暗期干扰对环带锦斑蛾滞育诱导的影响

在短日照条件下,环带锦斑蛾Pseudopidorus fasciata以4龄幼虫进入冬季滞育,其滞育诱导的临界暗长为10.5 h。本文系统测试了暗期干扰实验［即在暗期采用单一的光（亦称光脉冲）干扰光周期反应的实验］对环带锦斑蛾幼虫滞育的抑制影响。幼虫孵化后在25℃,短日照L9∶D15(光9 h∶暗15 h),L10∶D14、L11∶D13及L12∶D12暗期的不同时段给予1 h或30 min光脉冲干扰。结果表明： 滞育是否被抑制主要取决于暗期的长度,当光脉冲干扰前的暗长（D₁）或光脉冲干扰后的暗长（D₂）超过临界暗长（10.5 h）时,100%的幼虫被诱导进入滞育;当D₁和D₂都短于（或等于）临界暗长时,滞育不同程度被抑制,抑制的效果则取决于所干扰的光周期、光脉冲的长度和光脉冲落入的位点。结果说明该虫滞育诱导的暗期干扰反应是基于临界暗长的时间测量。     

亚洲玉米螟两个不同地理种群对暗期干扰的滞育反应

为了探明亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)不同地理种群对暗期干扰的滞育反应, 本文在研究了亚洲玉米螟南昌种群（28°41′N, 115°53′E）和哈尔滨种群（44°56′N, 127°10′E）光周期反应的基础上, 在室内分别测试了25℃和28℃温度下1 h的光脉冲干扰光周期L9∶D15和L12∶D12对这两个不同地理种群幼虫滞育抑制的影响。结果表明： 在25℃和28℃下, 哈尔滨种群的临界日长分别比南昌种群延长了1 h 40 min和2 h; 在所有测试的暗期干扰实验中, 除了极少数光脉冲干扰点外, 南昌种群幼虫滞育的发生率显著低于哈尔滨种群; 1 h光脉冲干扰光周期L9∶D15的滞育发生率明显低于干扰光周期L12∶D12, 且前者表现了暗期的中间对光脉冲最敏感, 而后者显示了暗期的初期对光脉冲最敏感; 28℃下光脉冲对滞育的抑制效果强于25℃。这些结果进一步提示, 即使在同种昆虫中, 如果地理种群和实验条件不同, 暗期干扰对滞育抑制的效果也可能不同。     

亚洲玉米螟南昌种群滞育的解除

【目的】为了探明滞育诱导期和滞育期间的光周期和温度如何影响亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis滞育的强度。【方法】采用不同条件下诱导的亚洲玉米螟滞育幼虫转到不同条件下解除滞育的方法,测试了亚洲玉米螟南昌种群滞育幼虫滞育解除的光周期反应、滞育诱导期和滞育期间的光周期和温度对滞育持续时间的影响及田间越冬幼虫滞育解除的时间进程。【结果】滞育解除是由光周期控制的,临界日长为14.5 h。在25℃和28℃,光周期13L︰11D诱导的滞育个体的滞育强度显著弱于11L︰13D和12L︰12D。滞育幼虫在长光周期15L︰9D和22,25和28℃解除滞育,显示了其滞育持续时间随温度的升高显著缩短,从22℃下的72 d降到28℃下的34 d。5℃的低温处理没有缩短滞育持续时间,但低温处理同步了滞育个体的化蛹时间。越冬幼虫不同时期从自然条件下转入恒温25℃,长光周期15L︰9D和短光周期12L︰12D的条件下解除滞育,显示了越冬幼虫滞育初期对光周期仍然敏感,但这种光敏感性在1月份后丧失。3年的田间观察揭示了50%滞育幼虫的化蛹时间出现在4月末至5月上旬,50%羽化时间出现在5月中旬。【结论】亚洲玉米螟滞育幼虫的滞育强度受到滞育诱导期和滞育期间的光周期和温度的显著影响。     

光周期对中华通草蛉自然越冬成虫及实验种群幼虫耐寒能力的影响

【目的】滞育诱导期进行短光照处理可影响昆虫耐寒性。为明确光周期对中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica (Tjeder)耐寒性的影响, 针对中华通草蛉滞育解除过程及非滞育虫态的耐寒性进行了一系列研究。【方法】测定了中华通草蛉自然越冬成虫的过冷却点（supercooling point, SCP）以及长光周期（15L∶9D）和短光周期（9L∶15D）条件下自然越冬成虫在滞育解除过程中在-12℃下的死亡率, 并测定了室内长、 短两种光周期下实验种群2龄和3龄幼虫的过冷却点（SCP）、 结冰点（freezing point, FP）以及-7℃下的死亡率。【结果】中华通草蛉12月份的自然越冬成虫SCP集中在-10~-14℃之间。SCP低于-12℃的个体占43.70%, 且-12℃处理1 d死亡率为62.00%。-12℃处理1 d条件下的长、 短光周期处理自然越冬成虫, 除处理0 d外, 长光周期处理死亡率均高于短光周期处理的, 且在处理15 （P=0.012）, 20 （P=0.01）和25 d （P=0.001）差异显著。中华通草蛉试验种群相同龄期幼虫在短光周期下的SCP和FP均高于长光周期下, 但差异不显著(P>0.05); 但在-7℃下, 2龄幼虫短光周期下的低温死亡率为67.00%±4.04%, 显著低于长光周期下的低温死亡率（78.00%±1.33%）（P=0.011）, 3龄幼虫短光周期条件下低温死亡率为24.33%±1.33%, 显著低于长光周期下的低温死亡率（53.00%±3.46%）（P=0.002）。【结论】中华通草蛉为结冰敏感型, 诱导滞育的短光照处理可提高其幼虫期及滞育解除过程中成虫的耐寒能力。     

暗期干扰对棉铃虫两个不同地理种群滞育抑制作用的比较

至今,所测试昆虫的光周期反应均表明,光周期反应对暗期干扰高度敏感,短暂的光脉冲都可在不同程度上逆转长夜效应,抑制滞育的发生。在研究了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera泰安种群(36.15°N,116.59°E)和喀佐种群(41.34°N,120.27°E)光周期反应的基础上,在滞育诱导的短光周期下(L12:D12和L9:D15),分别测试了暗期不同时段1h光脉冲对这两个不同地理种群滞育抑制的影响。25和22℃下的光周期反应显示了泰安种群在长暗期11—14 h的滞育率均显著低于喀佐种群;泰安种群的临界暗长分别为11.7 h和11.5 h,喀佐种群分别为10.5 h和10.3 h,泰安种群均比喀佐种群长1.2 h。在所测试的暗期干扰实验中,除了极少数光脉冲干扰点外,泰安种群蛹滞育率显著低于喀佐种群,但两者的滞育反应曲线基本相似。在短光周期L9:D15下,泰安种群和喀佐种群均显示了光脉冲落入暗期的第9—11小时最有效地抑制了滞育的发生。在短光周期L12∶D12下,泰安种群和喀佐种群在25℃时均显示了光脉冲落入暗期的第3—4小时和第10小时导致了最低的滞育发生;但在22℃时,喀佐种群只在暗期的第3—4小时显示了最高的滞育抑制。这些结果揭示了偏南的泰安种群对暗期干扰的敏感性强于偏北的喀佐种群,但这两个地理种群的最高光敏感位点基本相同。     

光周期和温度对大猿叶虫泰安种群滞育诱导的影响

为了明确光周期和温度对大猿叶虫泰安种群滞育诱导的影响,在实验室恒温和变温条件下,观察了该虫滞育诱导的光温反应。滞育诱导的光周期反应表明,大猿叶虫泰安种群滞育的发生与光周期无关,主要取决于日平均温度。当温度20℃时,全部个体进入滞育;在温度25℃时,仅有极少数个体发育;在温度28℃时,发育的个体也没有达到40%。对温度的敏感虫态包括幼虫期、蛹期和成虫期。在缺乏光信号的条件下,温度本身也能诱导滞育发生。在平均温度24℃、26℃下,温周期变化幅度对滞育的诱导有显著影响。在相同的温度下,有光参与的温周期的滞育率比全暗的温周期的滞育率明显低。结果表明,温度是大猿叶虫泰安种群滞育诱导的主要因素。     

光周期和温度对桃小食心虫滞育的影响

桃小食心虫在辽西兴城地区为二化性具有兼性滞育的昆虫。第一代幼虫的一部分及第二代幼虫的全部老熟脱果后,在表土作扁圆形的“冬茧”以滞育状态越冬,整个越冬期长达9—10个月。 在田间,7月下旬脱果的幼虫,就有少数个体进入滞育:随着脱果日期的延迟,进入滞育的个体增多。8月20日以后脱果的幼虫,进入滞育的个体锐增,8月底脱果者,基本全部进入滞育,当年不再发生第二代。 室内控制条件下进行的试验证明,在中位温度下,滞育与否主要决定于幼虫果内发育期间昼夜光照时数:当每天光照为12小时以下时,脱果后的幼虫,基本上全部进入滞育。在每天光照15小时下发育的幼虫,基本上不滞育。但随着光照时间的继续延长,滞育个体又大大增加。 在25℃恒温下,临界光周期约为14小时20分,但此临界光周期并不是一个固定不变的数值,而是随着温度的变化发生有规律的变动;在一定的温度范围内,温度提高,临界光周期缩短;温度降低,临界光周期延长。 幼虫在果内发育时间,对短光照反应均显示出一定程度的敏感性,但是,仍然可以看出,感受光照反应的时期主要是蛀果后取食的前10天。幼虫连续感受短光照的时间愈长,则滞育率愈高。光周期诱发滞育是不可逆的。 关于温度与滞育的关系,试验结果初步表明,高温在一定的程度上抑制短光照对滞育的作用;低温在一定程度上控制长光照对滞育的作用。 解除滞育的试验初步证明,低温是解除滞育必需的条件,滞育幼虫在10℃的温度条件下,经历两个多月,即有60%的个体解除了滞育。完成滞育发育的适宜温度范围可能在5—10℃之间。     

光周期和温度对草地螟滞育诱导的影响

草地螟Loxostege sticticalis以老熟幼虫滞育越冬。在室内通过人工诱导的方法对其滞育的光周期和温度诱导条件进行了研究。结果表明:草地螟是一种典型的长日照发育型种类。光周期、温度及其交互作用均对草地螟滞育诱导具有重要影响, 其中光周期起主导作用, 温度伴随着光周期起作用。对幼虫滞育诱导最有效的光周期是L12∶D12; 随着温度的升高, 临界光周期呈缩短趋势（18℃除外）。18, 22, 26和30℃条件下幼虫滞育的临界日长依次为13.97, 14.48, 13.92 和12.88 h。光敏感实验揭示:21℃时草地螟对光照反应最敏感时期为幼虫孵化后的11～17 d（约5龄幼虫）, 但孵化后7～11 d（约4龄幼虫）的短光照积累对提高滞育率也有重要作用, 可以将滞育率从40.0%提高到90.0%。     

光周期对梨小食心虫滞育诱导的影响

在实验室条件下对梨小食心虫滞育诱导的光周期反应和不同日龄幼虫对滞育诱导光周期的敏感性进行了研究。结果表明:梨小食心虫属于典型的短日照滞育型,在20℃条件下,当光周期为8L ∶ 16D,10L ∶ 14D和12L ∶ 12D时,梨小食心虫的滞育率均达95%以上,诱导滞育的临界光周期为13.75L ∶ 10.25D;在24℃条件下,当光周期为10L ∶ 14D和12L ∶ 12D时,滞育率均达95%以上,诱导滞育的临界光周期为13.68L ∶ 10.32D。在幼虫期,分别给不同日龄幼虫以12L ∶ 12D和16L ∶ 8D光照处理后,在不同发育时间内幼虫对滞育诱导光周期反应均显示出一定程度的敏感性,无明显的临界时间点,但仍以第5-8日龄幼虫接受滞育诱导光周期反应更为敏感。     

温度和光周期对管侧沟茧蜂滞育诱导及滞育茧的低温冷藏

【目的】为明确诱导管侧沟茧蜂Microplitis tuberculifer 滞育的主要因子,在田间和室内研究了不同温度和光周期下管侧沟茧蜂的滞育率和滞育茧的最佳冷藏温度。【方法】田间实验分别从8月31日到9月25日每隔5 d在室外罩笼内释放管侧沟茧蜂寄生的粘虫幼虫,待寄生蜂结茧后统计子代蜂的滞育率。室内实验共设5个不同温度（16℃, 18℃, 20℃, 22℃和24℃）和7个不同光周期（6L:18D, 8L:16D, 10L:14D, 12L:12D, 14L:10D, 16L:8D和18L:6D）,分别统计寄生蜂在各个处理条件下的滞育率。【结果】在河北中部地区秋季自然条件下,8月底当日平均气温为24.4℃,日平均光照时间为12 h 51 min 时,少数蛹（5.08%）开始进入滞育;9月25日,当日平均气温为17.2℃,日平均光照时间为11 h 36 min以下时,几乎所有蛹个体进入滞育,滞育率达到99.70%。在室内人工控制条件下,当温度为22℃以上,无论光周期如何变化,管侧沟茧蜂不能进入滞育,所结茧全部为非滞育茧。温度为22℃以下存在光周期反应,在温度16℃, 18℃和20℃,光周期10L:14D时形成滞育茧数量最多,滞育率分别为100%, 89.75% 和 29.58%。可见温度和光周期二者共同影响管侧沟茧蜂的滞育。滞育茧在0℃左右条件下冷藏 240 d 和5℃左右环境条件下冷藏180 d, 成虫的羽化率和寄生能力与发育茧差异不显著(P>0.05);0℃条件下冷藏300 d,滞育茧仍有79%可以正常羽化。【结论】该寄生蜂在秋季进入滞育主要是低温条件和短光照反应相互作用的结果,滞育茧在0℃和5℃温度下至少可以保存240 d。这些结果对管侧沟茧蜂的大规模繁殖和滞育茧的保存具有重要参考价值。     

Effects of photoperiod and temperature on pupal diapause induction of grape berry moth Lobesia botrana

Abstract. The grape berry moth, Lobesia botrana Denn. & Sciff. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), one of the most injurious pest of grape berries in Greece, is a multivoltine species that overwinters as diapausing pupae. The effects of several diel and non-diel photoperiods and of temperature, experienced by eggs and larvae, on pupal diapause induction were investigated. The diapause response curve was of Type I (long day type) and the determining factor was the duration of scotophase (> 11 h), regardless of the duration of photophase. However, at very short (< 4 h) photoperiods, the incidence of diapause was also high. Diapause was positively and significantly correlated with the egg-larval developmental time, pupal mortality and the duration of the pupal stage. Eggs and larvae reared under LD 12 : 12 h photoperiod and various temperatures (from 12 to 30 °C) produced diapausing pupae (almost 100%), but the duration of the pupal stage (intensity of diapause) increased with increasing temperature. Under continuous darkness, however, the percentage diapause decreased with increasing temperature. Single and double 1-h light pulses were applied systematically at various times during the scotophase of six diapause-inducing diel photoperiods. Two photosensitive points in time (called A and B) were revealed, during which illumination resulted in a significant decrease of diapause induction. The decrease was much greater during the first sensitive period (early in scotophase) rather than in the second (late in the scotophase).     

山楂叶螨滞育的初步研究

本文采用海绵水盘法研究了山楂叶螨Tetranychus viennensis Zacher的滞育与温度、光照和寄主营养等环境因子的关系。结果表明21℃下,临界光周期为12 h 32 min,光敏感螨态为幼螨至第二若螨之间的连续两个螨态,单独一个发育阶段对短光照不敏感或仅有微弱的感应。在相同寄主（梨树）叶片上,病叶和老叶诱导的滞育率比嫩叶高,分别为69.7%、55.3%和20%。相同叶片,短光照(12.5 h/d)条件下随螨密度的增大滞育率升高。相同短光照下,低温促进滞育,在15℃、18℃和21℃下滞育率分别为100%、93.1%和66.7%;高温（24℃）抑制滞育,滞育率仅为13.3%;温度为27℃时不滞育。     

The role of the main photophase on dark-time measurement used for diapause determination in the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella

Abstract.  The Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella Hubner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) measures night length and enters diapause as a last-instar larva. To examine the role of photophase on dark-time measurement, the main LD 7 : 17 h photoperiod is disrupted by various lengths of darkness at 25 °C. When the light phase is not disrupted, the incidence of diapause is 76%. As the dark pulse disrupting a 7-h photophase becomes longer, the incidence of diapause decreases. To detect the dynamic kinetics of the time-measuring process, the main scotophase of 17 h is scanned by a 2-h light pulse. When the dark pulse in a 7-h photophase is fixed at 1 h after dawn and its duration is varied systematically from 1 to 3 h, or when the end of the dark pulse is fixed at 1 h before dusk, diapause is prevented completely by a 2-h light pulse inserted in the middle of 17-h darkness. These results are compared with those of a single night interruption of a 17-h scotophase with a 2-h light pulse but with an intact 7-h photophase. The disruption of a 7-h photophase by a dark pulse shifts the descending and ascending slopes of the response curve to some extent toward dawn and dusk, respectively, indicating that the dark pulse tends to shorten the critical length of dark time for diapause induction. When the main photophase (7 h) is interrupted by a 1-h dark pulse at 3–4 h after dawn, the 2-h scanning light pulse in the main scotophase (17 h) appears to act effectively as a dusk signal in the early scotophase. However, those in the mid- and late scotophase do not define the critical night length from dusk as sharply as for the critical night length from a 2-h light pulse to dawn. The results indicate the importance of photophase in the dark-time measurement.     

Effect of temperature on photoperiodic response in a selected 'non-diapause' strain of Pyrrhocoris apterus (Heteroptera)

Abstract. The artificially selected 'non-diapause' strain of Pyrrhocoris apterus (L.) (Heteroptera) showed no diapause response to photoperiod at 26°C (Socha & Hodkova, 1994). However, the diapause response to short-day photoperiod (LD 12:12 h) became apparent at lower temperatures of 17°C (70% diapause) or 20°C (41% diapause). Diapause was induced in 60% females by short-day photoperiod combined with thermoperiod of 26/16°C, whereas only 20% diapause was induced by the same thermoperiod under continuous darkness. Thus the time-measuring system was not removed by artificial selection but the diapause response was shifted to lower temperatures. The diapause response to short days seems to be favoured rather by low temperature during scotophase than by low temperature throughout the whole light/dark cycle. If the percentage of diapause at 26°C is compared in F₁ hybrids and in wild and selected parental strains the diapause appears to be dominant at LD 13:11 h but recessive at LD 11:13 h and LD 10:14 h. A hypothesis is proposed that the inheritance of the percentage of diapause in F1 hybrids is determined by interactions of genes controlling the temperature dependence of photoperiodic response.     

Thermoperiodic response and effect of photoperiod on thermoperiodic induction of diapause in Colaphellus bowringi

The effects of thermoperiods on diapause induction under continuous darkness (DD), continuous light (LL), and an L12:D12 photoperiod were investigated in the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a short‐day species. Diapause could be induced by thermoperiod under both LL and DD; however, in the range of 24–30 °C, lower incidences of diapause were observed under LL than under DD. The critical cryophase was found to be dependent on the mean temperature of the thermoperiod applied. Although the thermoperiodic response pattern was similar under LL and DD, the incidence of diapause was higher under LL when the duration of the cryophase did not exceed 12 h. In contrast, when the duration of the cryophase was longer than 12 h, the incidence of diapause under LL was lower or equal to that under DD. When a thermoperiod of 24 °C (cryophase) and 28 °C (thermophase) was applied, the incidence of diapause was higher under LL than under DD, regardless of the duration of the cryophase. Thermoperiodic responses under a photoperiod of L12:D12 and under DD further revealed that induction of diapause was strongly influenced by the photophase temperature. Moreover, the incidence of diapause was lower when the thermophase coincided with the photophase than when the cryophase coincided with the photophase.     

Effects of thermoperiods on diapause induction in the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Abstract. The effects of thermoperiods on diapause induction in continuous darkness or under a 12 : 12 h LD photoperiod were investigated in the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly, a typical short‐day species. The diapause response curves both at different constant temperatures and at the thermocycle of format CT x: (24 ? x) h (16 : 28 °C) under continuously dark rearing conditions showed that the incidence of diapause depended mainly on whether or not the mean temperature was ≤20 °C or >20 °C. If the mean temperature was ≤20 °C, all individuals entered diapause; if >20 °C, the incidence of diapause declined gradually with increasing mean temperatures. The thermocycle (CT 12 : 12 h) with a series of different cryophases (8–22 °C) and thermophases (24–32 °C) under continuous darkness demonstrated a cryophase response threshold temperature of approximately 19 °C and a thermophase response threshold temperature of approximately 31 °C. Thermoperiodic amplitude (temperature difference between cryophase and thermophase) was shown to have a significant influence on diapause induction at the mean temperatures of 22, 23 and 24 °C, but not at ≥25 °C. Thermoperiodic responses under LD 12 : 12 h clearly showed that the incidence of diapause was influenced strongly by the photophase temperature. The thermoperiod under LD 12 : 12 h induced a much lower incidence of diapause than the thermoperiod with the same temperature in continuous darkness. The ecological significance of thermoperiodic induction of diapause in this species is discussed.     

Diapause induction in the thrips predatorAmblyseius cucumeris [Acarina: phytoseiidae] under greenhouse conditions

The predatory miteAmblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) is an important biological control agent for thrips in commercial greenhouses, but its effectiveness in fall and winter is limited by reproductive diapause induced under short day conditions. Influence of photoperiod and temperature on diapause induction was investigated to provide information for successful management of the predator. Under 8∶16 (L∶D) photoperiods and 22°C photophase temperatures, diapause incidence was inversely related to scotophase temperature, decreasing from 100% diapause at 15°C to no diapause at 21°C. In continuous darkness, diapause was induced by thermoperiods of 20∶10 and 22∶17 and 22∶17 but not 25∶15°C (T∶C) (8h thermophase). Critical daylength for inducing diapause under 22∶17°C (T∶C) was 12.45 h, which was consistent with the trend in diapause incidence in mites collected from an established greenhouse population September to November. MostA. cucumeris diapaused only when exposed to diapause inducing conditions throughout their juvenile development and none stopped laying eggs when transferred from nondiapause to diapause inducing conditions as adults. After 14 generations of genetic selection for a nondiapause strain, diapause incidence was 33.3%.      

Effects of photoperiod and temperature on the termination of diapause in the univoltine seed wasp Eurytoma plotnikovi

Abstract Mummified pistachios containing fully grown diapause larvae of Eurytoma plotnikovi Nikol'skaya (Hym., Eurytomidae) were collected in early August and late September in coastal northern Greece and subjected to various photoperiod and temperature treatments, then maintained at 19 or 26°C and a long-day (LD 16:8 h), a changing, or a short-day (LD 10:14 h) photoperiod until pupation. In larvae of early August (beginning of diapause) subjected for 20 weeks to 19°C under a long, a changing, or a short photophase, followed by 19°C and a long photophase, 50% of the larvae pupated after 24, 18 and 13 weeks respectively. After exposure for 20 or even 12 weeks to a short photophase and low temperatures (10 or 4°C), pupation occurred after only 7–8 weeks and was more synchronous. The ranges of temperature for diapause development and post-diapause morphogenesis overlap. After exposure for 12 weeks to short days and low temperature, larvae of late September pupated much sooner under long days than under short days and sooner at 26° than at 19°C. E.plotnikovi depends on both temperature and photoperiod for diapause development, low temperature having a strong favourable effect on the earlier part and long day on the later part of diapause. In a few larvae of another pistachio seed wasp, Megastigmus pistaciae Walker, after a long enough period of low temperatures, diapause was terminated normally at 26°C and long days, or at 19°C and long or short days.     

Photoperiodic and thermoperiodic interactions in the regulation of the larval diapause of Diatraea grandiosella

The effect of various combinations of photoperiod and temperature on the induction and termination of the mature larval diapause of a Missouri strain of the southwestern corn borer. Diatraea grandiosella, was examined. Larval exposure to regimes in which the low phase of a 30°:23°C thermoperiod coincided with a scotophase of 10 to 14 hr duration led to high incidence of diapause. Larval exposure to 30°:24°C, 33°:21°C, and 36°:18°C thermoperiods with half cycles of 12 hr in continuous darkness yielded a diapause incidence of 16%, 22%, and 59%, respectively, whereas exposure to a 30°:24°C thermoperiod in continuous illumination yielded a completely nondiapause generation. Larval exposure to one of a series of 36°:18°C thermoperiods in which the duration of the high phase was increased in 2 hr increments from 0 to 24 hr in continuous darkness showed that “short-day” thermoperiods yielded a high incidence of diapause. However, no clearly defined critical thermoperiod was observed. An examination of photoperiodic and thermoperiodic effects on diapause development showed that, in general, those combinations of temperature and light cycles which were diapause inductive also retarded diapause development. The relationship between seasonal photoperiods and thermoperiods in southeastern Missouri was examined.     

Interacting effects of photophase and scotophase on the diapause response of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella

The diapause-programming response to photoperiod in Plodia interpunctella was analyzed by exposing larvae to various 24-h and non-24-h regimes of light and darkness. The response to 24-h regimes indicated three photoperiodic parameters—a critical scotophase, a minimal photophase, and a minimal scotophase for a full expression of the response. The critical response was based on dark-time measurement, because disruption of the scotophase abolished the response and the diapause incidence varied as a function of scotophase in non-24-h regimes. The critical scotophase varied with the duration of the preceding photophase. Prevention of diapause by single or double-night interruptions of long scotophases could be explained by resetting of the dark-time measurement. The effect of a light pulse was modified by the quantitative interaction of light and dark reactions. The sensitivity to resetting by a light pulse seemed to be decreased in the early scotophase with an increasing duration of the preceding light period. Therefore, the significance of light in the photoperiodic response was something more than delimiting scotophase for the time measurement.