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1.
不同类型镉积累水稻细胞镉化学形态及亚细胞和分子分布   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14  
利用水培试验结合亚细胞组分分级分离和凝胶过滤等技术,研究了水稻根和叶中镉的化学结合形态及其亚细胞和分子分布,比较了低镉积累品种“广源占No.3”和高镉积累品种 “珍桂矮”的差异.结果表明:随着营养液中镉浓度的升高,根和叶亚细胞镉含量显著上升,大部分镉积累在细胞壁(F)和细胞可溶部分(F).高镉积累品种“珍桂矮”根和叶中可溶部分镉含量显著高于低镉积累品种“广源占No.3”.根和叶各种形态镉中,以氯化钠提取态占优势,其次是醋酸提取态,盐酸提取态镉含量最低.与“广源占No.3”相比,“珍桂矮”中迁移性较强的去离子水和乙醇提取态镉比例较高.凝胶过滤结果表明,两种类型的水稻可溶部分镉的出峰位置与样品流份中可溶性蛋白的出峰位置大致相同.可溶部分中的镉大多与分子量为3kD的物质结合,属于植物鳌合肽(PCs)或低分子量物质.“广源占No.3” 根系中镉与PCs配合的组分(Cd-PCs)含量远小于“珍桂矮”.“广源占No.3”细胞可溶部分较低的镉含量以及根系中较少的Cd-PCs形成量,降低了镉的移动及其向地上部转运的可能性.  相似文献   

2.
水淹生境下秋华柳对镉污染土壤研究修复能力   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
曾成城  陈锦平  马文超  刘媛  贾中民  魏虹  王婷 《生态学报》2016,36(13):3978-3986
以耐水淹和耐重金属的秋华柳(Salix variegata)作为试验材料,从土壤角度出发,探究秋华柳在水淹条件下对镉污染土壤的修复能力。设置无植物和种植秋华柳两个处理组,分别对两组设置两个水分处理组:正常供水组(CK)及土壤水淹组(FL),4个镉浓度处理组:对照组(0 mg/kg)、低浓度(0.5 mg/kg)、中浓度(2 mg/kg)及高浓度(10 mg/kg)。分别于处理后的第30天和第60天对各处理组的土壤和水淹组水样进行取样。试验结果表明:(1)镉处理浓度越高,土壤中镉活性态浓度越高,生物毒性越强。(2)水淹显著降低土壤活性态Cd浓度(P < 0.05),增大土壤修复难度。(3)种植秋华柳对30d土壤Cd全量及各形态镉浓度均无显著影响(P > 0.05);对第60天正常供水和水淹组土壤中交换态、碳酸盐结合态的镉浓度以及60d水淹组土壤Cd全量均有显著影响(P < 0.05)。(4)秋华柳种植显著降低土壤Cd迁移系数,30d正常供水组、水淹组以及60d正常供水组和水淹组平均降幅分别为2.0%、4.12%、9.71%、9.32%。处理时间过短和试验用苗生物量小可能是秋华柳对土壤全量Cd影响不大的主要原因,但秋华柳均显著降低正常供水和水淹组土壤迁移系数且二组降幅差异不大。研究表明:水淹生境下,秋华柳对Cd污染的土壤仍有较好的修复能力。  相似文献   

3.
沈阳张士灌区重金属污染再评价及镉的形态分析   总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21  
评价了沈阳张士灌区土壤及稻田的重金属污染状况.结果表明,研究区镉污染仍很严重,样品糙米含镉量为0.435~0.855mg.kg-1,均超过国家食品卫生标准,该浓度与20年前相比有上升的趋势,增加了335%~755%.回归分析表明,土壤的pH值与糙米含镉量呈显著负相关,生物有效态镉与糙米含镉量呈显著正相关.土壤pH值下降使土壤酸化,导致土壤中的镉更多地转变为生物有效态镉,占总量的22.8%~52.0%,易被作物吸收,导致水稻含镉量超标.重金属污染物随着地表径流、地下水及飘尘等移动方式发生迁移转化,使污染范围逐渐扩大.  相似文献   

4.
镉是土壤环境中对土壤质量有着极其重要影响的污染物之一,低含量下就能对人体和动物产生危害.镉在土壤中的有效态既决定了它的生物有效性及对环境的危害程度,又是人们对受污染土壤进行治理和修复的基础.作为盐化土壤中的典型组分,无机盐不可避免对镉的有效态及生物有效性等地球化学行为产生明显影响.研究了碱性土壤盐化过程中无机盐阴离子对土壤中镉有效态和植物吸收镉影响.研究方法为:以钠盐为例,实验研究了碱性土壤盐化过程中无机盐阴离子对土壤中镉有效态的影响;通过油菜种植试验,分析了无机盐阴离子对土壤中镉生物有效性的影响.研究结果表明,土壤盐化过程中,土壤溶液中Cl-浓度较低时,土壤中镉的有效态含量随Cl-浓度增加而增大,但当土壤中Cl-/Cd的比值大于100∶1时,土壤中镉的有效态含量达到最大值.土壤溶液中SO42-含量对土壤中镉有效态含量的影响不明显;随着土壤溶液中HCO3-含量的增加,土壤中镉的有效态含量明显减少.由于Cl-、SO42-是土壤溶液中的主要成分,随着盐度的增加,镉的有效态含量增加.油菜种植试验显示,当土壤中Cl-的含量增加时,土壤中镉的有效态含量增加,有利于植物对镉的吸收,因此油菜中镉的含量随土壤中Cl-的含量增加而增加,但当土壤有效态含量超过2 mg/kg后,油菜吸收镉已经达到最大.随着土壤溶液中SO42-浓度的增加,油菜中镉含量基本不变;土壤溶液中HCO3-的含量增加,植物中镉的含量随土壤中HCO3-含量增加而减少.这些特征与土壤镉有效态变化相吻合.通过各种措施控制土壤盐度和调节阴离子类型和含量,有利于降低土壤中镉的有效态含量,减轻镉的活化;农业生产中适当调整无机肥料的种类,可以减少农作物对镉的吸收.  相似文献   

5.
钙对土壤镉有效性的影响及其机理   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
采用盆栽试验,研究了赤红壤上两种镉污染水平下,施用4种钙量(0、40、100、200 mg·kg-1)对小油菜生物量、镉吸收量及土壤溶液中钙、镉浓度的影响.结果表明:在低镉或者高镉污染水平下,与对照相比,小油菜干质量均以高钙用量处理的增幅最大,两季平均增加了5.5%(低镉)和17.3%(高镉);增加钙的施用量,使土壤溶液中钙浓度明显增加,小油菜体内钙浓度也明显增加;当钙施用量为100 mg·kg-1时,土壤溶液中镉浓度较对照分别增加74.5%(低镉)和31.0%(高镉),而小油菜体内镉浓度较对照分别降低4.5%(低镉)和13.1%(高镉).两种镉污染水平下,土壤溶液中钙/镉(质量比)值与小油菜体内镉浓度均呈显著正相关.土壤溶液中钙/镉比值影响土壤镉的有效性,进而影响小油菜对镉的吸收.  相似文献   

6.
[目的] 探究镉吸附细菌是否能够高效固定土壤有效镉(Cd),为土壤有效Cd的微生物固定提供理论依据。[方法] 利用含Cd2+牛肉膏蛋白胨液体培养基对细菌进行Cd的耐受性测试筛选出镉抗性强的菌株;通过16S rRNA基因相似性及系统进化分析鉴定耐镉细菌,将菌细胞加入含CdCl2溶液中进行Cd2+吸附效率测定;通过土培模拟实验,测定土壤pH、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质、CEC、有效Cd及微生物数量来分析镉吸附细菌对镉污染土壤的影响。[结果] 从德阳鱼腥草根际土壤中分离获得的57株细菌对Cd2+表现出不同程度的抗性,并从中筛选出3株耐Cd优势细菌普罗威登斯菌属(Providencia)DY8、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)DY3和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)DY1-4。其对溶液中的Cd2+表现出较好的吸附作用,吸附效率随着Cd2+浓度升高而降低。DY8、DY3、DY1-4能使镉污染土壤中有效Cd含量分别降低72.11%、68.55%、62.32%,同时显著提高镉污染土壤中碱解氮、有效磷的含量。[结论] Cd污染农田土壤中含有丰富的耐Cd微生物资源,Cd吸附细菌能降低土壤中有效Cd的含量,且能有效改善土壤养分条件。  相似文献   

7.
于昕  卜文俊  朱琳 《生态学杂志》2012,31(6):1585-1590
为寻求保障镉污染农田稻米质量安全的有效措施,采用盆栽方法研究了低镉磷肥(Cd<0.2 mg·kg-1)及不同施磷量(0.10、0.20 g P2O5·kg-1)对污染稻田土壤中(潮泥田)镉的植物有效性影响,并探讨了相关机理.结果表明: 在0.10 g·kg-1磷剂量水平下,与对照(无磷肥)相比,钙镁磷和磷酸二氢钾处理显著提高了土壤pH和降低了土壤镉活性,钙镁磷和过磷酸钙处理显著降低了水稻对镉的吸收累积;当施磷量增至0.20 g·kg-1时,磷酸氢钙处理显著提高了土壤pH和降低了土壤镉活性,钙镁磷、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢钙处理下DTPA提取态镉含量降低11.8%、9.8%和11.8%,NH4OAc提取态镉含量降低9.5%、7.1%和7.1%;5种磷肥处理均显著降低了水稻茎叶中镉含量(降幅24.9%~50.8%),除磷酸氢钙处理外,糙米镉含量的降幅均达到显著水平,钙镁磷和过磷酸钙处理下糙米镉含量接近国家粮食卫生标准(GB 2715-2005).5种供试磷肥中,能提高土壤pH的磷肥(钙镁磷、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢钙)降低土壤镉有效性的效果显著,含钙磷肥(钙镁磷和过磷酸钙)降低水稻镉积累的效果较好.磷肥化学性质的差异可能是影响其效果的主要原因,选择碱性含钙磷肥对控制污染农田中作物吸收累积镉更有效.  相似文献   

8.
沈阳张士灌区彰驿站镇土壤与水稻植株镉污染分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
采集张士灌区下游彰驿站镇水田土壤及水稻植株样品,测定土壤和水稻植株各部位中总镉浓度及土壤中不同形态镉浓度,采用单因子污染指数法分析了水田土壤及糙米的镉污染现状,并根据镉在水稻中的迁移系数、富集系数、土壤中不同形态镉对植株的贡献率及镉形态与土壤理化性质的关系探讨了影响植株镉吸收因素。结果表明:采样区土壤镉含量在0.47~2.49 mg·kg-1,均已超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准(GB 15618—1995),且超过当地背景值1.47~12.11倍;土壤中镉形态特征分布为残渣态弱酸提取态可还原态可氧化态;水稻植株各器官镉含量分布趋势为根茎叶糙米;有41.6%的糙米样品超过国家相应的食用标准,目前多以轻度污染为主;水稻对镉的富集能力、镉在水稻植株中的迁移能力及土壤中镉的形态分布是影响水稻吸收土壤中镉的重要因素,其中土壤中弱酸提取态和可还原态对水稻植株镉的吸收贡献率最大,且二者与土壤pH和CEC之间的相关性达到显著性水平。  相似文献   

9.
水淹生境下秋华柳对镉污染土壤的修复能力   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以耐水淹和耐重金属的秋华柳(Salix variegata)作为试验材料,从土壤角度出发,探究秋华柳在水淹条件下对镉污染土壤的修复能力。设置无植物和种植秋华柳两个处理组,分别对两组设置两个水分处理组:正常供水组(CK)及土壤水淹组(FL),4个镉浓度处理组:对照组(0 mg/kg)、低浓度(0.5 mg/kg)、中浓度(2 mg/kg)及高浓度(10 mg/kg)。分别于处理后的第30天和第60天对各处理组的土壤和水淹组水样进行取样。试验结果表明:(1)镉处理浓度越高,土壤中镉活性态浓度越高,生物毒性越强。(2)水淹显著降低土壤活性态Cd浓度(P0.05),增大土壤修复难度。(3)种植秋华柳对30d土壤Cd全量及各形态镉浓度均无显著影响(P0.05);对第60天正常供水和水淹组土壤中交换态、碳酸盐结合态的镉浓度以及60d水淹组土壤Cd全量均有显著影响(P0.05)。(4)秋华柳种植显著降低土壤Cd迁移系数,30d正常供水组、水淹组以及60d正常供水组和水淹组平均降幅分别为2.0%、4.12%、9.71%、9.32%。处理时间过短和试验用苗生物量小可能是秋华柳对土壤全量Cd影响不大的主要原因,但秋华柳均显著降低正常供水和水淹组土壤迁移系数且二组降幅差异不大。研究表明:水淹生境下,秋华柳对Cd污染的土壤仍有较好的修复能力。  相似文献   

10.
采用土培试验方法研究了低分子量有机酸(柠檬酸、草酸、苹果酸及其混合酸)对大豆磷积累和土壤无机磷形态转化的影响。结果表明:低分子量有机酸促进了大豆植株磷的吸收积累,大豆不同生育时期,不同有机酸对大豆磷的吸收积累均有促进作用,但作用效果有差异;外加低分子量有机酸使无机磷总量、难溶态磷(Ca10-P、Al-P和O-P)含量均显著降低,而可溶态磷的Ca8-P含量显著增加,柠檬酸和草酸使Ca2-P含量显著增加,表明低分子量有机酸促进了土壤难溶态磷向可溶态磷转化,作用大小顺序为柠檬酸>草酸>混合酸>苹果酸;同时,大豆根系分泌物也促进部分难溶态磷向可溶态磷转化,使无机磷总量、除Ca2-P外的其他无机磷组分均有所降低,按磷释放比例的大小来看,对大豆吸磷的贡献大小顺序为O-P>Fe-P>Ca10-P>Al-P>Ca8-P>Ca2-P.  相似文献   

11.
Interactions of bacteria with cadmium   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Cadmium pollution arises mainly from contamination of minerals used in agriculture and from industrial processes. The usual situation is of large volumes of soil and water that are contaminated with low — but significant — concentrations of cadmium. Therefore, detoxification of the polluted water and soil involves the concentration of the metal, or binding it in a way that makes it biologically inert.Cadmium is one of the more toxic metals, that is also carcinogenic and teratogenic. Its effects are short term, even acute (diseases like Itai-itai), or long term. The long term effects are intensified due to the fact that cadmium accumulates in the body.This paper describes a study involving several hundred cadmium-resistant bacterial isolates. These bacteria could be divided into three groups—the largest group consisted of bacteria resistant to cadmium by effluxing it from the cells. The bacteria of the other two groups were capable of binding cadmium or of detoxifying it. We concentrated on one strain that could bind cadmium very efficiently, depending on the bacterial biomass and on the pH. This strain could effectively remove cadmium from contaminated water and soil.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

Phytoremediation with vetiver was investigated in relation to heavy metal contaminated soil in Thailand. The work compared the performance of two species of vetiver named Songkhla 3 (Chrysopogon zizaniodes) and Prachuap Khiri Khan (Chrysopogon nemoralis) in absorbing lead, zinc, and cadmium in contaminated soils. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), and Allium tests were conducted to determine toxicity of treated soil. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was also used to increase heavy metals concentration in solution in soil, which led to an increase in translocation and bioaccumulation factors. In general, results showed that concentration of heavy metals decreased in soil and increased in both the shoots and roots of vetivers during a 4-month treatment period. TCLP results indicated that the concentration of zinc and cadmium in contaminated soil was reduced over treatment time, and significantly increased after EDTA was applied. To confirm vetiver performance in phytoremediation, Allium testing showed that remained heavy metals in treated soils had no effect on nucleus aberration. Songkhla 3 and Prachuap Khiri Khan showed similar trends in their ability to remediate lead, zinc, and cadmium from contaminated soil. Both species could accumulate higher concentrations of heavy metals in their shoots and roots over time, and with EDTA application.  相似文献   

13.
Our purpose was to quantify the effect of rhizosphere processes on the availability of soil cadmium and zinc to various plant species. E values for Cd and Zn were measured on two contaminated soils differing mainly in their pH (6.2 and 8.1). L values were measured for six plant species with contrasting metal uptakes. The difference between E and L values quantifies the mobilization of the element which was non-phyto-available prior to cultivation. For Zn, L values were 1.2 to 5.6 times greater than the E values, depending on the plant species. The increase in Zn availability was greater in the basic soil. For Cd, L values in the basic soil were 1.1 to 2 times greater than the E value. In the slightly acid soil, plants did not enhance the cadmium availability. The mobilization of non-labile metal could be due to exudates from roots or microflora, phytosiderophores being responsible for the highest mobilization. The lower availability of Fe or Zn could explain the greater mobilization in the basic soil.  相似文献   

14.
Cadmium contamination of soil is a major concern in the biosphere. Beyond the suite of available physico-chemical treatment methods, green and more efficient technologies are desired to reduce cadmium and other heavy metal contaminants to acceptable levels. Elastin-like polypeptides (ELP) composed of a polyhistidine domain (ELPH12) can be used as an environmentally benign chelating agent for ex situ soil washing. However, ELPH12 is relatively non-selective. A biopolymer with metal-binding domains that have stronger affinity, capacity, and selectivity would have distinct advantages. The aim of this work is to investigate the use of a new generation of ELP biopolymer, ELPEC20, containing synthetic phytochelatin (EC) as the metal-binding domain for ex situ soil washing. ELPEC20 was shown to bind cadmium more effectively and selectively than ELPH12. The binding constant of ELPEC20 is an order of magnitude higher and the binding capacity is fivefold higher than ELPH12. In contrast to ELPH12, no decrease in cadmium binding was observed in the presence of other competing metal ions. The improved selectivity and binding capacity provided by ELPEC20 were directly reflected in the enhanced cadmium extraction efficiency from contaminated soil. In batch washing studies up to 62% of the bound cadmium was removed by ELPEC20 while less than 12% was removed by ELPH12. Cadmium was removed not only from the exchangeable fraction but also the oxidizable fraction. The high-affinity binding sites of ELPEC20 also results in very rapid extraction with complete removal achieved within 1 h, suggesting that ELPEC20 could be used as part of a rapid (short retention time) technology with minimum possibility for the biodegradation of biopolymers.  相似文献   

15.
Multiple crop experiment of hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. with low accumulation Chinese cabbage Fenyuanxin 3 were conducted in a cadmium (Cd) contaminated vegetable field. In the first round, the average removal rate of S. nigrum to Cd was about 10% without assisted phytoextraction reagent addition for the top soil (0–20 cm) with Cd concentration at 0.53–0.97 mg kg?1 after its grew 90 days. As for assisted phytoextraction reagent added plots, efficiency of Cd remediation might reach at 20%. However, in the second round, Cd concentration in Chinese cabbage was edible, even in the plots with assisted phytoextraction reagent added. Thus, multiple cropping hyperaccumulator with low accumulation crop could normally remediate contaminated soil and produce crop (obtain economic benefit) in one year, which may be one practical pathway of phytoremediating heavy metal contaminated soil in the future.  相似文献   

16.
镉在有机酸存在时对红壤中微生物生物量的影响   总被引:13,自引:6,他引:7  
在预培红壤中加入定量的有机酸和不同浓度的Cd ,2 5℃培养 14d ,测定土壤微生物生物量C(Cmic)、N(Nmic) ,结果表明 ,存在有机酸时 ,土壤中Cmic和Nmic随着Cd浓度的增加而降低 ;Cmic/Nmic随着Cd浓度的增加而升高 .施加低分子量有机酸的土壤中 ,Cd浓度高于 2 5mg·kg-1土时 ,土壤中Cmic和Nmic均比未加有机酸时低 ,说明此时低分子量有机酸助长Cd的毒性 ,而Cd浓度低于 2 5mg·kg-1土时 ,土壤中Cmic和Nmic均比未加有机酸时高 ,说明此时低分子量有机酸可降低部分Cd的毒性 ;施加胡敏酸的土壤中 ,土壤中Cmic和Nmic均比未加有机酸时高 ,说明胡敏酸降低Cd的毒性并提供N源 .不含Cd时 ,加入有机酸导致土壤中Cmic和Nmic增加 ,其中胡敏酸最明显  相似文献   

17.
The feasibility of using a biodegradable surfactant, surfactin from Bacillus subtilis, for the removal of heavy metals from a contaminated soil (890?mg/kg zinc, 420?mg/kg copper, 12.6% oil and grease) and sediments (110?mg/kg copper, 3300?mg/kg zinc) was evaluated. Results showed that after one and five batch washings of the soil, 25 and 70% of the copper, 6 and 25% of the zinc, and 5 and 15% of the cadmium could be removed by 0.1% surfactin with 1% NaOH, respectively. From the sediment, 15% of the copper and 6% of the zinc could be removed after a single washing with 0.25% surfactin/1% NaOH. The geochemical speciation of the heavy metals among the exchangeable, oxide, carbonate, organic, and residual fractions was determined by selective sequential extraction procedure. For both matrices, the exchangeable fractions were minimal, while the carbonate and the oxide fractions accounted for over 90% of the zinc present and the organic fraction constituted over 70% of the copper. Results after washing indicated that surfactin with NaOH could remove copper from the organic fraction, zinc from the oxide, and cadmium from the carbonate fractions. The residual fraction remained untouched. These experiments indicate that the sequential extraction studies could be useful in designing soil-washing procedures.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

Biochar is considered a novel soil amendment for cadmium (Cd) stabilization in contaminated soils. A pot experiment was conducted to examine the efficiency of wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse induced biochar on Cd mobility in soil and its bioavailability to spinach in contaminated soil. Soil pH, Cd contents in plant tissues and microbial biomass were examined. Results showed that Cd was significantly decreased by 30.95% and 20.83% with wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse biochar at 2% application rate respectively, relative to the control. Similarly, Cd contents were decreased in plants shoots by 15.41 and 14.33%, while in roots by 48.3 and 35.54%, when wheat straw and sugarcane biochar were added at 2% application rate respectively. Moreover, soil microbial biomass was significantly increased with the application of all biochar types and their applications rates. Finally, wheat straw biochar at 2% application rate can be considered as an effective approach for Cd stabilization in contaminated soils.  相似文献   

19.
Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is an advanced biological treatment technology to immobilize heavy metals in form of carbonate salts. In this MICP study, ureolytic Exiguobacterium undae was employed for immobilization of cadmium in contaminated soil at low temperature (10 °C). The sequential extraction test revealed conversion of more than 90% of cadmium in the tested soil from the soluble-exchangeable fraction to carbonate-bound fraction in 14 days of treatment. The cadmium may be precipitated in a separate CdCO3 phase or be co-precipitated in calcite crystals. Activities of urease and dehydrogenase were enhanced during MICP, which were not affected by the testing temperatures. MICP with E. undae is a biological approach that may be worth investigating further to immobilize cadmium in soils of cold regimes.  相似文献   

20.

Background and Aims

The accumulation of cadmium and lead in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains is a potential threat to human health. In this study, the effect of selenium fertilization on the uptake and translocation of cadmium and lead in rice plants was investigated.

Methods

Rice plants were cultivated using cadmium and lead contaminated soils with selenium addition at three concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1 mg kg?1). At maturity, plants were harvested, and element concentrations in rice tissues were analyzed by using ICP-MS.

Results

Selenium application significantly increased selenium accumulation in rice grain, and markedly decreased cadmium and lead concentrations in rice tissues. In brown rice grains, selenium application reduced cadmium concentrations by 44.4 %, but had no significant effect on lead accumulation. Selenium application significantly decreased metal mobility in soils, at 0.5 mg kg?1 treatment, the translocation factor of cadmium and lead from soil to iron plaque decreased by 71 and 33 % respectively.

Conclusions

The mechanism of selenium mitigating of heavy metal accumulation in rice could be decreasing metal bioavailability in soil. Selenium fertilization could be an effective and feasible method to enrich selenium and reduce cadmium levels in brown rice.  相似文献   

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