稻蝗属三近缘种间的生殖隔离机制及其进化意义

通过对日本稻蝗、中华稻蝗台湾亚种和小翅稻蝗的种间交配、交配后精子传送等的研究,探讨了其生殖隔离机制及其进化意义。结果表明： 有共同分布区域的日本稻蝗与中华稻蝗台湾亚种及日本稻蝗与小翅稻蝗的交配率显著低于种内交配,即使交配也无精子的传送,存在强烈的行为隔离和完全的机械隔离。分布不重叠的中华稻蝗台湾亚种与小翅稻蝗之间,小翅稻蝗的雌虫与中华稻蝗台湾亚种雄虫的交配率显著低于种内交配,反向交配时则和种内交配率无显著差异;正反交配都能完成精子传送,显示出不对称、不完全的行为隔离,而无机械隔离的存在。分布不重叠的中华稻蝗台湾亚种与小翅稻蝗生殖隔离的进化速度慢于分布重叠的日本稻蝗与中华稻蝗台湾亚种及日本稻蝗与小翅稻蝗。     

意大利蝗交配行为观察

通过昆虫行为观测仪与室外饲养观察,分析意大利蝗Calliptamus italicus的交配行为,阐明交配经历和温度对意大利蝗交配持续时间的影响。结果发现:(1)意大利蝗的交配行为包括相遇和交配两个阶段。相遇行为包括避让、打斗和交配3种类型,其中打斗多发生在雄雄相遇、雄虫与一对正在交配成虫相遇情况。避让和交配则多发生在雌雌相遇、雌雄相遇、雌虫与一对正在交配成虫相遇情况。雄虫在交配过程中占据主动。意大利蝗的交配行为包括曲腹、爬背、抱对和交配4个过程,平均时间为11.25±1.40 min。(2)雌雄虫初次交配的持续时间(12.88±0.67 min)显著长于雌雄虫均有交配经历的时间(10.47±0.39 min)(P0.05);初次交配雌虫和有交配经历雄虫的交配持续时间(11.00±0.75 min),与初次交配雄虫和有交配经历雌虫的时间(12.12±0.67 min)无显著差异(P0.05)。(3)随温度升高意大利蝗的交配持续时间缩短,27℃时交配持续时间最长(15.93±2.25 min),且与36℃、42℃时的时间差异显著(P0.05),42℃时的交配持续时间最短,为6.01±0.43 min,与36℃时的时间(7.47±0.52 min)差异不显著(P0.05)。     

松褐天牛的交配行为

采用室内试验和野外观察相结合的方法,对松材线虫病的主要媒介昆虫松褐天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope的交配行为进行了研究。结果表明： 松褐天牛一次完整的交配包括相遇抱对、插入输精和配后保护3个阶段,在交配过程中雄虫有多次插入输精现象发生。室内试验中共观察到松褐天牛的交配123次,松褐天牛一次完整的交配过程平均需时63.49 min,其中输精前的抱对时间平均为1.68 min,交配过程中每次输精插入时间平均为57.60 s,配后保护时间为15.18 min。松褐天牛在开始交配的4天内平均交配5.15次,不同雄性个体所获得的交配机会差异很大。松褐天牛的交配行为表现出强烈的雄性竞争现象,雄虫能根据雌虫或自身的交配经历调整交配投入,当雌虫或者雄虫是初次交配时,总输精时间和插入输精的次数显著大于与有交配经历的雌虫或雄虫交配时的输精时间和插入输精次数。田间松褐天牛的交配行为与室内观察结果基本一致。     

橘小实蝇交配行为观察

在实验室内对橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis（Hendel）的交配行为进行了观察。描述了橘小实蝇交配中雄虫的“求偶场”，雄雄相遇、雌雌相遇、雌雄相遇时的相互反应，雌雄虫的交配行为与交配后行为。     

三种螽斯的性选择行为比较研究

本文通过设计Y形迷宫实验,对螽斯属的优雅蝈螽Gampsocleis gratiosa、暗褐蝈螽Gampsocleis sedakovii obscura和鸣螽属的鼓翅鸣螽Uvarovites inflatus雌虫的性选择行为和交配行为进行了观察研究。结果表明:3种螽斯的交配行为谱一致,但交配时间上有差别;3种螽斯雌虫趋于选择体重较大的雄虫交配;体重和精包重之间呈现较复杂的相关性,但均以三次函数的拟合度(R2)最大;雄虫精包重占体重均在10.0%以上,分别为优雅蝈螽11.1%、暗褐蝈螽12.5%、鼓翅鸣螽14.9%。     

三突伊氏蛛雌蛛不同交配史对雄蛛交配行为的影响

近年来越来越多研究表明,雄性产生精子(精液)也需付出代价。在多次交配的动物中,雄性为获得最大生殖潜力,必须依据配偶的质量策略性地调整每次交配的生殖投入。雄性策略性的生殖投入主要体现在两个方面,一是精子竞争(sperm competition),二是柯立芝效应(Coolidge effect)。目前精子竞争研究主要集中于昆虫类群,而柯立芝效应研究集中于高等脊椎动物,同时验证结果也时常与假说不一致。以多次交配的三突伊氏蛛为材料,以雄蛛交配行为为指标,在蜘蛛类群中探讨和验证雄性精子竞争强度假说和柯立芝效应。设定3个交配组合:2只雄蛛依次与1只雌蛛各交配1次(A组)、2只雄蛛依次与2只雌蛛各交配1次(B组)和1只雄蛛与1只雌蛛交配2次(C组),分析比较3个交配组合的三突伊氏蛛第1次交配和第2次交配在交配潜伏期、交配持续时间和交配回合数方面的差异,比较三突伊氏蛛雌蛛不同交配史对雄蛛交配行为的影响,以此验证雄性精子竞争强度假说和柯立芝效应。研究结果表明A和B组的三突伊氏蛛第2次交配的交配潜伏期和交配持续时间显著长于第1次交配。同时,C组的三突伊氏蛛第1次交配的交配潜伏期和交配持续时间与第2次交配都没有显著差异。同时,A、B和C组的三突伊氏蛛第1次交配的交配回合数与第2次交配都没有显著差异。研究结果支持精子竞争强度假说,而不支持柯立芝效应。     

酪蝇的羽化节律和交配行为

【目的】为了明确酪蝇Piophila casei的羽化节律和交配行为,为深入研究酪蝇的性信息素打下基础。【方法】在室内条件[温度(27±1)℃,光周期L︰D=14︰10]下观察了酪蝇的羽化节律和交配行为。【结果】结果表明,化蛹后第8天成虫羽化最多,羽化高峰期出现在由暗期进入光期的前后,雄虫略早于雌虫羽化。观察结果表明,当雄虫接近蛹壳时会表现出"触摸"、"经过"、"扑"、"抱握"等动作,而雌虫仅有"触摸"、"抱握"的动作。当遇到同性成虫或者已交配雌虫时,雄虫会"追逐"对方,当接触到对方时雄虫会表现出"抱握"、"触摸"动作以进行识别,被识别雄虫会"翘起腹部末端"使对方离开,已交配雌虫则猛烈"摆动身体"使对方离开。当遇到处女雌虫时,雄虫跳跃到雌虫背上迅速进行交配。雌虫羽化后1 min即可交配,雄虫羽化后30 min可交配,交配平均持续时间10 min。雄虫间会有交配竞争行为发生,后来者会跳跃到先来者背上,向下弯曲腹部试图越过先来者与雌虫交配。【结论】酪蝇的羽化高峰出现在进入光期前后。成虫对蛹壳有显著趋性,雄虫主动追逐识别异性,较雌虫表现出更强烈的交配欲望。     

长足大竹象交配行为

【目的】探索长足大竹象Cyrtotrachelus buqueti Guerin-Meneville成虫的交配行为规律。【方法】通过室内饲养和野外观察相结合的方法,记录了完整的交配过程,比较了不同寄主及虫体大小间交配行为的差异。【结果】长足大竹象一次完整的交配包括示爱、抱对、插入输精和配后保护4个阶段,雌雄都有多次交配行为。室内试验证明,长足大足象完整交配时间为21.71±1.84 min,其中示爱时间为0.46±0.05 min,抱对时间为6.18±0.38 min,插入输精时间为8.36±0.62 min,配后保护时间为6.71±0.79 min。雄虫初次交配时,在示爱、抱对和插入输精时间上均显著长于有交配经历的雄虫(P0.05)。长足大竹象在不同寄主植物上的交配时间存在差异,在慈竹上的示爱时间(0.46±0.05 min)和插入输精时间(8.36±0.62 min)显著长于在唐竹、撑×绿杂交竹、孝顺竹和芦竹上的时间(P0.05);在孝顺竹上的配后保护时间显著长于在其他植物上的时间(P0.05)。长足大竹象成虫会选择最适体长的配偶进行交配,当雌虫体长≥3.3 cm和3.0~3.2 cm时,与不同体长的雄虫在示爱、抱对、插入输精和配后保护时间上都显著长于其他体长的雌虫(P0.05)。林间长足大竹象的交配行为与室内观察结果基本一致。【结论】研究结果有助于了解长足大竹象交配过程,也对研究该虫的繁殖行为学及行为控制技术提供了依据。     

斜纹夜蛾的性选择行为

【目的】为了解斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura Fabricius体重、日龄、交配经历及形态特征对其性选择行为的影响。【方法】本实验通过标记成虫后,采用观察记录的方法对其进行探究。【结果】斜纹夜蛾雌虫的体重对雄虫的性选择影响比较明显,体重较大雄虫优先选择体重较小的雌虫(71.43%),而体重较小雄虫喜欢选择体重较大的雌虫(72.00%)。体重较大和体重较小的雄虫都能获得体重较大雌虫的交配选择,但是体重较大者被选择的机会更大(70.00%),体重较小的雄虫不能获得体重较小雌虫的选择。雄虫仅选择1日龄的雌虫,而雌虫偏向选择3日龄和5日龄雄虫。交配经历影响斜纹夜蛾的性选择,未交配的雄虫优先选择未交配的雌虫(86.67%),但未交配的雌虫则优先选择已交配的雄虫(66.67%)。雄虫的形态特征(体长、翅展、腹长、复眼间距和触角长)对雌虫性选择有较明显的影响,但雌虫的形态特征除翅展的大小外,其体长、腹长、复眼间距和触角长等形态特征在雄虫选择进行交配中的作用不大。【结论】体重、日龄、交配经历及形态特征都能不同程度影响斜纹夜蛾的性选择行为。     

扶桑绵粉蚧交配行为及能力的研究

本文对扶桑绵粉蚧的交配行为及交配能力进行观察,以期明确其交配行为和交配能力。研究发现,发现扶桑绵粉蚧雌雄虫均能多次交配,雄虫交配能力大于雌虫。雄虫交配次数为3～10次不等,平均为6.9次,以交配6次所占的比率最大,为26.7%。雌虫的交配次数为1～4次不等,平均为2.3次,以交配2次所占的比率最大,为40.0%。扶桑绵粉蚧的交配持续时间差异较大,从1.8 min到76.5 min不等,平均每次交配时间为11.5 min,其中以在10 min以内最多,为68.8%。上述研究为了解扶桑绵粉蚧的交配行为和研究昆虫性信息素提供了科学的依据。     

Sperm storage mediated by cryptic female choice for nuptial gifts

Polyandrous females are expected to discriminate among males through postcopulatory cryptic mate choice. Yet, there is surprisingly little unequivocal evidence for female-mediated cryptic sperm choice. In species in which nuptial gifts facilitate mating, females may gain indirect benefits through preferential storage of sperm from gift-giving males if the gift signals male quality. We tested this hypothesis in the spider Pisaura mirabilis by quantifying the number of sperm stored in response to copulation with males with or without a nuptial gift, while experimentally controlling copulation duration. We further assessed the effect of gift presence and copulation duration on egg-hatching success in matings with uninterrupted copulations with gift-giving males. We show that females mated to gift-giving males stored more sperm and experienced 17% higher egg-hatching success, compared with those mated to no-gift males, despite matched copulation durations. Uninterrupted copulations resulted in both increased sperm storage and egg-hatching success. Our study confirms the prediction that the nuptial gift as a male signal is under positive sexual selection by females through cryptic sperm storage. In addition, the gift facilitates longer copulations and increased sperm transfer providing two different types of advantage to gift-giving in males.     

Female Mating History Influences Copulation Behavior but Not Sperm Release in the Orb-Weaving Spider <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetragnatha versicolor</Emphasis> (Araneae,Tetragnathidae)

We examined the influence of female mating history on copulation behavior and sperm release in the haplogyne spider Tetragnatha versicolor. Despite significant behavioral differences during mating, males released equivalent amounts of sperm to virgin and non-virgin females. When mating with non-virgin females, males showed twice as many pedipalp insertions and half the copulation duration as compared to virgin females; however, males were as likely to mate with non-virgin as virgin females. Even with these overt behavioral differences, males released half of the sperm contained within their pedipalps during mating, regardless of female mating history. With respect to male mating order, first or second, we suggest the numbers of sperm released would lead to an expectation of unbiased paternity. In this species, sperm release is not directly proportional to total copulationduration.     

A Potential Cost of Monandry in the Lekking Sandfly Lutzomyia Longipalpis

Multiple mating by females is a subject of considerable controversy. In some species, however, females appear to mate only once, and the potential costs and benefits of this behavior are equally intriguing. When male mating success is highly skewed, monandrous females potentially risk mating with a sperm depleted male. In lek-breeding species, a male may gain up to 80% of available matings, yet few studies have explored whether these highly successful males suffer sperm depletion. These points are investigated in a series of laboratory experiments on the lekking sandfly, Lutzomyia longipalpis. It is shown that females may actively reject males prior to and after genital contact and that mated females do not remate within a single egg-laying cycle regardless of the refractory period between the first and subsequent matings. Males mate multiply and suffer from the effects of sperm depletion after their fifth copulation. Despite this, they continue to court and copulate females with equal vigor and females do not appear to detect sperm-depleted males: they lay similar numbers of eggs irrespective of the number of females their mate has previously copulated with. The implications of a single mating for L. longipalpis females in natural and laboratory leks are discussed.     

Cryptic reproductive isolation in the Drosophila simulans species complex

Forms of reproductive isolation that act after copulation but before fertilization are potentially important components of speciation, but are studied only infrequently. We examined postmating, prezygotic reproductive isolation in three hybridizations within the Drosophila simulans species complex. We allowed females to mate only once, observed and timed all copulations, dissected a subset of the females to track the storage and retention of sperm, examined the number and hatchability of eggs laid after insemination, counted all progeny produced, and measured the longevity of mated females. Each of the three hybridizations is characterized by a different set of cryptic barriers to heterospecific fertilization. When D. simulans females mate with D. sechellia males, few heterospecific sperm are transferred, even during long copulations. In contrast, copulations of D. simulans females with D. mauritiana males are often too short to allow sperm transfer. Those that are long enough to allow insemination, however, involve the transfer of many sperm, but only a fraction of these heterospecific sperm are stored by females, who also lay fewer eggs than do D. simulans females mated with conspecific males. Finally, when D. mauritiana females mate with D. simulans males, sperm are transferred and stored in abundance, but are lost rapidly from the reproductive tract and are therefore used inefficiently. These results add considerably to the list of reproductive isolating mechanisms in this well-studied clade and possibly to the list of evolutionary processes that could contribute to their reproductive isolation.     

The adaptive significance of mate guarding in the soapberry bug,Jadera Haematoloma (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae)

Male soapberry bugs (Jadera haematoloma)face severe mating competition at the northern edge of their range due to male-biased adult sex ratios. Copulations lasting up to 11 days may serve a mate guarding function (encompassing four or more ovipositions), but copulation duration is highly variable, with some pairings lasting as little as 10 min. Data were gathered to describe factors that influence the reproductive costs and benefits of prolonged copulation. Estimated copulation durations (mean ± SD) were 20 ± 23 h in the lab and 50 ± 8 h in the field and were only weakly affected by sex ratio. Females mated for 5 min produced as many fertile eggs as those mated for 600 min laid; they became depleted of fertile sperm after about 25 days. In twicemated females, the first male's paternity was reduced by about 60%, and all females (N = 13) whose mates were removed experimentally mated again within an average of 6 min. The outcome of sperm competition on a perclutch basis was not highly predictable. The possibility of increased sperm displacement in longer copulations was not tested. Males often guarded females during oviposition and successfully defended them from intruding single males by recopulating. Such intrusions occurred in the majority of oviposition attempts observed in nature. Even though most females mated promiscuously, in a focal aggregation with a mean sex ratio of 2.2 ± 0.4 males/female, the interval between matings by males was commonly several days. Males appeared to respond facultatively to several aspects of the distribution and availability of females. The intensities of mating competition and sperm competition indicate that monogamous mate guarding should be favored over nonguarding in nature. Unpredicted brief. pairings may result from assessment by males of female reproductive value or of their own physical condition, or from female resistance.     

Mating with sperm-depleted males does not increase female mating frequency in the parasitoid Lariophagus distinguendus

Sexual conflicts due to divergent male and female interests in reproduction are common in parasitic Hymenoptera. The majority of parasitoid females are monandrous, whereas males are able to mate repeatedly. Thus, accepting only a single mate might be costly when females mate with a sperm‐depleted male, which may not transfer a sufficient amount of sperm. In the present study, we investigated the reproductive performance in the parasitoid Lariophagus distinguendus Först. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and studied whether mating with experimentally sperm‐depleted males increases the tendency of females to remate. Males were able to mate with up to 17 females offered in rapid succession within a 10‐h test period. The resulting female offspring, as an indirect measure of sperm transfer, remained constant during the first six matings and then decreased successively with increasing number of copulations by the males. Experimentally sperm‐depleted males continued to mate even if they transferred only small amounts or no sperm at all. Unlike males, the majority of females mated only once during a 192‐h test period. A second copulation was observed only in a few cases (maximum 16%). The frequency of remating was not influenced by the mating status of the first male the females had copulated with, suggesting that these events are not controlled by sperm deficiency of the females. Furthermore, we investigated male courtship behaviour towards mated females. Male courtship intensity towards mated females decreased with increasing time. However, females that had mated with an experimentally sperm‐depleted male did not elicit stronger or longer‐lasting behavioural responses in courting males than those that had mated with a virgin male. As the observed behaviours in L. distinguendus are known to be elicited by a courtship pheromone, these results suggest that females no longer invest in pheromone biosynthesis after mating (as indicated by ceasing behavioural responses of courting males), irrespective of whether they have received a sufficient amount of sperm or not. We discuss the results with respect to a possible mating strategy of sperm‐depleted males.     

Adjustment of copula duration and ejaculate size according to the risk of sperm competition in the golden egg bug (Phyllomorpha laciniata)

Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the adaptivesignificance of prolonged copulations in insects, which includemate guarding and sperm loading functions. We have exploredthe adaptive significance of the prolonged copulations in thegolden egg bug (copulations up to 50 h) and the effect of anincreased risk of sperm competition on ejaculate investment.Our data support predictions derived from sperm competitiontheory, which posits that males are expected to increase ejaculateexpenditure in response to an increased risk of sperm competition.Results show a combined response by males that has not beenpreviously described: males in the presence of rivals increasecopulation duration and the rate of sperm transfer. No relationshipwas found between male or female size and copulation durationor ejaculate size. Golden egg bug males transfer sperm slowlyand gradually throughout copulation; thus an increase in theamount of sperm transferred and the corresponding increase inthe male's numerical representation in the female's storageorgans could be particularly important in a system in whichso few sperm are transferred and in which so few sperm are storedby females. In addition, copulation duration may not only serveto increase the total amount of sperm transferred, but it mayalso increase the chances that the female will lay an egg soonafter copulation has ended. This could explain why males tendto accept eggs after copulation, since they could be maximizingthe chances that such eggs are fathered by them, and in thisway they would substantially increase the survival rates oftheir offspring because eggs laid on plants suffer high mortalityrates.     

Risk of Sperm Competition Mediates Copulation Duration, but not Paternity, of Male Burying Beetles

Males should increase their investment in ejaculates whenever they are faced with an increased risk of sperm competition. Burying beetles (Nicrophorus vespilloides), insects that breed on small vertebrate carcasses, offer an ideal model with which to examine sperm allocation tactics because females typically mate with many males prior to laying eggs. Males compete directly for control of carcasses, and males losing such contests often become satellites, lurking in the vicinity of the carcass and attempting surreptitious copulations with the resident female. We predicted that both the dominant resident male and the satellite male would increase their sperm allocation in the presence of the other, but that relative to dominant males, satellite males would allocate a greater number of sperm per ejaculate. We employed a repeated-measures design in which two full-sib rival males, differing only in their dominance status, were each mated a single time to a previously-inseminated female under two conditions, once in the absence of their rival and once in the presence of their rival. Satellite males exhibited longer copulation durations than dominant resident males when both males were present on a carcass. Copulation durations of dominant males did not differ in the presence or absence of satellite males. Contrary to expectation, the increased copulation durations of satellite males did not result in a greater share of paternity relative to dominant males. The absence of any discernible effect of increased copulation durations on paternity in satellite males could be due to post-copulatory preferences of females or, alternatively, satellite males may require longer durations of copulation to transfer the same amount of sperm as dominant males.     

HOW WELL DO MATING FREQUENCY AND DURATION PREDICT PATERNITY SUCCESS IN THE POLYGYNANDROUS WATER STRIDER AQUARIUS REMIGIS?

Abstract.— The relationship between mating success and paternity success is a key component of sexual selection but has seldom been estimated for species in which both sexes mate with many partners (polygynandry). We used a modification of Parker's sterile male technique to measure this relationship for the water strider Aquarius remigis in 47 laboratory populations simulating natural conditions of polygynandry. We also tested the hypothesis that prolonged copulation, a characteristic of this species, enhances paternity success. Mating behavior and paternity success were assayed for four days while males and females freely interacted. Paternity success was also assayed for an additional 7 days when females were isolated from males. Mating success significantly predicted paternity success and accounted for ≤ 36% of the variance. Copulation duration was negatively related to both mating success and paternity success and did not explain any of the residual variance in paternity success. Thus, we found no evidence that prolonged copulation functions as a paternity assurance strategy in this species. Comparisons of sterile and fertile males suggested that paternity success is directly influenced by the quantity of sperm transferred. Our results support previous studies that have used mating success to estimate sexual selection, but also highlight the potential importance of sperm competition and other postinsemination processes.     

Male sperm donation consequences in single and double matings in Anisopteromalus calandrae

Abstract. The number of spermatozoa that a male transfers to the female during copulation is a main component of its individual fitness, especially under the pressure of sperm competition. This paper presents experimental results on the direct relationship between the male's sperm investment and its paternity in the offspring of dual-mated females. An eye colour mutant (red-eyed) is used to study the differences in the mating and fertilization abilities of males through observation of single and dual matings of females in Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae). Experimentally, females accept dual matings only in the simultaneous presence of two males. Counts of spermatozoa in the seminal vesicles of virgin males show that red-eyed males have more sperm than wild-eyed ones (approximately 1.46-fold greater). Red- and wild-eyed males do not differ in their mating behaviour and females mate indifferently with both phenotypes. Compared with once-mated females, double-mated females increase neither sperm storage nor lifetime fecundity, and the offspring sex ratio is female-biased. Females mated with two males of different phenotypes produce offspring of both phenotypes throughout their reproductive life, whatever the order of males in the copulation sequence. Any mating pattern appears to produce more red- than wild-eyed offspring (between 1.45- and 1.88-fold greater). Thus, proportions of offspring of each male match the proportions of their sperm potential. With no preference of female for red-eye or wild-eye males being demonstrated at either behavioural or physiological levels, a male's investment in sperm quantity appears to determine its individual reproductive success, at least in these experimental conditions.