浙江省甘薯种质资源的品质鉴定与聚类分析

开展甘薯种质资源的品质鉴定评价,可以系统地了解种质的营养价值、食用品质和加工性能,为甘薯生产的品种选择和种质资源的育种利用提供依据。对2017-2019年浙江省第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动中征集的62份甘薯种质进行了干物率、胡萝卜素含量、生薯和熟薯可溶性糖含量以及食味的测定,并进行了品质性状的主成分和系统聚类分析。结果表明,在参试种质中,有高干物率品种24份,胡萝卜素含量≥5 mg/100 g·FW的品种5份,生薯可溶性糖含量超过水果甘薯六十日的品种7份,熟薯麦芽糖含量超过迷你甘薯心香的品种6份。生薯和熟薯均含有果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和麦芽糖。在生薯中蔗糖含量最高,平均含量为27.00 mg/g·FW,占可溶性糖的47.49%。在熟薯中麦芽糖含量最高,麦芽糖与可溶性糖含量高度相关(r=0.925)。食味与熟薯可溶性糖和还原糖含量、胡萝卜素含量呈极显著正相关,与生薯可溶性糖含量呈显著正相关。主成分F1、F2、F3、F4分别与食用品质、淀粉和油炸薯片加工性能、蔗糖含量有关,可以代表94.15%的甘薯品质变量信息。系统聚类分析表明,参试种质的品质类型可以分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ3个类群和Ⅰ-1、Ⅰ-2、Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅲ-1、Ⅲ-2 6个亚群,依用途可以简要归类为:淀粉型23份,粮饲兼用型19份,优质食用型16份,油炸薯片型4份。总之,浙江省甘薯种质资源以淀粉型和粮饲兼用型为主,品质类型丰富,在鲜食及淀粉、全粉、薯脯、油炸薯片加工等用途上有较好的利用价值。     

基于SSR标记的132份甘薯种质指纹图谱的构建及遗传多样性分析

利用SSR分子标记技术,构建132份甘薯种质的DNA指纹图谱,并进行遗传多样性分析,旨在为甘薯种质资源亲缘关系鉴定、分类提供理论依据。利用筛选的核心引物进行PCR扩增,通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测显示,19对引物共扩增出232个条带,其中多态性条带165条,多态性比率为71.1%,平均每对引物扩增出8.68个条带,多态性信息含量变化范围在0.6706~0.9331之间,平均为0.8158;其中引物SSR9和引物C33可将132份种质完全区分开,并构建供试材料的DNA指纹图谱,供试材料遗传距离在0.0363~0.5939之间,平均为0.4087,表明种质资源间遗传多样性丰富。基于SSR标记对供试材料进行聚类分析,将供试材料分为2个类群,第Ⅰ类群分为两个亚类,第Ⅰ-1亚类包括济薯25和3份日本引进品种日本金千贯、安納芋、日本薯;第Ⅰ-2亚类包括济徐薯23、苏丹、济薯09281。第Ⅱ类群分为两个亚类,第Ⅱ-1亚类由S07甘薯品系和与其亲缘关系较近的20份甘薯种质组成;第Ⅱ-2亚类由剩余的70份甘薯种质组成,为甘薯分子辅助育种中亲本的选择提供理论依据。     

高淀粉多抗甘薯新品种徐薯25的选育及特性评价

高淀粉多抗甘薯新品种徐薯25利用高产综合性状较好的徐薯18为母本,高干高抗优异材料徐781为父本,通过人工控制授粉杂交、多点综合鉴定筛选育成;2007年通过国家甘薯新品种鉴定,鉴定编号为国品鉴甘薯200702;2008年通过山东省品种审定,审定编号为鲁农审2008040.通过对徐薯25特征特性、生产力、抗病性、品质性状以及产量形成的生理特点进行深入研究表明:鲜薯产量与高产兼用品种徐薯18持平,薯干产量比徐薯18增产15%以上,薯块干物质含量则比徐薯18高4.24%;徐薯25在总光合势、净同化率等方面与徐薯18相似,其获得高产主要依赖于光合产物合理的分配,物质生产属"经济系数型";徐薯25高抗茎线虫病、根腐病、蔓割病;薯块粗蛋白、薯块还原糖、薯块可溶性糖和叶片粗蛋白均高于徐薯18.     

山西重要黍稷种质资源品质性状的初步鉴定与评价

营养品质和口感品质是组成黍稷种质子粒品质的重要组成部分。粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量是组成营养品质的主要成分,赖氨酸和可溶性糖含量是组成口感品质的主要成分。通过对山西省有代表性的90份黍稷种质的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、赖氨酸和可溶性糖的测定,评价了参试黍稷种质资源的营养品质和口感品质。结果表明,黍稷种质资源的粗蛋白平均含量为11.88%,粗脂肪平均含量为3.69%,赖氨酸平均含量为0.19%,可溶性糖平均含量为2.04%。鉴定筛选出7份粗蛋白含量13.00%、粗脂肪含量4.00%以上的高营养品质种质;15份赖氨酸含量0.20%以上、可溶性糖含量2.00%以上的口感品质优的种质;3份粗蛋白含量13.00%以上、粗脂肪含量4.00%以上、赖氨酸含量0.20%以上和可溶性糖含量2.00%以上的营养品质和口感品质均优的种质。营养品质和口感品质与不同类型种质的相关性分析表明,稷的营养品质好于黍,黍的口感品质好于稷,红粒种质营养品质和口感品质最好,白、褐、复色的种质居中,黄粒的最差;粒形和营养品质及口感品质相关不显著。研究结果为今后优质种质利用提供了参考依据。     

豌豆嫩尖几个营养品质性状的遗传多样性分析及其综合评价

豌豆尖是我国的一种传统蔬菜,筛选适于豌豆尖用的菜用豌豆种质对豌豆栽培和育种具有重要意义。本研究以97份不同来源豌豆为研究材料,测定其豌豆尖中可溶性蛋白、维生素C、淀粉、纤维素、可溶性糖、含水量、叶绿素含量共7个主要品质性状,通过遗传多样性指数、频次分布、相关性、平均隶属函数和聚类,分析其遗传多样性,进行种质资源综合评价。研究结果表明,97份菜用豌豆种质的豌豆尖材料各品质性状的变异系数介于2.80%～38.64%之间,其中纤维素含量变异系数最大(38.64%);各性状遗传多样性指数介于2.02～2.94之间,其中可溶性糖遗传多样性指数最高。利用隶属函数法进行综合评价,平均隶属函数排名前5的种质分别为澳引3号、韩国甜脆豆、SWU-6、改良永盛珍宝和B-61。将各品质性状标准化后进行系统聚类,采用离差平方和法在欧氏遗传距离D=18.480处可以将97份菜用豌豆分为3个类群,第I类群包含35份种质,第II类群包含26份种质,第III类群包含36份种质。本研究97份豌豆嫩尖的7个品质性状均表现出广泛的遗传变异和丰富的遗传多样性,平均隶属函数值较高的5份豌豆种质分布在不同类群,研究结果可为豌豆嫩尖用品种选育和遗传研究提供参考。     

206份芋种质资源品质性状分析

对206份芋种质资源品质性状进行了分析,结果表明:按球茎类型来分,干物质含量魁芋>多头芋>魁子兼用芋>多子芋。淀粉含量魁芋>魁子兼用芋>多头芋>多子芋,干物质和淀粉含量都以魁芋最高,分别为27.38%、20.21%,多子芋最低,分别为19.54%、13.35%。蛋白质含量多头芋>魁芋>多子芋>魁子兼用芋,以多头芋的含量最高为1.54%,其他类型相差不大。可溶性糖含量魁芋>魁子兼用芋>多子芋>多头芋,以魁芋的可溶性糖含量最高为1.21%,其他芋类型相差不大。按母芋芽色来分,多子芋中,干物质、淀粉和蛋白质含量红芽多子芋>白芽多子芋,可溶性糖含量白芽多子芋>红芽多子芋;多头芋中,干物质、淀粉、可溶性糖白芽多头芋>红芽多头芋,蛋白质含量红芽多头芋>白芽多头芋。在整个芋种质资源中,芋的干物质含量与淀粉含量(r=0.9583**)、干物质含量与蛋白质含量(r=0.5529**)、淀粉含量与蛋白质含量(r=0.5284**)呈极显著正相关,干物质含量与可溶性糖含量(r=-0.2934**)、淀粉含量与可溶性糖含量(r=-0.3391**)、蛋白质含量与可溶性糖含量(r=-0.4498**)均呈极显著负相关。此外本研究还按叶柄颜色类型对芋种质资源品质性状进行了分析。     

浙江地方瓠瓜种质资源的表型鉴定与遗传多样性分析

"第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动"浙江项目组共新收集到瓠瓜地方种质资源51份。本研究对该51份瓠瓜种质进行田间种植鉴定,共调查了15个主要农艺性状,发现这批种质在多个性状上变异丰富;基于农艺性状的聚类分析将这批种质分为3个类群,其中第I类群的综合农艺性状表现优异,可直接或间接开发利用。利用22个瓠瓜核心SNP分子标记对这批种质进行基因型鉴定,基于基因型的聚类分析和群体结构分析均将这批种质划分为2大类群,发现类群分布主要与种质资源的地理位置相关。综合比较2种种质资源聚类分析方法,认为在二者并非完全吻合的情况下,采用分子标记的方法区分种质资源更加准确和客观。本研究结果为瓠瓜地方种质资源的开发利用提供了理论依据。     

甘薯薯干高淀粉资源的鉴定及综合评价

通过对332份新征集甘薯品种资源薯干粗淀粉含量的分析测定,鉴定得到58份高淀粉种质资源。通过烘干率测定,得到36份兼具高干的高淀粉种质资源。通过抗病性、时逆性鉴定,得到5份兼抗多病的优异高淀粉品性种质资源,5份兼具耐旱性的高淀粉种质资源,29份兼具耐贮性的高淀粉种质资源。     

76份特用甘薯种质资源的鉴定评价

对76份从国际马铃薯研究中心(CIP)引进的胡萝卜素含量较高的特用型资源材料进行鉴定评价,结果如下:筛选到短蔓资源2份,干物率较对照徐薯18(CK)高的材料19份,干物率≥30%的材料3份,胡萝卜素含量≥10mg/100 g鲜样的资源材料有19份,鲜薯产量较CK高的材料1份(440189);通过抗病鉴定评价获得抗黑斑病、根腐病、茎线虫病材料分别为44份、10份、26份,兼抗两种病材料20份,兼抗三种病材料5份。     

国内外栽培木薯(Manihot esculenta Crantz)种质资源表型多样性分析

以国内外不同地理来源的228份木薯资源为材料,通过评价植株15个茎和块根的描述型表型性状及7个与产量相关的数量性状,初步了解其表型遗传多样性,为种质资源创新利用、针对性地引种和育种亲本选配提供理论参考。结果表明,国内外不同地理来源木薯资源描述型性状频率分布较一致,多以张开型、三分叉、30°~45°分枝角度、主茎内皮浅绿色居多,块根性状以表皮粗糙、外皮淡褐色、内皮乳黄色、肉质白色资源居多;数量性状多样性指数为1.895~2.073,描述型性状多样性指数为0.435~1.889,表明228份木薯资源遗传多样性丰富,且数量性状存在较大程度变异(8.91%~44.60%),国内资源块根直径极显著高于国外资源,国外资源干物率极显著高于国内资源,说明国内外资源的块根直径和干物率具有明显的遗传差异,利用现有资源可能选育出产量高、品质好的品种。两步聚类分析将参试资源明显划分为两大类群,类群Ⅰ主要特征为株型张开、分枝角度中等偏大,群体不整齐,主茎较粗,薯块产量较高资源;类群Ⅱ为株型紧凑直立型、分枝角度小,群体整齐,主茎较细,薯块干物率较高资源。在今后的育种工作中,可选择同类资源中表型差异互补的种质为亲本,聚合优良性状,以达到育种期望目标。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation