玉米抗旱品种的筛选指标研究

培育玉米抗旱杂交种是减小因干旱带来的玉米产量损失的有效途径之一.但多年来对玉米抗旱品种的筛选指标一直没有系统研究.由于抗旱育种和抗旱种质资源鉴定评价有不同目标和要求,因而玉米抗旱品种筛选指标和种质资源抗旱性鉴定评价指标也应有所不同.本研究通过对121个玉米杂交种在不同水分条件下的产量进行分析,对不同品种筛选指标的特点进行比较,认为耐旱指数DTIv[即(Yd×Yw)/Ymw2]是玉米抗旱杂交种筛选的良好指标,而从抗旱系数[即Yd/Yw]发展而来的抗旱指数[(Yd/Yw)×(Ymw/Ymd)]是玉米种质资源抗旱性鉴定评价的良好指标.     

沼液施用对干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和生理特性的影响*

为了探明干旱胁迫下沼液对玉米幼苗抗旱、光合生理、形态的缓解效应,以中度抗旱玉米杂交种‘先玉335’和较强抗旱杂交种‘中单2号’为材料,采用10%聚乙二醇-6000模拟干旱胁迫,研究50%沼液根部浇灌处理对干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,沼液根部施用可以显著提高两品种玉米的抗旱性,有效缓解干旱胁迫对玉米幼苗根系和地上部生长的抑制作用,促进两品种玉米幼苗生长和提高根系活力,降低根冠比,且‘先玉335’的变幅更大;同时显著提高两品种叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性以及可溶性糖、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量(‘中单2号’的CAT除外),降低MAD含量,且对‘中单2号’的影响更显著;沼液根施还可以显著提高干旱胁迫下两品种叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr),降低气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO_(2)浓度(Ci),但‘中单2号’的Tr和Gs除外,同时使两品种叶片叶绿素含量和水分利用效率(WUE)均显著增加。可见,沼液根施处理可以有效改善干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗的光合能力,显著提高幼苗抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质的含量,减轻膜脂过氧化程度,有效缓解干旱胁迫对2种不同抗旱性玉米幼苗的生长抑制,从而增强玉米耐受干旱胁迫的能力,且对‘中单2号’的缓解效果更明显。     

不同陆地棉基因型抗旱性评价与抗旱丰产种质筛选

为了鉴定陆地棉的抗旱性与丰产性,在年降雨量不足40 mm的敦煌市,设干旱胁迫和正常灌溉两个处理,通过测定102份棉花品种的15个形态与产量指标,应用相关分析的方法确定抗旱指标,采用直接抗旱鉴定评价法与综合抗旱鉴定法对其进行抗旱性评价,结果显示,棉花抗旱性综合评价应选择年际间变异较小的单铃重、株高、主茎节间长度、果枝数、单株铃数、单株产量和茎干重7个指标,基于这7个单项指标计算的综合抗旱性评价指标之间相关性较高,都能评价棉花品种的抗旱性,抗旱丰产棉花种质的筛选需要综合考虑多种因素的影响,在综合评价品种抗旱性的基础上,结合单株籽棉产量计算的改进抗旱指数和抗旱系数,可筛选出抗旱丰产品种金垦1号和金垦108,不抗旱丰产品种中21371、巴西012、石远321、冀丰1056和新陆早33号,两年鉴定结果一致,品种抗旱丰产性表现稳定,适合西北内陆棉区种植,可作为抗旱鉴定标准品种。     

不同大豆品种抗旱性综合评价

选用10个不同生态类型的大豆品种,在盆栽和大田条件下进行抗旱性研究.在正常供水与水分胁迫条件下,分别测定并分析了开花结荚期与品种抗旱性有关的多项生理生态指标.把大豆各性状的抗旱系数作为衡量各单项抗旱能力大小的指标,用主成分分析将各单项抗旱系数综合成几个新的、相互独立的综合指标,再利用隶属函数求出综合指标的隶属值,可以较准确地评价各大豆品种（系）的抗旱性.通过该方法评选出两个高抗旱大豆品种晋大74号和晋大53号,评定结果符合生产实际.     

小麦叶片气孔性状与产量和抗旱性的关系

以小麦旱选10号/鲁麦14 DH群体为试材,对干旱胁迫和正常灌溉条件下花后10 d和20d旗叶中部气孔密度、气孔大小、气孔导度、光合速率、蒸腾速率与产量和抗旱系数的关系进行相关和通径分析.结果表明:在两种水分条件下,花后10 d气孔密度、气孔大小、气孔导度、光合速率、蒸腾速率与产量和抗旱系数的相关性大多不显著;但花后20 d与千粒重呈极显著正相关,与穗粒数、单株产量和抗旱系数的相关性仍大多不显著.气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率是影响单株产量和抗旱系数的主要因素,不仅对单株产量和抗旱系数的直接作用较大,间接作用也较大;气孔密度与气孔大小对单株产量和抗旱系数的直接作用和间接作用均较小.在两种水分条件下,花后10 d和20 d,气孔密度与气孔长度之间,气孔长度与气孔宽度、气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率之间的相关性均显著或极显著,但气孔密度、气孔长度与气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率间的相关性在不同水分条件和不同生育阶段存在差异,表明水分条件、生长发育阶段对这些性状之间的相关性影响较大.通过育种手段以叶片气孔密度和气孔大小为选择目标,来改善小麦气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率,进而提高产量并不总是一种有效手段.     

渭北旱地不同玉米品种苗期抗旱适应性的研究

选用５个玉米品种在渭北旱地条件下对苗期进行了抗旱适应性研究,从形态和水分生理两方面着手．观察研究了叶卷曲、基叶衰老、干物质累积、根部形态、含糖量、电阻值及蒸腾强度等多项指标;并综合分析得出在水分亏缺条件下抗旱适应性强弱依次为：正交陕单９号、反交陕单９号＞丹玉１３,掖单１３＞陕单８４１０。     

花生抗旱性鉴定指标的筛选与评价

为确定鉴定花生(Arachis hypogaea)品种(系)抗旱性指标体系, 综合评价花生品种(系)的抗旱性, 在人工控水条件下, 通过盆栽试验, 测定了29个花生品种(系)苗期和花针期的株高、分枝数、生物累积量、叶片含水量和光合色素含量等与抗旱性有关的13个表观形态性状和生理性状的指标, 采用抗旱系数法和隶属函数值法, 对各指标性状进行了水分胁迫下的抗性评价和鉴定。结果表明, 29个花生品种(系)可划分为抗旱性较强、中等、较弱和不抗旱4类, 其中‘唐科8号’、‘冀花2号’、‘大唐油’、‘花育25号’、‘花育17号’、‘鲁花14号’、‘丰花1号’ 7个品种(系)具有较强的抗旱能力; 苗期同一品种(系)的主茎高、分枝数和生物累积量等形态指标和光合色素等生理指标的隶属函数值均有较大差别, 苗期各指标隶属函数值与品种(系)抗旱性无显著相关关系, 苗期单一形态指标不能作为鉴定品种(系)抗旱性的指标; 但苗期抗旱性综合评价值(D)与抗旱系数间存在显著相关关系, D的大小可作为抗旱性的鉴定指标。花针期形态指标和生理指标D值间, 以及各类指标D值与抗旱系数间均存在显著或极显著的相关关系, 此期植株形态指标、生理指标隶属函数值以及综合D值均可作为鉴定品种(系)抗旱性的指标。     

成都地区10种园林灌木叶片结构与抗旱性关系研究

利用石蜡切片法和指甲油印迹法,对成都地区10种常见园林灌木叶片解剖结构的13个指标:主脉厚度、叶片厚度、上下表皮角质层厚度、上下表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、下表皮气孔密度、气孔长度、气孔宽度、叶片结构紧密度、栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度比(栅海比)进行测定和分析,再用方差分析和主成分分析法选取有代表性的指标,结合隶属函数法对物种间的抗旱性进行综合评价。结果显示,13个指标的变异系数为17.40%～68.20%,在10种园林灌木间差异极显著。10种植物都属于异面叶,组织结构易于辨识(三角梅的下表皮角质层太薄,无法测出数据)。叶片结构紧密度、栅海比、气孔密度、气孔长、气孔宽、栅栏组织厚度可作为评价这10种园林灌木抗旱性的重要指标。抗旱性由强到弱依次为:红花继木、鸭脚木、红叶石楠、栀子、西洋杜鹃、海桐、山茶、雀舌黄杨、三角梅和金边大叶黄杨。其中红花继木、鸭脚木、红叶石楠和栀子属于强抗旱品种,可用于屋顶、边坡等区域种植。     

谷子全生育期抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选

作物全生育期抗旱性对发掘和利用抗旱品种和抗旱基因至关重要,但谷子全生育期抗旱鉴定至今未有报道,抗旱鉴定缺乏鉴定指标。本试验在干旱池模拟干旱条件下,对苗期抗旱性表现不同的谷子品种进行了全生育期抗旱性研究,调查分析了根干重等形态和生理性状在干旱胁迫条件下的变化;采用相关和灰色关联度等方法,分析这些指标与抗旱性(DRI)的关系。结果表明,相对根冠比、相对单穗粒重和灌浆期光合速率、蒸腾速率同抗旱性表现极显著相关,可以作为谷子全生育期抗旱性鉴定的指标;而相对根干重、相对单穗重、相对株高和气孔导度则可以作为谷子全生育期抗旱性鉴定的参考指标;在供试的品种中,红根谷和大齐头白表现了良好的综合抗旱性。本文还讨论了抗旱性的复杂性以及不同性状对干旱胁迫的反应,所建立的指标对谷子全生育期抗旱鉴定具有指导意义。     

玉米根系水流导度差异及其与解剖结构的关系

在人工气候室水培条件下,从单根水平研究了不同水分条件下玉米根系水流导度的基因型差异及解剖结构之间的关系.结果表明,抗旱性的杂交种户单四号具有水流导度上的杂种优势现象,不抗旱的父本803根系水流导度最低,3个品种根系水流导度大小为F₁代户单四号＞母本天四＞父本803;水分胁迫普遍降低了根系直径、导管直径和皮层厚度.同时,玉米品种根系的解剖结构和根系水流导度有关,正常水分条件下,根系导管直径与3个玉米品种的根系水流导度呈正相关,胁迫条件下则呈负相关.无论是在胁迫还是正常水分条件下,根系皮层厚度占根系直径的比例与根系水流导度都呈负相关,说明根系皮层是根系吸收水分的主要阻力部位.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV     

Mink Circovirus Can Infect Minks,Foxes and Raccoon Dogs

正Dear Editor,Mink circovirus (MiCV), which is clustered in the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, was first described in minks from farms in Dalian, China in 2013 (Lian et al.2014). The complete single-stranded circular genome of the virus is 1,753 nucleotides long and contains two major open reading frames (ORFs), designated ORF1 (Rep gene)and ORF2 (Cap gene)(Lian et al. 2014; Ge et al. 2018).Sequence analysis has shown that MiCV is most closely     

CypA Regulates AIP4-Mediated M1 Ubiquitination of Influenza A Virus

Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase that interacts with the matrix protein (M1) of influenza A virus (IAV) and restricts virus replication by regulating the ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. However,the mechanism by which CypA regulates M1 ubiquitination remains unknown. In this study, we reported that E3 ubiquitin ligase AIP4 promoted K48-linked ubiquitination of M1 at K102 and K104, and accelerated ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. The recombinant IAV with mutant M1 (K102 R/K104 R) could not be rescued, suggesting that the ubiquitination of M1 at K102/K104 was essential for IAV replication. Furthermore, CypA inhibited AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination by impairing the interaction between AIP4 and M1. More importantly, both the mutations of M1 (K102 R/K104 R) and CypA inhibited the nuclear export of M1, indicating that CypA regulates the cellular localization of M1 via inhibition of AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination at K102 and K104, which results in the reduced replication of IAV.Collectively, our findings reveal a novel ubiquitination-based mechanism by which CypA regulates the replication of IAV.