董寨国家级自然保护区繁殖鸟类现状调查

河南省董寨国家级自然保护区地处北亚热带向暖温带过渡区域,是众多鸟类停歇与栖息的重要场所。为全面了解保护区内繁殖鸟类的基本情况,2002²008年董寨自然保护区工作人员采用样线法对保护区内鸟类资源状况开展调查,共记录到繁殖鸟类156种,隶属于16目49科;其中留鸟82种,占区内繁殖鸟类总数的52.56%,候鸟74种,占总数的47.44%;国家Ⅰ级保护鸟类1种,国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类24种,有35种鸟类列入中日、中澳候鸟保护协定的鸟类名录。区系组成包括:古北界种类38种,占鸟种总数的24.36%,东洋界种类74种,占47.44%,广布种44种,占28.20%。多样性分析显示,保护区繁殖鸟的Shannon-Wiener指数H'为3.2602、Pielou指数J为0.6472。在对保护区鸟类现状调查的基础上,提出广泛宣传鸟类保护知识,全面开展繁殖鸟类基础研究并加强自然保护区建设与管理的保护对策。     

河南省太行山国家级猕猴自然保护区鸟类区系调查

2002年7月~2004年12月,对河南省太行山国家级猕猴自然保护区的鸟类进行了调查,共记录鸟类123种,结合文献资料该区共有鸟类157种,隶属16目47科。其中留鸟61种,占总数的39.35%,冬候鸟25种,占总数的16.13%,夏候鸟38种,占总数的24.52%,旅鸟31种,占总数的20.00%;国家Ⅰ级保护鸟类3种,国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类23种,河南省重点保护的鸟类5种,中日候鸟保护鸟类63种,中澳候鸟保护鸟类10种。对该区繁殖鸟类的区系分析表明,古北界种类占繁殖鸟总数的36.36%,东洋界种类占34.34%,广布种占29.29%,反映了该地区鸟类区系组成上的过渡地带性。     

四川长沙贡玛自然保护区的鸟类资源

2005年7月～2006年8月,对四川长沙贡玛自然保护区的鸟类调查结果显示,保护区有鸟类155种,分属于15目37科.以留鸟和夏候鸟为主,占总数的80.63%.从繁殖鸟的区系上看,有东洋界成分37种,古北界成份64种,广布种23种,分别占繁殖鸟总数的29.83%、51.61%和19.56%.保护区有国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类10种,Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类21种,我国特有种11种.列入<中国濒危动物红皮书>的有19种,列入CITES(2003)名录的有21种,列入IUCN(2004)名录的有7种.鸟类栖息地受到沙化和过度放牧的威胁,亟待保护.     

内蒙古包头南海子湿地鸟类群落组成及多样性

为了解包头南海子湿地鸟类资源现状,2006年8月至2007年10月,对内蒙古包头市南海子自然保护区的鸟类物种多样性和群落结构进行了调查,共记录到鸟类128种,隶属于15目37科.其中,古北界鸟类110种,占调查区鸟类种数的85.94%.居留型主要以夏候鸟和旅鸟为主.根据鸟类栖息地的生境类型,将保护区的鸟类划分为4个群落.其中,浅水沼泽的鸟类数量最多,多样性指数、均匀度指数均最高.南海子自然保护区对包头市生态旅游产业以及自然保护教育具有重要意义.     

吉林莫莫格国家级自然保护区的鸟类资源

2003年7月~2006年5月对吉林莫莫格国家级自然保护区的鸟类进行了调查,并结合历史文献,确认保护区有鸟类298种,其中非雀形目鸟类172种,雀形目鸟类126种。该保护区的鸟类以旅鸟和夏候鸟为主,占保护区鸟类总数的84%(旅鸟52%、夏候鸟32%、留鸟11%、冬候鸟5%)。在128种繁殖鸟类中,古北界种类占73.44%,东洋界种类占6.25%,广布种占20.31%,可见古北界种类占优势。在保护区内记录到国家Ⅰ、Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类50种。     

鄱阳湖非繁殖期陆生鸟类多样性初步研究

2012年11月²013年3月,采用样点法和样线法相结合,对鄱阳湖4个地区岸边鸟类进行调查,共记录陆生鸟类7目29科69种。其中国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类5种:黑翅鸢Elanus caeruleus、白尾鹞Circus cyaneus、赤腹鹰Accipiter soloensis、普通鵟Buteo buteo和红隼Falco tinnunculus。居留型方面,留鸟和冬候鸟最多,分别占鸟类物种总数的55.07%和31.89%。鸟类区系方面,古北界种类最多,占44.93%;东洋界鸟类次之,占30.43%。都昌候鸟省级自然保护区的鸟类物种数最多,南矶湿地国家级自然保护区鸟类多样性和均匀度最高,鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区的鸟类多样性和均匀度最低而优势度最高。     

西藏"一江两河"流域鸟类资源调查初报

自2006年以来对西藏"一江两河"流域的鸟类资源进行了观测与考察,共记录鸟类15目37科125种,约占全国鸟类的9.4%.该区域鸟类以古北界成分为主,达78种,占总数的62.4%,此外还有东洋界鸟类22种,广布种25种.鸟类中多为留鸟,种类达84种,占到总数的67.2%,冬候鸟29种,夏候鸟12种.该区域有多种被保护的鸟类资源,其中IUCN收录6种,CITES收录19种,中国濒危物种红皮书收录13种;中国重点保护动物名录收录20种.     

鄱阳湖都昌候鸟自然保护区夏季鸟类群落结构

2010年7月和2012年8月,本研究利用样线法对江西省鄱阳湖都昌候鸟自然保护区的夏季鸟类群落组成与结构进行了研究。野外调查共记录鸟类12目39科119种,国家重点保护物种4种,包括黑冠鹃隼Aviceda leuphotes、红脚隼Falco amurensis、小鸦鹃Centropus bengalensis、褐翅鸦鹃Centropus sinensis。该区夏季鸟类以雀形目、鸻形目和鹳形目为主,分别占鸟类总种数的56.3%、10.9%和8.4%。留鸟65种,夏候鸟31种,冬候鸟23种,分别占总数的54.6%、26.1%和19.3%。在地理区系构成上,该区鸟类组成具有明显的东洋界特征,东洋界种类共60种,古北界种类达31种,广布种28种,分别占总数的50.4%、26.1%、23.5%。有7种冬候鸟在2010年和2012年的夏季调查中均被记录到。都昌候鸟自然保护区2010年夏季优势种为白鹭Egretta garzetta和八哥Acridotheres cristatellus,2012年夏季优势种为八哥、麻雀Passer montanus和牛背鹭Bubulcus ibis。     

豫北黄河故道湿地鸟类自然保护区鸟类区系调查

1997～1999年对豫北黄河故道湿地鸟类自然保护区的鸟类进行了调查,共记录鸟类119种,隶属16目37科。其中留鸟32种,占总数的26.89％;冬候鸟 24种,占总数的20.17％; 夏候鸟30种,占总数的25.21％; 旅鸟33种,占总数的27.73％。国家一级重点保护鸟类2种,二级重点保护鸟类19种,河南省重点保护的鸟类6种。     

新疆甘家湖自然保护区春季鸟类群落多样性研究

2007年4～6月,对新疆甘家湖自然保护区4类生境(芦苇湿地、胡杨-柽柳混林、白梭梭-柽柳林及荒漠沙漠区)的鸟类进行了调查,共记录鸟类74种,分属隶属于15目、33科、50属.其中繁殖鸟(留鸟 夏候鸟)69种,冬候鸟2种,旅鸟及性质不明鸟3种.区系组成:广布型13种,北方型28种,北广型的22种,中亚型11种. 结果表明:古北型鸟类是组成甘家湖自然保护区鸟类群落的主体(占记录总数的82.4%);芦苇湿地的鸟类群落物种多样性最高(Shannon-Wiener指数达1.3091),荒漠沙漠区最低,仅为0.7701;胡杨-柽柳混林的均匀度指数最高(0.8236);聚类分析显示:4类生境中的鸟类群落可归为两大类型,即湿地鸟类群落和荒漠林鸟类群落.     

豫北黄河故道湿地岛类自然保护区鸟类区系调查

1997－1999年对豫北黄河故道湿地鸟类自然保护区的鸟类进行了调查,共记录鸟类119种,隶属16目37科,其中留鸟32种,占总数的26．89％,冬候鸟24种,占总数的20．17％,夏候鸟30种,占总数的25．21％,旅鸟占33种,占总数的27．73％,国家一级重点保护鸟类2种,二级重点保护鸟类19种,河南省重点保护的鸟类6种。     

江西齐云山自然保护区鸟类区系与多样性分析

2006年11月和2007年2～9月,对齐云山保护区的鸟类进行了本底调查和物种监测,共记录到鸟类257种,隶属于17目54科.其中留鸟120种,候鸟(夏候鸟、冬候鸟和旅鸟)137种;古北界种类97种(37.7%),东洋界种类141种(54.9%),广布种有19种(7.4%);国家重点保护鸟类8科34种;发现江西省新纪录鸟类4种.多样性分析结果显示,该区鸟类群落Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数、和Simpson指数分别为3.875、0.791和0.964.从各生境群落多样性指数看,农田居民区中鸟类群落多样性指数最大,其次是灌草丛和阔叶林,溪流水域的多样性指数最小;优势度指数在不同生境的变化趋势与群落多样性指数相似;灌草丛中鸟类群落均匀度指数最高,阔叶林中的鸟类群落均匀度指数最低.通过与周边包括九连山、井冈山、江西武夷山和广东车八岭4个保护区的鸟类进行物种多样性G-F指数对比分析,得出齐云山鸟类多样性与九连山相当,而高于其他3个保护区.     

Size‐dependent costs of migration: Migrant bird species are subordinate to residents,but only at small body sizes

Migrant species are commonly thought to be poor competitors in aggressive interactions with resident species. However, no studies have tested whether this relationship is widespread. Here, we compare the behavioural dominance of closely related species of migratory and nonmigratory birds, testing whether migrants are consistently subordinate to resident species in aggressive contests. We compiled published behavioural dominance data involving migrant and resident congeners, gathering additional data on the body mass and migratory distance of each species. Focal species included a diverse array of birds (28 taxonomic families, 12 orders) from around the world. We found that migrant species are usually subordinate to resident species, but that this relationship disappears at larger body sizes. For smaller birds (<500 g), resident species were behaviourally dominant in 83%–88% of comparisons; for larger birds (>500 g), resident species were dominant in only 25%–30% of comparisons. The relative difference in body mass best predicted dominance relationships among species, with larger species dominant in 80%–84% of comparisons. When migrant and resident masses were equal, however, resident species were still more likely to be dominant in smaller birds, suggesting that other factors may also contribute to the subordinate status of migrants. Overall, our results suggest that in smaller species, the evolution of migration is associated with lighter weights and other traits that compromise the competitive abilities of migrants relative to residents. In contrast, larger species appear able to evolve migration without compromising their size or competitive abilities in aggressive contests, suggesting size‐dependent constraints on the evolution of migration.     

Lack of sperm production and sperm storage by arctic-nesting shorebirds during spring migration

Birds nesting at high latitudes may copulate during migration to arrive on the nesting grounds ready to breed. We surveyed 12 species of shorebirds during spring migration to determine whether (1) males produced abundant sperm and (2) females harboured functional sperm storage tubules (SSTs). Sperm production by males on migration was rare. Only four of seven species (9.8% of 41 males) of long-distance migrants harboured sperm, whereas all four species (100% of eight males) of short-distance migrants held sperm. In females, no long-distance migrants held sperm in their SSTs ( n  = 28 females) and SSTs were small compared to long-distance migrants collected on their breeding grounds. Our results indicate that shorebirds nesting at high latitudes were generally not reproductively active during migration and that any sexual behaviour on migration is unlikely to lead directly to fertilizations.     

North Atlantic Oscillation and timing of spring migration in birds

Migrant birds have been trapped on the island of Helgoland (southeastern North Sea) since 1909, with methods and sampling effort remaining unchanged throughout the last four decades. In 12 short/medium-distance migrants and 12 long-distance migrants (23 passerines plus the European woodcock) sample sizes were sufficient to calculate mean spring passage (msp) times and to relate these to climate change. All but one species, passing Helgoland en route to their breeding areas (mainly in Scandinavia), show a trend towards earlier msp-time, which is significant in 7 short/medium-distance migrants and 10 long-distance migrants. The msp-times advanced by 0.05-0.28 days per year, short/medium-distance migrants not differing from long-distance migrants. In 23 out of the 24 species, earlier msp-times coincide with local warmer msp-temperatures (significantly in 11 and 7 species of the two groups, respectively). Even more striking is the relation to a large-scale phenomenon, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), during the last four decades. Again, in 23 out of the 24 species, an earlier msp-time coincides with higher NAO indices (significantly in 9 and 12 species, respectively). The NAO index can also explain differences and similarities in spring migration strategies, as well as migration routes within Europe.     

河北邢台市森林公园鸟类区系调查初报

2003年3月～2005年4月对邢台市森林公园的鸟类进行了调查,共记录鸟类121种,隶属15目38科.其中留鸟27种,占总数的22.31%;夏候鸟26种,占总数的21.49%;冬候鸟10种,占总数的8.26%;旅鸟58种,占总数的47.94%.山斑鸠（Streptopelia orientalis）、珠颈斑鸠（Streptopelia chinensis）、家燕（Hirundo rustica）、白头鹎（Pycnonotus sinensis）、灰椋鸟（Sturnus cineraceus）、喜鹊（Pica pica）、大山雀（Parus major）、[树]麻雀（Passer montanus）、金翅[雀]（Carduelis sinica）、小鹀（Emberiza pusilla）等10种鸟为公园的优势鸟种.国家Ⅱ级保护重点鸟类11种,河北省重点保护鸟类11种.     

Treating hop plants with (Z)-jasmone increases colonization by Phorodon humuli (Hemiptera: Aphididae) spring migrants

Hop plants were sprayed with (Z)-jasmone, at a rate of 50 g ha(-1), during the spring migration of the damson-hop aphid Phorodon humuli (Schrank) in 2002 and 2003. Numbers of P. humuli spring migrants colonizing hop plants, Humulus lupulus L., 2-6 and 7-11 days after applying this treatment were assessed in both years. During the first five-day period, significantly more spring migrants were found on hop plants treated with (Z)-jasmone, in comparison with control plants, in 2002. By contrast, no significant difference was evident in the second five-day period. Although the migration in 2003 was much lighter than in 2002, greater numbers of migrants were again removed from treated plants. Indeed, more spring migrants were removed from plants sprayed with (Z)-jasmone in this year during both five-day periods (11 and 44%, respectively) compared with the 23% greater numbers removed in the first five-day period in 2002. Therefore, unlike some other species of aphid, where numbers were consistently lower on plots sprayed with (Z)-jasmone, spraying the secondary host of P. humuli with this compound appears to increase colonization by spring migrants.     

Composition and foraging behaviour of mixed-species flocks led by the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta in Fushan Experimental Forest, Taiwan

Thirty-two species were recorded in mixed-species bird flocks led by the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta Alcippe morrisonia in Fushan Experimental Forest, Taiwan. Flocks averaged (± se) 5.8 ± 0.2 species and 51.4 ± 2.7 birds. Most participants were resident species (86.3%), some were elevational migrants (12.6%) and a few were latitudinal migrants (1.1%). Flock size was determined primarily by the abundance of Grey-cheeked Fulvettas, the most abundant species (68.1%). Flocks moved at an average rate of 10.8 ± 0.7 m/min, with larger flocks moving faster than smaller flocks. In moving flocks, canopy species were usually near the front, while understorey species usually followed. Fulvettas gave higher-intensity alarm calls and dived down more frequently in response to avian threats, especially raptors, than to non-avian threats. The overall foraging niche-breadth of the fulvetta was greater than that of any attendant species. Each species in a flock had a unique foraging niche. Most attendant species exhibited low foraging niche-overlap with the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta. Both the predator avoidance and the foraging efficiency hypotheses for mixed-species flocking were supported. The Grey-cheeked Fulvetta plays a critical role in the function of mixed-species flocks. A large flock formed around the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta provides attendant species with numerous opportunities for obtaining food and protection from predators.     

Cross-scale environmental influences on migratory stopover behaviour

Migratory species may be especially sensitive to climate change because their lifecycles are affected by dynamic ecological processes operating at global spatial scales. Insight into environmental effects upon en route decisions by migrants can therefore be a critical first step toward assessing their vulnerability to future climatic shifts. We extracted behaviour-related parameters from a recent formulation of multistate mark–recapture models, and used them to evaluate the importance of variation in local weather and broad-scale climate to decisions made by autumn passerine migrants at a coastal stopover site in Atlantic Canada. We found dramatic interannual fluctuations in the proportion of migrants that were transient (departing within a day of arrival), with annual average values ranging from 24% to 96% over the years 1996–2007. However, the relationships of stopover behaviour (transience and departure probability) to local weather (wind and precipitation) and to regional climatic fluctuations were similar across three distinct species groups and for birds of different fuel-loads, indicating the potential for both immediate (day-to-day) and long-term environmental influences (spanning several seasons). This cross-scale approach contributes valuable information toward the conservation of migrants in the face of a changing climate by (i) quantifying environmental influences on stopover behaviour in broad temporal and geographic contexts, and (ii) demonstrating largely parallel interannual variation in stopover site-use among birds with contrasting migratory timing and strategies.