厌氧氨氧化菌脱氮机理及其在污水处理中的应用

厌氧氨氧化细菌(anammox)可以将亚硝酸盐和氨氮转化为氮气从而缩短氨氮转化的过程,它已经成为新型生物污水脱氮技术研究的热点之一。当前,有关厌氧氨氧化菌特有的生理结构特点、种群分类及其功能酶等方面的研究取得了一定突破,为实现其工业应用奠定了良好的理论基础;同时分子生物学技术在厌氧氨氧化细菌种群分布、群落多样性及其共生关系等方面的应用也大大促进了污水生物脱氮技术的革新和进步。总结了厌氧氨氧化菌主要的生理生化特点、细胞结构特点、脱氮机理、污水处理体系中的应用以及分子生物学方法对污水处理体系中厌氧氨氧化菌种群分析的研究现状,并指出未来anammox细菌在生物特性及在污水脱氮处理实际应用的研究中的热点问题。生物特性方面的主要研究热点有：（1）anammox细菌除厌氧氨氧化作用外,其它新陈代谢途径有待探索;（2）anammox细菌在不同环境中分布的倾向性问题;（3）新型anammox细菌的确定。污水处理的实际应用方面的主要研究热点有：（1）anammox污泥的快速高效富集问题;（2）设计高特异性引物;（3）anammox细菌和其他微生物的共生关系。     

污水脱氮功能微生物的组学研究进展

生物脱氮是污水处理厂的核心,掌握生物脱氮过程相关微生物代谢特性,对于探索微生物资源和提高污水处理厂脱氮性能具有重要意义。近年来,分子生物学方法不断发展和改进,已被广泛应用于揭示脱氮微生物群落多样性、组成结构和潜在功能等方面,大幅提升了研究者们对污水生物脱氮系统中微生物,尤其是不可培养微生物的代谢机理、抑制调控原理及新型生物脱氮工艺途径的认识。本文对流行的分子生物学方法（16S rRNA基因测序、实时荧光定量PCR技术、宏基因组学、宏转录组学、宏蛋白质组学和代谢组学）进行了介绍,综述了其在硝化细菌、反硝化细菌、完全氨氧化细菌、厌氧氨氧化细菌、厌氧铁氨氧化细菌、硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化细菌及亚硝酸盐/硝酸盐型厌氧甲烷氧化微生物等方面的研究进展,阐明了这些氮素转化微生物在氮循环过程的代谢途径和酶促反应,并从标准测定方法构建、不同方法的联用及跨学科结合和检测方法的简易化这3个方面展望了分子生物学方法的技术突破及其在污水生物处理系统中的应用前景。本综述从系统角度全面认识脱氮微生物群落及其结构,为未来污水处理生物脱氮微生物的研究提供了新方向。     

厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮技术的研究进展

厌氧氨氧化是指在厌氧条件下,厌氧氨氧化混合菌直接以NH4 为电子供体,以NO3-或NO2-为电子受体,将NH4^ 、NO3-或NO2-转变成N2的过程。厌氧氨氧化作为一种新型的污水处理工艺具有较高的理论意义和良好的应用前景。本文主要阐述了厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮技术原理、厌氧氨氧化的可能途径、方法及其应用现状,并且讨论了厌氧氨氧化反应的微生物学机理和厌氧氨氧化工艺的开发,提出了今后研究的主要方向。     

海洋氮循环中细菌的厌氧氨氧化

细菌厌氧氨氧化过程是在一类特殊细菌的厌氧氨氧化体内完成的以氨作为电子供体硝酸盐作为电子受体的一种新型脱氮反应.厌氧氨氧化菌的发现,改变人们对传统氮的生物地球化学循环的认识:反硝化细菌并不是大气中氮气产生的唯一生物类群.而且越来越多的证据表明,细菌厌氧氨氧化与全球的氮物质循环密切相关,估计海洋细菌的厌氧氨氧化过程占到全球海洋氮气产生的一半左右.由于氮与碳的循环密切相关,因此可以推测,细菌的厌氧氨氧化会影响大气中的二氧化碳浓度,从而对全球气候变化产生重要影响.另外,由于细菌厌氧氨氧化菌实现了氨氮的短程转化,缩短了氮素的转化过程,因此为开发更节约能源、更符合可持续发展要求的废水脱氮新技术提供了生物学基础.     

厌氧氨氧化细菌的研究进展

厌氧氨氧化是指微生物在无氧条件下,以NO_2~–为电子受体,将NH_4~+氧化成N_2的过程,该过程主要由浮霉菌门下的厌氧氨氧化细菌参与。厌氧氨氧化细菌广泛存在于海洋生态系统、淡水生态系统、陆地生态系统及其他一些特殊生境中,其在废水生物脱氮和地球氮循环中扮演着重要角色。本文从厌氧氨氧化细菌的发现历程、种类、特性、代谢途径、分布、检测方法及应用上进行了较为全面的总结;最后对厌氧氨氧化细菌研究前沿问题和未来发展方向进行了探讨与展望。     

厌氧氨氧化组合脱氮工艺研究进展

厌氧氨氧化工艺是一项高效、低耗的生物脱氮工艺,但受限于底物类型、硝氮积累等问题,其在主流应用中仍然面临一些挑战。近些年来,针对上述问题,厌氧氨氧化组合工艺得到了广泛关注。通过对近年来所开发的厌氧氨氧化组合工艺,从工艺原理、优缺点、影响因素、工艺拓展性及其在推广应用中存在的关键瓶颈等角度进行探讨,并结合课题组相关工作,展望了厌氧氨氧化组合工艺在城市生活污水处理中的发展前景。     

厌氧氨氧化细菌及其群落内细菌互作关系研究进展

厌氧氨氧化细菌具有的厌氧氨氧化反应是在厌氧条件下将氨氮和亚硝氮或一氧化氮转化为硝氮、生成氮气的过程,因其能够高效低能地处理低碳氮比废水而广受关注.目前,厌氧氨氧化细菌仍未实现纯培养,借助宏组学手段研究厌氧氨氧化细菌及其群落内细菌之间的互作关系是近年来的研究趋势.本文介绍了厌氧氨氧化细菌的种类和特性,综述了厌氧氨氧化细菌...     

厌氧氨氧化反应器启动过程的影响因素及微生物群落变化研究进展

自厌氧氨氧化反应发现以来,由于其具有低能耗、无需外加碳源等优点,已成为人们在污水生物脱氮研究与应用中的最新关注点。然而,由于极低的生长速率、极长的倍增时间以及严格的代谢条件等特点,限制了厌氧氨氧化菌的应用。综述了厌氧氨氧化菌富集培养过程中的影响因素,介绍了不同污泥来源的厌氧氨氧化优势菌属、分子鉴定方法,提供了部分用于厌氧氨氧化菌鉴定使用的引物序列和厌氧氨氧化菌最新发现的属与种。最后,对未来的研究方向提出一些建议思考,以期为厌氧氨氧化工艺在污水处理中的应用提供参考。     

流加菌种对厌氧氨氧化工艺的影响

厌氧氨氧化工艺具有很高的容积氮去除速率,现已成功应用于污泥压滤液等含氨废水的脱氮处理,容积氮去除速率高达9.5 kg/(m3·d)。但由于厌氧氨氧化菌为自养型细菌,生长缓慢,对环境条件敏感,致使厌氧氨氧化工艺启动时间过长,运行容易失稳,并且不适合处理有机含氨废水和毒性含氨废水,极大地限制了该工艺的进一步推广应用。为了克服厌氧氨氧化工艺实际应用中存在的问题,结合发酵工业中常用的菌种流加技术,提出了一种新型的菌种流加式厌氧氨氧化工艺,研究了该新型工艺在厌氧氨氧化工艺的启动过程、稳定运行以及处理有机含氨废水和毒性含氨废水等方面的应用情况。结果表明,通过向反应器内补加优质厌氧氨氧化菌种,可提高厌氧氨氧化菌数量及其在菌群中的比例,强化厌氧氨氧化功能。据此研发的菌种流加式厌氧氨氧化工艺不仅可以实现快速启动,而且可以稳定运行,并突破了有机物和毒物所致的运行障碍,拓展了厌氧氨氧化工艺的应用范围。     

铁矿物强化厌氧氨氧化效能及其微生物机制研究进展

自然界中的氮循环与铁循环相互交联,参与氮循环的厌氧氨氧化（anaerobic ammonium oxidation,anammox）菌的生长代谢及活性发挥也与铁元素紧密关联。自然界广泛存在的铁矿物因具有运行成本低廉、稳定性好、二次污染小等优势,在污水处理领域得到广泛应用。在厌氧氨氧化脱氮系统中引入适量铁矿物,不仅有助于促进anammox菌和铁还原菌的富集,提高功能基因丰度和相关酶活性,还可能通过影响污泥浓度、血红素c含量、胞外聚合物含量和颗粒化程度,改善污泥性能和提高厌氧氨氧化系统的稳定性。同时,铁矿物具有促进体系多种氮素转化途径（如anammox、铁自养反硝化、铁氨氧化、异化硝酸盐还原成铵和反硝化）相耦合的潜能,可以提高anammox污水处理系统的总氮去除率。本文基于铁矿物在促进污水生物脱氮方面的良好性能及其在anammox系统中的变化,从脱氮效能、污泥特性、微生物特征及酶活性等方面,系统综述了铁矿物对厌氧氨氧化系统的强化作用机制,并从anammox菌对铁矿物的利用及铁元素的摄取角度展望了后续的研究方向,以期为铁矿物强化厌氧氨氧化系统的实际应用提供理论和技术指导。     

厌氧氨氧化菌的物种多样性与生态分布

厌氧氨氧化是微生物和环境领域的重大发现,厌氧氨氧化可同时去除氨氮和亚硝氮,在环境工程上具有重大开发价值.由于厌氧氨氧化菌生长极慢,倍增时间长达11 d以上,严重制约了该反应的开发进程,因此,对厌氧氨氧化菌的研究具有重要意义.厌氧氨氧化菌种类丰富,除了人们最早认识的浮霉状菌外,还有硝化细菌和反硝化细菌,这些菌群生态分布广泛,为开辟新的厌氧氨氧化菌种资源创造了条件.硝化细菌和反硝化细菌兼有厌氧氨氧化能力,其代谢多样性为加速厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动提供了依据.厌氧消化污泥可呈现硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化活性,可为新型生物脱氮工艺的研发奠定基础.探明厌氧氨氧化菌种资源及其生态分布,将有利于厌氧氨氧化的开发应用.     

Effects of inorganic carbon limitation on anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) activity

Anammox bacteria are chemoautotrophic bacteria that oxidize ammonium with nitrite as the electron acceptor and with CO₂ as the main carbon source. The effects of inorganic carbon (IC) limitation on anammox bacteria were investigated using continuous feeding tests. In this study, a gel carrier with entrapped anammox sludge was used. It was clearly shown that the anammox activity deteriorated with a decrease in the influent IC concentration. The relationship between the influent IC concentration and the anammox activity was analyzed using Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and the apparent K_m was determined to be 1.2 mg-C/L. The activity could be recovered by adding IC to the influent. The consumption ratio of IC to ammonium was not constant and mainly depended on the influent ratio of the IC to ammonium concentrations (inf.IC/inf.NH₄-N). The results indicated that an inf.IC/inf.NH₄-N ratio of 0.2 in the anammox reactor was ideal for the anammox process using gel cubes.     

Evaluation of oxygen adaptation and identification of functional bacteria composition for anammox consortium in non-woven biological rotating contactor

In this study, the anammox consortium was found to adapt to the wastewater containing dissolved oxygen (DO), as the DO was gradually increased. Batch tests indicated the maximum aerobic ammonium oxidizing activity of the consortium was 1.38mmolNH(4)(+)-N(gVSS)(-1)day(-1), which played key roles in the oxygen consumption process; the maximum anaerobic ammonium oxidizing activity was slightly decreased after long-term oxygen exposure, but only from 21.23mmolNH(4)(+)-N(gVSS)(-1)day(-1) to 20.23mmolNH(4)(+)-N(gVSS)(-1)day(-1). Microbiological community analysis identified two strains similar to Nitrosomonas eutropha were responsible for oxygen consumption, which were able to exist in the autotrophic anaerobic condition for long periods and protect anammox bacteria Planctomycetales from the influence of oxygen. Microbiological composition analysis showed Nitrosomonas and Planctomycetales approximately accounted for 10% and 70% of the bacteria, respectively. The possibility of cultivation anammox consortium in presence of DO will lead to substantial savings of energy and resource in the industrial application.     

Soil anammox community structure in different land use soils treatment with 13 C urea as determined by analysis of phospholipid fatty acids

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process is globally an important nitrogen-cycling process mediated by specialized microbes. However, still little information is documented about anammox microbial community structure under agricultural soils. The anaerobic incubation experiment was conducted to study the impacts of different land use soils fertilized by 13C-urea on the activity and diversity of anammox bacteria using stable isotope to probe the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA-SIP). The 13C was preferentially incorporated in ratios PLFAs 16:1ω7c, 16:1ω5c, and 16:0. The results revealed that the abundance of the anammox bacteria (both hzs-β and hzo) were observed in vegetable soil V1 and paddy soils (R1 and R2) means that they were positively correlated with 13C-urea but were negatively correlated with NO3 −-N and NH4 +-N concentrations. Thus, 13C-PLFAs 16:1ω7c, 16:1ω5c, and 16:0 could be the biomarker as soil anammox. The anaerobic microbial community composition of soils under different land use systems was diverse, and V1, R1, and R2 had similar microbial diversity and higher microbial biomass. The principal component analysis between soil properties and gene abundance suggested that not only pH but also soil organic matter, available P, and available K were important factors for the anammox process. This study suggested that 13C-Urea-PLFA for anaerobic incubation was a simple method to study anammox microbial community structure through affecting the soil nutrients, and the different land use systems played important roles in determining the microbial composition of soils.     

Nitrogen removal with the anaerobic ammonium oxidation process

Anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) bacteria convert ammonium to N₂ with nitrite as the terminal electron acceptor in the absence of O₂. Nitritation–anammox bioreactors provide a cost-effective and environment-friendly alternative to conventional nitrification/denitrification nitrogen removal systems. Currently, this process is only applied for ammonium removal from wastewater with high ammonium load and temperature. Nevertheless, recent results obtained with laboratory-scale bioreactors suggest new possible routes of application of the Nitritation–anammox technology including (1) municipal wastewater treatment, removal of (2) methane in combination with nitrite-reducing methane-oxidizing bacteria, (3) nitrate coupled to organic acid oxidation and (4) nitrogen oxides. The current review summarizes the state-of-the-art of the application of Nitritation–anammox systems and discusses the possibilities of utilizing these recent results for wastewater treatment.     

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation process in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor with granular sludge selected from an anaerobic digestor

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the development of the anammox process by the use of granular sludge selected from a digestion reactor as a potential seed source in a lab-scale UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactor system. The reactor was operated for approximately 11 months and was fed by synthetic wastewater. After 200 days of feeding with NH₄ ⁺ and NO₂ ⁻ as the main substrates, the biomass showed steady signs of ammonium consumption, resulting in over 60% of ammonium nitrogen removal. This report aims to present the results and to more closely examine what occurs after the onset of anammox activity, while the previous work described the start-up experiment and the presence of anammox bacteria in the enriched community using the fluorescencein situ hybridization (FISH) technique. By the last month of operation, the consumed NO₂ ⁻N/NH₄ ⁺-N ratio in the UASB reactor was close to 1.32, the stoichiometric ratio of the anammox reaction. The obtained results from the influentshutdown test suggested that nitrite concentration would be one key parameter that promotes the anammox reaction during the start-up enrichment of anammox bacteria from granular sludge. During the study period, the sludge color gradually changed from black to red-brownish.     

厌氧氨氧化菌的中心代谢研究进展

摘要: 厌氧氨氧化是以NH +4为电子供体,以NO－2为电子受体产生N2的生物反应。厌氧氨氧化菌是厌氧氨氧化过程的执行者,在废水生物脱氮和地球氮素循环中扮演着重要角色。研究厌氧氨氧化菌的代谢特性,将有助于理解厌氧氨氧化过程,开发厌氧氨氧化工艺。厌氧氨氧化菌是化能自养型细菌,以CO2或HCO－3为碳源,并通过偶联NH+4氧化和NO －2还原的生物反应获得能量。在NH+4/NO－2的生物氧化还原反应过程中,检出了中间产物N2H4,但未检出其他中间产物(如NH2OH、NO)。此外,由基因组信息推断,厌氧氨氧化菌     

Adaptation of a freshwater anammox population to high salinity wastewater

For the successful application of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) in wastewater practice it is important to know how to seed new anammox reactors with biomass from existing reactors. In this study, a new high salinity anammox reactor was inoculated with biomass from a freshwater system. The changes in activity and population shifts were monitored. It was shown that freshwater anammox bacteria could adapt to salt concentrations as high as 30 gl(-1) provided the salt concentration was gradually increased. Higher salt concentrations reversibly inhibited anammox bacteria. The nitrogen removal efficiency and maximum anammox activity of the salt adapted sludge was very similar to the reference freshwater sludge. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed that the freshwater anammox species Candidatus "Kuenenia stuttgartiensis" was the dominant in both salt adapted sludge and freshwater sludge. These results show that gradual adaptation may be the key to successful seeding of anammox bioreactors.