烟蚜种群有翅蚜的产生和扩散,从而有利于PVY自身的传播。     

蚯蚓活动对土壤氨基酸组分及含量的影响

通过室内培养试验,研究了赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)和威廉环毛蚓(Metaphire guillelmi)对土壤氨基酸组分及含量的影响,并探讨了两种不同生活型蚯蚓作用效果的异同。结果表明:蚯蚓活动可显著改变土壤氨基酸含量,爱胜蚓作用下土壤酸解氨基酸和游离氨基酸分别增加5.08 g/kg和7.72 mg/kg,环毛蚓作用下土壤酸解氨基酸和游离氨基酸分别增加3.86 g/kg和4.44mg/kg。各处理酸解氨基酸均以中性氨基酸所占比例为最大(平均51.9%),酸性氨基酸次之(平均23.3%),而含硫氨基酸(平均14.4%)及碱性氨基酸最少(平均10.4%)。各处理游离氨基酸同样以中性氨基酸为主,平均54.4%,而以碱性氨基酸含量最少,平均仅为7.2%。蚯蚓活动并未改变土壤氨基酸可检出种类,各处理分别检测出16种酸解氨基酸和14种游离氨基酸。土壤酸解氨基酸和游离氨基酸组分含量在蚯蚓作用下均有明显改变:加入爱胜蚓后土壤酸解氨基酸组分中天冬氨酸、精氨酸、甲硫氨酸、丙氨酸、赖氨酸和甘氨酸增幅较高,均在85.7%以上,缬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸和组氨酸增幅较小在40.7%—62.7%间波动;加入环毛蚓后土壤酸解氨基酸组分中甲硫氨酸、赖氨酸、天冬氨酸、酪氨酸和丙氨酸增幅较大,均在71.9%以上,甘氨酸、精氨酸、异亮氨酸增幅适中,分别为56.8%、55.6%和54.9%;丝氨酸、亮氨酸、苏氨酸、谷氨酸、组氨酸和苯丙氨酸增幅最小,均在40%以下;游离氨基酸组分中组氨酸、精氨酸、甘氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和丙氨酸在加入爱胜蚓后增加的幅度较大,增幅在150.0%以上,增幅较为缓和的氨基酸组分有天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、缬氨酸、谷氨酸和苯丙氨酸,介于58.8%—92.1%之间;环毛蚓作用下,天冬氨酸、精氨酸、丝氨酸和异亮氨酸增幅最大,分别为184.2%、173.3%、163.0%和116.6%;苏氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸和甘氨酸增幅较缓,介于52.3%—92.7%之间;谷氨酸、组氨酸、苯丙氨酸、丙氨酸和甲硫氨酸增幅较低,均在33.1%之下;而半胱氨酸在蚯蚓作用下显著降低,降幅为11.8%。对比两种生活型蚯蚓作用效果可知,土壤氨基酸总含量及各组分含量在爱胜蚓和环毛蚓作用下的增加或减少趋势相同(土壤酸解氨基酸组分缬氨酸除外),但改变幅度却存在明显差异,总体而言,爱胜蚓作用效果优于环毛蚓。     

紫黑翼蚌钩介幼虫在不同规格寄主鱼寄生效果及对寄主鱼营养指标的影响

为提高紫黑翼蚌(Potamilus alatus)繁殖效率,探讨寄生对淡水石首鱼(Aplodinotus grunniens)营养指标的影响,实验通过比较钩介幼虫脱落数量,测试了不同规格寄主鱼的寄生效果,分析了寄生对寄主鱼血清生化指标及肌肉中氨基酸、脂肪酸含量的变化。结果显示:大规格组每尾鱼脱落数显著高于小规格组(P<0.05),小规格组每千克寄生鱼平均脱落稚贝数显著高于大规格组(P<0.05);寄生导致肌肉中肌酐显著升高(P<0.05),谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和乳酸脱氢酶显著降低(P<0.05),血糖、总蛋白、白蛋白、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05);寄生组灰分与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05),寄生组肌肉水分和粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),粗蛋白显著低于对照组(P<0.05);寄生组天冬氨酸、丙氨酸、谷氨酸、酪氨酸、甘氨酸和精氨酸含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),非必需氨基酸含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),其他氨基酸之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)...     

急性高渗胁迫对中华绒螯蟹雄蟹组织中可溶性蛋白质、血蓝蛋白、血糖与肝糖原含量的影响

实验以淡水(0.3‰)处理组为对照,研究了急性高渗胁迫(盐度16‰和30‰)对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheirsinensis)雄蟹血淋巴和肝胰腺中可溶性蛋白质、血蓝蛋白、血糖及肝糖原含量的影响。结果显示,与对照组相比,进入16‰及30‰盐度后,蟹的血淋巴中可溶性蛋白质含量从6—48h显著降低(P<0.05),至72h时显著增加(P<0.05),而机体肝胰腺的可溶性蛋白质含量从12h开始至96h显著降低(P<0.05);血蓝蛋白含量在前24h显著降低(P<0.05),48h开始显著升高(P<0.05);肝糖原含量在6—96h与对照组相比有显著的降低(P<0.05);16‰盐度组蟹的血糖含量在24—48h时显著下降(P<0.05),到72h开始逐渐恢复(P>0.05),而30‰盐度组其血糖含量早在6—12h时就有显著的下降(P<0.05),到24h则开始逐渐升高。研究表明,在急性盐度胁迫下,糖类和蛋白质对中华绒螯蟹渗透压调节起重要的作用,其优先利用糖类的分解获得所需的能量,其中盐度越高,机体内葡萄糖的消耗越快,血糖水平的恢复也相应较快。对蛋白质的利用稍次之,机体可利用蛋白质的分解获得其渗透压调节的效应物游离氨基酸以维持渗透压平衡。     

α-核突触蛋白基因突变小鼠脑组织中内源性代谢产物的变化

目的:明确α-核突触蛋白与帕金森病的病理生理相关性及其临床意义。方法:采用相色谱-质谱联用(UPLC-MS)检测野生型小鼠和基因突变型小鼠脑组织中内源性代谢性产物,通过mzcloud法对小鼠脑组织中内源性代谢物质进行鉴定,将相应数据进行主成分分析(PCA)和聚类分析,分析其相关差异表达代谢物,并构建通路图和互作网络图。结果:(1)基于LC/MS法的代谢组分析结果显示两组间差异代谢物以氨基酸类及磷脂类等为主,包括β-丙氨酰-L-组氨酸、L-精氨酸、L-组氨酸、L-亮氨酸、L-苯丙氨酸、L-缬氨酸、L-天门冬氨酸、L-丙氨酸、磷脂酰胆碱等;(2)构建的代谢通路主要涉及酮体的合成和降解、牛磺酸和亚牛磺酸代谢、丙氨酸,天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、组氨酸代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢、缬氨酸,亮氨酸和异亮氨酸的生物合成、甘油磷脂代谢等,从中发现18个具有标志性的代谢成分。结论:α-核突触蛋白基因突变后,酮体的合成和降解、牛磺酸和亚牛磺酸代谢、丙氨酸,天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、组氨酸代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢、缬氨酸,亮氨酸和异亮氨酸的生物合成、甘油磷脂代谢等代谢通路发生了变化,涉及β-丙氨酰-L-组氨酸、L-精氨酸、L-组氨酸、L-亮氨酸、L-苯丙氨酸、L-缬氨酸、L-天门冬氨酸、L-丙氨酸、磷脂酰胆碱等的生物学标志性代谢产物变化。     

抗植物病毒农药“病毒煞”的氨基酸成分分析

本文通过对抗植物病毒农药“病毒煞”的氨基酸成分进行分析,共含有１８种氨基酸,其中脯氨酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸和天冬氨酸含量较高,约占水解氨基酸总量的４７％;含有１９种游离氨基酸,脯氨酸含量最高,占游离氨基酸总量的５１％,说明氨基酸可能是其防病增产的有效成分之一。     

FREE AMINO ACIDS IN DEVELOPING RAT RETINA

—During postnatal growth the free amino acids pattern of rat retina differs at various developmental stages. The adult level for individual amino acids is reached on the 30th day of maturation. During differentiation the taurine, glutamic acid, GABA, glutamine, aspartic acid, glycine arginine, methionine and histidine levels increase while proline. alanine, ornithine and tyrosine decrease.     

Effect of variations in salinity and alkalinity of applied irrigation waters on the amino acid make-up of Phaseolus aureus

Summary A marked decrease in the content of various amino acids was observed when the boron concentration was increased from 0.5 to 2.0 ppm particularly at low value of SAR and low level of conductivity. At medium level of conductivity alongwith low level of boron increase in value of SAR definitely suppressed the content of lysine, arginine plus histidine, aspartic acid plus glutamine, threonine plus alanine, proline and cystine in plants. Increase in levels of conductivity specially at low value of SAR and low level of boron substantially affected the content of lysine, arginine plus histidine, aspartic acid plus glutamine, threonine plus alanine, proline and cystine.     

Quantitative analysis of free amino acids and carbohydrates in spring barley anthers at different stages of maturity

The content of the carbohydrates glucose, fructose and sucrose was determined in spring barley anthers at different stages of maturity. During maturation the sucrose content of the anthers increased markedly. The following 17 free amino acids were detected in anthers of different stages of maturity: aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, alanine, arginine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, α-aminobutyric acid, glutamine, proline, tyrosine, phenylalanine, valine, threonine, cystine and glycine. Quantitative analysis was only carried out in amino acids present in higher concentrations in the analysed samples. These were: aspartic acid, glutamic acid, α-aminobutyric acid, proline, serine, valine and glutamine, and a mixture of amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine and phenylalanine). The total content of free amino acids increased with increasing maturity of the anthers. However, not all amino acids followed contributed to this increase, but only proline, glutamic acid, aspartic acid and glutamine. A small difference was found in the variety Gopal in which the aspartic acid content did not increase significantly, but the content of the mixture of amino acids and serine did. With the exception of green anthers of the variety Firlbecks Union, proline was present in the highest concentration in all samples analysed.     

Interaction of chlorambucil with tRNA.

Preincubation of purified mixed tRNAs from Escherichia coli K12-MO with 2.94 mM chlorambucil (CAB) for 2 h at 37 degrees C results in the inhibition of the capacity of mixed tRNAs to accept alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine by 100, 71, 100, 100, 100, 95, 32, 88, 36, 26, 96, 78, 44, 31, 34, 98, 38, and 17% respectively. Preincubation of tRNA with 0.75 mM and 0.29 mM CAB inhibited aminoacylation by aspartic acid to the extent of 69 and 17% respectively. CAB has no apparent effect upon the capacity of ATP to function in the formation of aminoacylated tRNALeu.     

Different binding sites for entry and exit of amino acids in whole cells of Mycobacterium phlei.

On the basis of mutual inhibition of uptake with different amino acids in whole cells of Mycobacterium phlei, it was demonstrated that the binding site of proline was different from those of all other amino acids studied. Other groups of amino acids share a common binding site: lysine, histidine, and arginine; valine, leucine, and isoleucine; tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine; glutamic acid and aspartic acid. The exit and entry processes were studied for proline, glutamine, and glutamic acid. It was observed that in each case the entry and exit processes were mediated by different membrane sites.     

Speculations on the evolution of the genetic code II

An evolutionary scheme is postulated in which a primitive code, involving only guanine and cytosine, would code for glycine (GG), alanine (GC), arginine (CG) and proline (CC). From each of these amino acids and their codons, there evolves a family of related amino acids as the code expands. The four families are: (1)alanine valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, methionine and tryptophane; (2)proline, threonine and serine; (3)arginine, lysine, and histidine; (4)glycine, serine, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, aspartic acid and asparagine. Except for the glycine relation to glutamic acid and aspartic acid, all amino acids are related by chemical similarities in their side chains. Glycine not having a side chain would permit a more complex set of substitutions.     

Role of arginine 180 and glutamic acid 177 of ricin toxin A chain in enzymatic inactivation of ribosomes.

The gene for ricin toxin A chain was modified by site-specific mutagenesis to change arginine 180 to alanine, glutamine, methionine, lysine, or histidine. Separately, glutamic acid 177 was changed to alanine and glutamic acid 208 was changed to aspartic acid. Both the wild-type and mutant proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and, when soluble, purified and tested quantitatively for enzyme activity. A positive charge at position 180 was found necessary for solubility of the protein and for enzyme activity. Similarly, a negative charge with a proper geometry in the vicinity of position 177 was critical for ricin toxin A chain catalysis. When glutamic acid 177 was converted to alanine, nearby glutamic acid 208 could largely substitute for it. This observation provided valuable structural information concerning the nature of second-site mutations.     

Variation in the free amino acid content of skeletal muscle of Ophicephalus punctatus (Bloch)

The skeletal muscle of Ophicephalus punctatus contains nine essential free amino acids, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine and lysine, and eight non-essential amino acids, alanine, aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, tyrosine, proline and serine. Histidine and lysine dominated the free amino acids pool. Seasonal variation was detected in the levels of histidine, arginine, leucine, phenylalanine, glycine, cystine and serine with highest values occurring in April and again in November. Changes were also detected in the concentrations of certain amino acids as the fish grew in size. Levels of free amino acids did not significantly differ between sexes. Factors effecting variation are discussed.     

Dynamics of the amino acid composition of the medium during cultivation of isolated organs by the directed perfusion method]

The dynamics of the amino acid composition of the medium under conditions of adequate perfusion of the isolated organs of a dog (sternum, kidney and liver) was studied. It was found that after a 6-hour perfusion of the complex of organs the amount in the perfusion medium of such amino acids as histidine, lysine, alanine, considerably increased, whereas the amount of arginine, serine, aspartic acid, threonine with glutamine, isoleucine, proline, leucine and valine decreased as compared with their initial concentration. The dynamics of the amino acid medium composition during a 4-hour perfusion was studied in experiments with the isolated sternum. The concentration of alanine, lysine and histidine increased in the medium. At the same time there was seen a decrease in the concentration of serine, aspartic acid, isoleucine, tyrosine and phenyl-alanine.     

不同晶型、旋光型氨基酸原料药的红外图谱分析

分析比较了 33种不同来源的氨基酸产品红外图谱的差异 ,其中丝氨酸、门冬氨酸、醋酸赖氨酸、谷氨酸 (白色结晶性粉末 )、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸、脯氨酸、盐酸组氨酸、盐酸精氨酸、酪氨酸、胱氨酸等 13种与标准图谱完全一致 ;甲硫氨酸、盐酸赖氨酸、甘氨酸、谷氨酸 (白色结晶 )等 4种与标准图谱不一致 ,其原因是 :甘氨酸和谷氨酸由晶型不同造成 ,甲硫氨酸因旋光性不同而造成 ,盐酸赖氨酸与相应的生化试剂图谱一致。