中国微蛛亚科二新纪录属：三新纪录种记述（蜘蛛目：皿蛛科：微蛛亚科）

中国微蛛亚科二新纪录属,三新纪录种记述（蜘蛛目：皿蛛科：微蛛亚科）高久春,朱传典,沙玉华长春白求恩医科大学生物教研室１３００２１本文记述我国微蛛亚科二新纪录属和三新纪录种（量度单位为ｍｍ）。１翼蛛属ＡｌｉｏｒａｎｕｓＳｉｍｏｎ,１９２６新纪录雄蛛头胸...     

中国肺音蛛属2种记述（蜘蛛目：皿蛛科）

记述我国皿蛛科微蛛亚科新纪录属:肺音蛛属Latithorax Holm,1943;1新种:栖霞肺音蛛L.qixeiensis sp.nov。和1新纪录种:窄缝肺音蛛L.faustus (O.P.—Cambriage,1900)。     

我国瓦蛛属1新种（蜘蛛目：皿蛛科：微蛛亚种）

记述采自安徽黄山的蜘蛛目皿蛛科微蛛亚科瓦蛛属1新种,定名为walckenaeriacylindrica sp.nov.     

中国微蛛亚科3新纪录属5新纪录种（蜘蛛目：皿蛛科）

记述了采自我国吉林省、新疆维吾尔自治区和湖北省皿蛛科微蛛亚科蜘蛛3新纪录属5新纪录种:双头蛛属,奇异双头蛛,盾大蛛属,尖盾大蛛;微玛蛛属,小突微玛蛛,双舟蛛属,叉胫双舟蛛,胫毛双舟蛛。     

中国额毛蛛属三种记述（蜘蛛目：皿蛛科：微蛛亚科）

本文记述了我国皿蛛科微蛛亚科新纪录属:额毛蛛属Caviphantes Oi,1960:一新种:膜质额毛蛛cariphantes glumaceus sp.nov.,二新纪录种:类石额毛蛛cariphantes pseudosaxetorum Wunderlich,1979和三齿额毛蛛Caviphantes samensis Oi,1960。本新种雄蛛触肢胫节一突起膜质、透明,故定名为膜质额毛蛛。     

中国微蛛亚科一新纪录属-拟角蛛属 (蜘蛛目:皿蛛科:微蛛亚科)

记述了产于我国辽宁省的微蛛亚科1新记录属一拟角蛛属：Ceratinopsis Emerton,1882及新记录种：罗马纳拟角蛛Ceratinopsis romana Q.P-Cambridge,1872。     

中国南方隙蛛亚科蜘蛛四新种记述(蜘蛛目,暗蛛科)

描述了隙蛛亚科蜘蛛4新种,同时绘制了地理分布图.     

中国隙蛛亚科蜘蛛一新种(蜘蛛目,暗蛛科)

描述了隙蛛亚科蜘蛛1新种.痕迹隙蛛,新种Coelotes vestigialis sp.nov.(图1～5)正模(♂),副模10(♂)(♂),湖北神农架自然保护区酒壶坪,1998年7月24日至8月8日,周红章、于晓东采.词源:新种根据中突而命名,指中突消失仅留下痕迹.     

中国隙蛛属1新种（蜘蛛目：暗蛛科）

记述我国暗蛛科隙蛛属1新种,即郴州隙蛛,新种Coelotes chenzhou sp.nov.。     

中国皿蛛科2新纪录属及2新纪录种（蜘蛛目：皿蛛科：微蛛亚科）

记述产于新疆的我国皿蛛科微蛛亚科2新纪录属:双舟蛛属Dicymbium Mcnge 1867和长插蛛属Silometopus Simon 1926,2新纪录种:黑双舟蛛Dicymbium nigrum(Blackwall,1834)和罗氏长插蛛Silometopus reussi(Thorell,1871)。     

rRNA及MaSp1基因证据不支持圆网蛛类(蜘蛛目:妖面蛛总科+园蛛总科)的单系起源

圆网蛛类(妖面蛛总科 园蛛总科)是否为单系,圆网究竟经历一次进化还是多次进化,这是多年来有争论的、悬而未决的蛛形学难题之一。本文测定了包括妖面蛛总科、园蛛总科和非圆网蛛类等类群在内的9科10种蜘蛛线粒体12S rDNA、16S rDNA及核18S rDNA、28S rDNA等4个基因片段序列,并基于4个基因序列的整合数据,分别通过邻接(NJ)法、最大简约(MP)法、最大似然(ML)法和贝叶斯法(Bayesian)分析,对园蛛总科和妖面蛛总科蜘蛛之间的分子系统关系进行了探讨。系统发生结果表明:1)园蛛总科和妖面蛛总科蜘蛛不是姊妹群,从而支持这两个类群的圆网是平行演化而非同源演化的观点;2)筛器类蜘蛛并非单系发生而为多系发生。另外,依据编码大壶状腺丝蛋白-1(MaSp1)C末端非重复氨基酸序列区段的核酸序列重建的系统发生树也证实圆网蛛类并非单系发生。     

基于28S rDNA D2基因片段与形态特征的矛茧蜂亚科系统发育研究（膜翅目：茧蜂科）

本研究选取矛茧蜂亚科Doryctinae（昆虫纲Insecta：膜翅目Hymenoptera：茧蜂科Braconidae）的6族15属18种做内群,茧蜂科其它7亚科11属11种做外群,首次结合同源核糖体28S rDNA D2基因序列片段和100个形态学和解剖学特征对该亚科进行了系统发育学研究。利用“非圆口类"的小腹茧蜂亚科Microgastrinae为根,以PAUP*4.0和MrBayes 3.0B4软件分别应用最大简约法（MP）和贝叶斯法对矛茧蜂亚科的分子数据和分子数据与非分子数据的结合体进行了运算分析;并以PAUP*4.0对矛茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的碱基组成与碱基替代情况进行了分析。结果表明：矛茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的GC含量在39.33%～48.28%之间变动,而对于碱基替代情况来讲,矛茧蜂亚科各成员间序列变异位点上颠换（transversion）大于转换（transition）。不同的分析算法所产生的系统发育树都表明矛茧蜂亚科是一个界限分明的单系群;在矛茧蜂亚科内,除了吉丁茧蜂族Siragrini为单系群外,其他族（矛茧蜂族Doryctini和方头茧蜂族Hecabolini）都是并系群。对于矛茧蜂亚科内各属之间的相互亲缘关系,不同算法所得的系统发育树的拓扑结构不完全一致,表明矛茧蜂亚科内（属及族）的系统发育关系还有待于进一步研究。     

基于28S rDNA D2基因片段与形态特征的优茧蜂亚科系统发育研究

本研究选取优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae(膜翅目Hymenoptera:茧蜂科Braconidae)的8族19属23种作为内群,茧蜂其它6个亚科的8属8种作外群,首次结合同源核糖体28S rDNA D2基因序列片段和41个形态学特征对该亚科进行了系统发育学研究。利用"圆口类"的内茧蜂亚科Rogadinae、茧蜂亚科Braconinae、矛茧蜂亚科Doryctinae的3个亚科为根,以PAUP*4.0和MrBayes3.0B4软件分别应用最大简约法(MP)和贝叶斯法对优茧蜂亚科的分子数据和分子数据与非分子数据的结合体进行了分析;并以PAUP*4.0对优茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列的片段的碱基组成与碱基替代情况进行了分析。结果表明:优茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的GC%含量在40.00%~49.25%之间变动,而对于碱基替代情况来讲,优茧蜂亚科各个成员间序列变异位点上颠换(transversion)大于转换(transition);不同的分析和算法所产生的系统发育树都表明目前根据形态定义出的优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae不是一个单系群,而是一个与蚁茧蜂亚科Neoneurinae和高腹茧蜂亚科Cenocoelinae混杂在一起的并系群;在优茧蜂亚科内部,悬茧蜂族Meterorini和食甲茧蜂族Microctonini(排除猎户茧蜂属Orionis)为单系群,而宽鞘茧蜂族Centistini、大颚茧蜂族Cosmophorini、优茧蜂族Euphorini、瓢虫茧蜂族Dinocampini为并系群;悬茧蜂族Meterorini在优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae内位于基部位置的观点得到部分的支持,同时食甲茧蜂族Microctonini被判定为相对进化的类群。此外对于优茧蜂亚科内各属之间的相互亲缘关系,不同算法所得到的系统发育属的结果不完全一致,这表明优茧蜂亚科内(属及族)的系统发育关系还有待于进一步研究。     

Molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Exoristinae (Diptera,Tachinidae), with discussions on the evolutionary history of female oviposition strategy

Abstract. Phylogenetic relationships among tribes in the tachinid subfamily Exoristinae (Diptera, Tachinidae) are inferred from four genes, namely white, 18S, 28S and 16S rDNA. For phylogenetic inferences, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analyses were performed. The resultant, very similar, trees are nearly concordant with the traditional classification based on morphological characters. Our results suggest that the Tachinidae are monophyletic and sister to the Sarcophagidae. The tribal relationships within Exoristinae are supported in part with high reliabilities and are similar to those inferred by Stireman. Based on the resultant trees, the phylogenetic relationships and possible morphological synapomorphies were investigated. In addition, we evaluated the transformation of female reproductive habits in the Exoristinae, finding support for the hypothesis that ovolarviparity evolved independently from oviparity in several clades, and obtaining different results concerning the evolutionary history of micro‐ovolarviparity depending on character optimization.     

Is 16S rDNA a Reliable Phylogenetic Marker to Characterize Relationships Below the Family Level in the Enterobacteriaceae?

The phylogenetic relationships of multiple enterobacterial species were reconstructed based on 16S rDNA gene sequences to evaluate the robustness of this housekeeping gene in the taxonomic placement of the enteric plant pathogens Erwinia, Brenneria, Pectobacterium, and Pantoea. Four data sets were compiled, two of which consisted of previously published data. The data sets were designed in order to evaluate how 16S rDNA gene phylogenies are affected by the use of different plant pathogen accessions and varying numbers of animal pathogen and outgroup sequences. DNA data matrices were analyzed using maximum likelihood (ML) algorithms, and character support was determined by ML bootstrap and Bayesian analyses. As additional animal pathogen sequences were added to the phylogenetic analyses, taxon placement changed. Further, the phylogenies varied in their placement of the plant pathogen species, and only the genus Pantoea was monophyletic in all four trees. Finally, bootstrap and Bayesian support values were low for most of the nodes, and all nonterminal branches collapsed in strict consensus trees. Inspection of 16S rDNA nucleotide alignments revealed several highly variable blocks punctuated by regions of conserved sequence. These data suggest that 16S rDNA, while effective for both species-level and family-level phylogenetic reconstruction, may underperform for genus-level phylogenetic analyses in the Enterobacteriaceae.     

Monophyly of the family Desmoscolecidae (Nematoda,Demoscolecida) and Its Phylogenetic position inferred from 18S rDNA sequences

To infer the monophyletic origin and phylogenetic relationships of the order Desmoscolecida, a unique and puzzling group of mainly free-living marine nematodes, we newly determined nearly complete 18S rDNA sequences for six marine desmoscolecid nematodes belonging to four genera (Desmoscolex, Greeffiella, Tricoma and Paratricoma). Based on the present data and those of 72 nematode species previously reported, the first molecular phylogenetic analysis focusing on Desmoscolecida was done by using neighbor joining (NJ), maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. All four resultant trees consistently and strongly supported that the family Desmoscolecidae forms a monophyletic group with very high node confidence values. The monophyletic clade of desmocolecid nematodes was placed as a sister group of the clade including some members of Monhysterida and Araeolaimida, Cyartonema elegans (Cyartonematidae) and Terschellingia longicaudata (Linhomoeidae) in all the analyses. However, the present phylogenetic trees do not show any direct attraction between the families Desmoscolecidae and Cyartonematidae. Within the monophyletic clade of the family Desmoscolecidae in all of the present phylogenetic trees, there were consistently observed two distinct sub-groups which correspond to the subfamilies Desmoscolecinae [Greeffiella sp. + Desmoscolex sp.] and Tricominae [Paratricoma sp. + Tricoma sp].     

Phylogenetic relationships of land plants using mitochondrial small-subunit rDNA sequences

Phylogenetic relationships among embryophytes (tracheophytes, mosses, liverworts, and hornworts) were examined using 21 newly generated mitochondrial small-subunit (19S) rDNA sequences. The "core" 19S rDNA contained more phylogenetically informative sites and lower homoplasy than either nuclear 18S or plastid 16S rDNA. Results of phylogenetic analyses using parsimony (MP) and likelihood (ML) were generally congruent. Using MP, two trees were obtained that resolved either liverworts or hornworts as the basal land plant clade. The optimal ML tree showed hornworts as basal. That topology was not statistically different from the two MP trees, thus both appear to be equally viable evolutionary hypotheses. High bootstrap support was obtained for the majority of higher level embryophyte clades named in a recent morphologically based classification, e.g., Tracheophyta, Euphyllophytina, Lycophytina, and Spermatophytata. Strong support was also obtained for the following monophyletic groups: hornworts, liverworts, mosses, lycopsids, leptosporangiate and eusporangiate ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms. This molecular analysis supported a sister relationship between Equisetum and leptosporangiate ferns and a monophyletic gymnosperms sister to angiosperms. The topologies of deeper clades were affected by taxon inclusion (particularly hornworts) as demonstrated by jackknife analyses. This study represents the first use of mitochondrial 19S rDNA for phylogenetic purposes and it appears well-suited for examining intermediate to deep evolutionary relationships among embryophytes.     

Phylogeny of Anophelinae (Diptera: Culicidae) based on nuclear ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA sequences

Abstract Phylogenetic relationships among thirty-two species of mosquitoes in subfamily Anophelinae are inferred from portions of the mitochondrial genes COI and COII, the nuclear 18S small subunit rRNA gene and the expansion D2 region of the nuclear large subunit 28S rRNA gene. Sequences were obtained from the genera Anopheles , Bironella and Chagasia . Representatives of all six subgenera of Anopheles were included: Anopheles , Cellia , Kerteszia , Lophopodomyia , Nyssorhynchus and Stethomyia. Using parsimony and maximum likelihood methods, various combinations of these DNA sequence data were analysed separately: 18S, 28S, combined 18S and 28S, combined COI and COII, and combined 18S, 28S, COI and COII ('total evidence'). The combined rDNA data contain strong phylogenetic signal, moderately to strongly supporting most clades in MP and ML analyses; however, the mtDNA data (analysed as either nucleotide or amino acid sequences) contain little phylogenetic signal, except for relationships of very recently derived groups of species and, at the deepest level, for the monophyly of Anophelinae. The paraphyly of Anopheles relative to Bironella is confirmed by most analyses and statistical tests. Support for the monophyly of subgenera Anopheles , Cellia , Kerteszia and Nyssorhynchus is indicated by most analyses. Subgenus Lophopodomyia is reconstructed as the sister to Bironella , nested within a clade also containing Nyssorhynchus and Kerteszia . The most basal relationships within genus Anopheles are not well resolved by any of the data partitions, although the results of statistical analyses of the rDNA data (S-H-tests, likelihood ratio tests for monophyly and Bayesian MCMC analyses) suggest that the clade consisting of Bironella , Lophopodomyia , Nyssorhynchus and Kerteszia is the sister to the clade containing Cellia and Anopheles .     

速足目主要类群系统发育的分子证据

文章基于速足目现生主要类群18S rDNA、28S rDNA和COI基因序列,采用贝叶斯法、邻接法和最大简约法,尝试构建速足目的分子系统树;结合形态特征和化石记录,主要对速足目各超科级分类阶元的系统发育关系进行探讨。结果表明,速足目现生超科Bairdiacea、Darwinulacea、Cypridacea和Cytheracea均为单系群,支持形态学上关于上述4个超科的的界定;3种基因均支持形态学上Darwinulacea和Cypridacea具有较近的亲缘关系的观点。18S rDNA序列分析在较显著水平上支持Darwinulacea和Bairdiacea为姐妹群,Darwinulacea可能从Bairdia-cea中的一支演化而来;Bairdiacea和Darwinulacea组成的分支是Cypridacea的姐妹群,支持将三者合并为Bairdio-copina亚目的观点;Cytheracea是Cypridacea(Darwinulacea Bairdiacea)的姐妹群,可提升为Cytheracopina亚目。     

DNA‐based phylogeny of the marine genus Heterodrilus (Annelida,Clitellata, Naididae)

Heterodrilus is a group of marine Naididae, common worldwide in subtropical and tropical areas, and unique among the oligochaetes by their tridentate chaetae. The phylogenetic relationships within the group are assessed from the nuclear 18S rDNA gene, and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S rDNA genes. Sequence data were obtained from 16 Heterodrilus species and 13 out‐group taxa; 48 sequences are new for this study. The data were analysed by Bayesian inference. Monophyly of the genus is corroborated by the resulting tree, with Heterodrilus ersei (a taxon representing a small group of species with aberrant male genitalia) proposed to be outside all other sampled species. Although earlier regarded as a member of the subfamily Rhyacodrilinae, both molecular and morphological data seem to support that Heterodrilus is closely related to Phallodrilinae. However, the results are not conclusive as to whether the genus is the sister group of, or a group nested inside, or separate from this latter subfamily. The studied sample of species suggests at least two major clades in Heterodrilus with different geographical distributions, in one of the clades, most species are from the Indo‐West Pacific Ocean, while in the other, the majority are from the Western Atlantic Ocean. Morphological characters traditionally used in Heterodrilus taxonomy are optimized on the phylogenetic tree, revealing a high degree of homoplasy.