云南和广东部分热泉Alicyclobacillus分布及系统发育

从云南和广东热泉采集的样品中富集分离得到12株嗜热或微嗜热的嗜酸杆菌,革兰氏染色阳性或不定,营异养生长,最适pH为3.5-5.5,最适温度为43℃-52℃。测定其16SrDNA序列表明这些菌株与脂环酸芽孢杆菌属亲缘关系最近,结合其形态、生理等特性,鉴定这些菌株属于脂环酸芽孢杆菌。     

南极抗细菌活性菌株的筛选及系统发育分析

分别以大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、青枯假单胞菌、绿脓假单胞菌和苏云金芽孢杆菌为指示菌,采用琼脂扩散法对实验室保存的580株极地细菌进行了抗菌活性菌株的筛选与活性验证,从中筛选出4株对上述指示菌株具有明显抗菌效果的活性菌株,其编号分别为97、Z11、Z18及Z19,并对其生长曲线、抗菌活性曲线和系统发育地位进行研究。结果表明,4株菌均在培养24 h后进入指数生长期,菌株97在培养48 h后达到稳定期,而菌株Z11、Z18及Z19在培养60 h后达到稳定期。抗菌活性分别在培养84、96、72和72 h时达到最高。系统发育分析表明,该4株菌分别属于伦黑墨氏菌属(Rheinheimera)、嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)。     

苹果浓缩汁中嗜酸耐热菌的分离与鉴定

为了解和控制浓缩苹果汁中的嗜酸耐热菌,采用酸化的凯氏培养基对苹果浓缩汁中的耐热菌进行分离、培养和鉴定,并与标准菌株Aliyclobacillus acidoterrestris DSM3922进行了比较分析.结果表明,分离到的2株污染菌均可以在21℃～55℃温度范围及2.4～6.2的pH值范围内生长,符合脂环酸芽胞杆菌属嗜酸耐热的特点.经与标准菌株的细胞、菌落形态观察、生长条件和生理生化反应等方面的比较表明,2株分离菌与标准菌株Aliyclobacillus acidoterrestris DSM3922有明显的相似特征.     

云南和广东部分热泉Alicyclobacillus分布及系统发育

从云南和广东热泉采集的样品中富集分离得到12株嗜热或微嗜热的嗜酸杆菌,革兰氏染色阳性或不定,营异养生长,最适pH为3．5～5．5,最适温度为43℃～52℃。测定其16S rDNA序列表明这些菌株与脂环酸芽孢杆菌属亲缘关系最近,结合其形态、生理等特性,鉴定这些菌株属于脂环酸芽孢杆菌。     

五株乳酸菌和三株芽孢杆菌的生物学特性和功能

【背景】乳酸菌和芽孢杆菌是应用于生产最多的益生菌,但不同菌株间的生长特性均不相同,因此了解菌株的生物学特性具有重要意义。【目的】研究菌株的生物学特性,能合理地开发和利用菌株,以保证菌株生产应用的安全性。【方法】活化后鉴定5株乳酸菌和3株芽孢杆菌并对其形态进行观察,探究菌株的生长曲线、产酸能力及最适生长条件,测定菌株的抑菌活性和产酶性能,同时探究菌株的益生性和安全性。【结果】五株乳酸菌分别编号鉴定为干酪乳杆菌R1、副干酪乳杆菌R2、香肠乳杆菌R3、福莱乳杆菌R4和唾液乳杆菌R5;3株芽孢杆菌分别编号命名为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Y1、枯草芽孢杆菌Y2和地衣芽孢杆菌Y3。八株菌形态结构均不相同但都为杆状,均在2–10 h为对数生长期,18–24 h为稳定期,培养24 h时乳酸菌和芽孢杆菌的活菌数均保持在10⁹和10⁸ CFU/mL,最适生长温度为37.0℃。乳酸菌具有较强的产酸能力和抑菌活性,芽孢杆菌有较强的产酶性,在人工胃液中都有较强的耐受性。八株菌都无溶血活性、无毒力基因、对抗生素都保持中度敏感以上;其中唾液乳杆菌有四环素耐药基因,但对四环素抗性为中度敏感。【结论】八株菌生长繁殖速度快,乳酸菌产酸能力和抑菌活性较强,芽孢杆菌具有较强的产酶性能,在体外具有较好的益生性和安全性,可应用于生产实践。     

α-葡萄糖苷酶菌株的选育及发酵条件的研究

从2株芽胞杆菌中通过筛选获得了一株产α-葡萄糖苷酶活力较高的嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌U2,以嗜热芽孢杆菌U2为菌种,优化发酵培养基后,在温度45℃、初始pH6.8、转速200r/min和10%接种量条件下,发酵20h,菌株U2产酶水平可达到2.62U/mL,比出发菌提高了4倍。     

诱导选育嗜酸乳杆菌的鉴定

对亚硝基胍(NTG)诱变获得的嗜酸乳杆菌菌株的抗酸、抗胆盐及多项酶活力进行测定。亚硝基胍诱变的嗜酸乳杆菌培养于模拟胃肠环境的pH 3.5酸性环境90 min后,再培养于中性0.2%胆盐环境中,对其生长情况进行评估。对抗酸抗胆盐菌株的各项酶活性进行评估。嗜酸乳杆菌突变后筛选的2株菌株都具有良好的抗酸和抗胆盐能力,其中突变株Y48在模拟胃肠环境中生长良好,并具有良好的酶活性。诱变获得的优良嗜酸乳杆菌株,具有良好的抗酸抗胆盐及酶活各项性能,为开发优质的嗜酸乳杆菌新产品提供了条件。     

鲟源病原性嗜水气单胞菌拮抗芽孢杆菌的鉴定及其生物学特性

从养殖池污泥中分离筛选了1株优良的鲟源嗜水气单胞菌拮抗芽孢杆菌G1,其对鲟源嗜水气单胞菌S1产生的抑菌圈直径为18.50 mm。通过API50CH细菌鉴定系统以及16S rRNA序列分析法,菌株G1被鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens),GenBank登录号HM245965.1,其16S rRNA序列与基因库中芽孢杆菌属菌株的16S rRNA序列有99%100%的同源性,而且与解淀粉芽孢杆菌Ba-74501(GenBank登录号:DQ422953.1)的亲缘关系最近。菌株G1的最适生长pH值为7,最适生长温度为30°C,其在30°C、200 r/min条件下的生长曲线为:0 6 h为生长延迟期,6 54 h为对数生长期,54 90 h为稳定期,90 h以后为衰亡期。此外,菌株G1对其他实验选用的病原性嗜水气单胞菌也表现出良好的拮抗活性。本实验结果有利于填补嗜水气单胞菌拮抗菌在分类地位、生物学特性等方面的不足,为鲟鱼嗜水气单胞菌病的生物防控提供科学资料。     

菜籽饼粕粗蛋白降解菌的筛选、初步鉴定与发酵条件摸索

在接种了本实验室保存的诱变菌株A的未灭菌的菜籽饼粕发酵样品中筛选得到3株能以 菜籽饼粕为原料生长的菌株,编号为S₁、S₂、S₃,菌株A和这3株菌种通过鉴定确定为凝结芽孢杆 菌、圆孢芽孢杆菌、短小芽孢杆菌和球形芽孢杆菌。通过设计正交实验摸索出这4株菌种的最佳 培养条件。并对饼粕固体混合菌发酵进行了初步摸索和探讨。     

菜籽饼粕粗蛋白降解菌的筛选、初步鉴定与发酵条件摸索

在接种了诱变菌株A的未灭菌的菜籽饼粕发酵样品中筛选得到3株能以菜籽饼粕为原料生长的菌株,编号为S1、 S2、S3,3株菌种通过鉴定确定为圆孢芽孢杆菌、短小芽孢杆菌和球形芽孢杆菌。通过设计正交实验摸索出这3株菌种和诱变 菌株A的最佳培养条件。对饼粕固体混合菌发酵进行了初步摸索和探讨。     

我国豇豆和绿豆根瘤菌的数值分类及16S rDNA PCR-RFLP研究

对分离自中国14个不同省(自治区)的79株豇豆和绿豆根瘤菌及12株参比菌株进行了唯一碳、氮源利用,抗生素抗性,抗逆性和酶活性等128个表型性状的测定,并用MINTS软件进行聚类分析。表型性状测定结果发现,所有菌株都有极其广泛的碳、氮源利用谱,大多数菌株可在较宽的pH(pH5·0~11·0)值范围内生长,大部分菌株能在37℃高温条件下生长,个别菌株能耐受60℃高温较长时间(20~45min)的热激。聚类分析结果表明,全部供试菌株在63·5%的相似性水平上分为两大群:一个群为慢生菌群,另一群为快生和中慢生菌群;在79%的相似性水平上分为7个亚群。在数值分类的基础上,又将参比菌株增加到22株,对79株待测菌株进行了16SrDNAPCR-RFLP分析,16SrDNAPCR产物经HaeⅢ、HinfⅠ、MspⅠ和AluⅠ4种内切酶酶切共产生34种遗传图谱类型,经GelComparⅡ软件聚类后,在79%的相似性水平上也可划分为7个亚群,与数值分类的结果有很好的一致性。     

Use of restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis to differentiate strains of psychrophilic and psychrotropic clostridia associated with blown pack' spoilage of vacuum-packed meats

Reference and meat strains of psychrophilic and psychrotrophic clostridia were differentiated using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of genomic DNA (DNA-RFLP) and the polymerase chain reaction-amplified 16S rDNA gene (PCR-RFLP). Groupings obtained with PCR-RFLP were confirmed with 16S rDNA gene sequencing. DNA-RFLP resolved 19 of the 22 meat strains into 11 groups. Three meat strains were untypable using this method. All reference strains representing different genotypic species could be distinguished by the restriction patterns of 16S rDNA genes. With PCR-RFLP, the 22 meat strains produced eight distinct genotypes. 16S rDNA gene sequencing confirmed that each genotype was represented by a distinct sequence. PCR-RFLP restriction patterns of 15 meat strains matched those of one of two of the seven reference strains used. Seven meat strains whose RFLP restriction patterns of 16S rDNA genes differed from those of any reference strains probably represent four previously undescribed species. Although RFLP analysis of the amplified 16S rDNA gene allowed differentiation of psychrophilic and psychrotrophic clostridia at the genotypic species level and below, comparison of PCR-RFLP patterns and 16S rDNA sequences of unknown clostridial isolates with patterns and sequences of reference strains may not effect ready identification of these micro-organisms. The results of this study will be useful in diagnosis of the cause of premature spoilage of chilled vacuum-packed meats and in tracing spoilage-causing clostridia to their source(s) in the abattoir.     

斜茎黄芪根瘤菌的16SrDNA和23SrDNAPCR—RFLP比较分析

在表型性状数值分析和ＡＦＬＰ指纹图谱分析的基础上,选取５４株斜茎黄芪根瘤菌的代表菌株及已知根瘤菌参比菌株,进行１６ＳｒＤＮＡ和２３ＳｒＤＮＡ的ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ比较分析。结果表明斜茎黄芪根瘤菌具有极大的系统发育多样性,分别具有２４个１６ＳｒＤＮＡ遗传图谱类型和２２个２３ＳｒＤＮＡ遗传图谱类型,１６ＳｒＤＮＡ与２３ＳｒＤＮＡＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ聚类分析树状图谱有较好的一致性,但也存在一些差异。在对较大类群的划分上,它们的结果与表型性状数值分析结果有较好的一致性。将１６ＳｒＤＮＡ和２３ＳｒＤＮＡＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ分析数据合并在一起进行分析时,得出２６个综合遗传图谱类型和１个综合聚类分析树状图谱。很明显,１６ＳｒＤＮＡ与２３ＳｒＤＮＡ的合并,能够得出更可靠的系统发育结论。     

柠条根瘤内生细菌的抗逆性及遗传多样性

采用16S rDNA PCR-RFLP和序列分析方法对分离自柠条根瘤的40株内生细菌的遗传多样性及系统发育进行分析,并对菌株的耐盐性、耐酸碱性和生长温度范围进行测定.结果表明:40株供试菌株共产生9种遗传图谱类型;对各类型代表菌株进行16S rDNA序列测定,结合形态特征和生理生化检测结果,表明供试菌株分别归属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、Inguilinus属、申氏杆菌属(Shinella)和不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter),遗传多样性较为丰富;57.5％的菌株可耐受4％的NaCl,75％的菌株可在pH 11.0的条件下生长,85％的菌株经60℃热激处理后仍能继续生长,显示柠条根瘤内生细菌具有较强的抗逆性,菌株LWEN 07和LWEN 15抗逆能力最为显著.     

新疆地区盐湖的中度嗜盐菌16S rDNA全序列及DNA同源性分析

通过数值分类和16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析,对分离自新疆地区的中度嗜盐革兰氏阴性菌进行研究,发现了一个新类群。在此基础上,进行了中心株AI－3的16S rDNA全序列分析,并与中度嗜盐菌已知种和相关种进行比较,得到系统发育树状图。在此树状图中,大多数参比菌株聚在一起,其16S rDNA全序列的同源性在96％以上,而AI－3与参比菌株的16S rDNA全序列相比,其相似性低于75％。但是,AI－3与Alcanivorax borkumensis^[1]的16S rDNA全序列的相似性为96％,与Halobacillus litoralis的16S rDNA全序列的相似性为99％,三者构成一个独立的发育分支。这说明在系统发育上,AI－3与参比菌株属于不同的分支,是一个新的类群。在新类群内,菌株之间的DNA同源性大于70％,而中心株AI－3与标准菌株伸长盐单胞菌（Halomonas elongata)的DNA同源性为44％,表明新分离的菌株可能构成一个新种群。     

Coprobacillus catenaformis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new genus and species isolated from human feces

Three strains of Eubacterium-like isolates from human feces were characterized by biochemical tests and 16S rDNA analysis. The phenotypic characteristics of the three strains resembled those of the genus Collinsella transferred from the genus Eubacterium recently. However, Eubacterium-like strains were phylogenetically members of the Clostridium subphylum of gram-positive bacteria, and these showed a specific phylogenetic association with Clostridium ramosum and C. spiroforme. C. ramosum and C. spiroforme are gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria that belong to the genus Clostridium, and the G + C contents are 26.0 and 27.4 mol%, respectively. However, the three Eubacterium-like strains had G + C contents of 32.1 to 33.1 mol% and were non-spore-forming rods. Based on phenotypic characteristics, we can differentiate these species, and furthermore, a 16S rDNA sequence divergence of greater than 9% with a new related genus, Coprobacillus, is proposed for the three strains, with one species, Coprobacillus catenaformis. The type strain of C. catenaformis is JCM 10604T.     

A polyphasic taxonomic study of thermophilic bacilli from shallow, marine vents

Eighty-seven thermophilic, aerobic, spore-forming bacteria were isolated from shallow, marine, thermal vents of the Eolian Islands (Italy) and tested for a broad spectrum of phenotypic characteristics. A numerical taxonomy study was performed on these isolates and 8 thermophilic Bacillus and Geobacillus reference strains by 89 selected features. Results from cluster analysis showed the formation of nine clusters. Most of the isolates (83%) fell into several phenetically well distinguished clusters, loosely related to Geobacillus thermodenitrificans. The remaining isolates grouped together with different reference strains. Eighteen isolates, representative of the different clusters, were selected for subsequent genotypic characterisation, including partial 16S rDNA sequence analysis of 18 strains and almost complete 16S rDNA sequences of 9 strains. Subsequent DNA/DNA reassociation studies and determination of the base composition of DNA identified seven isolates as Geobacillus thermodenitrificans, two isolates as G. thermoleovorans and one isolate as Bacillus pallidus. Four isolates represented two novel species of Bacillus. The remaining four represented novel Geobacillus species, one of which has recently been described as Bacillus vulcani DSMZ 13174 T.     

Characterization of thermophilic spore-forming bacteria from a geothermal spring in Lithuania based on 16S rDNA and 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacers analyses

Forty-two strains of gram-positive, aerobic, heterotrophic, obligately thermophilic, spore-forming bacteria were isolated from a geothermal site near the Baltic Sea in Lithuania. All of the strains were able to hydrolyze collagen and/or casein. Since characteristics of proteolytic activity are correlated with taxonomic positions of bacteria, the strains were grouped on the basis of molecular biological analyses. On the basis of RFLP patterns of 16S rDNA and 16S-23S rDNA ITS-PCR analysis, the strains were subdivided into nine groups.     

嗜热厌氧纤维素降解细菌的分离、鉴定及其系统发育分析

利用纤维素降解细菌和纤维素粘附的方法分别从新鲜牛粪、高温堆肥和本实验室保存的纤维素降解富集物中分离得到4株嗜热厌氧纤维素降解细菌。分离菌株为革兰氏染色阴性,直的或稍弯曲杆菌,菌体大小为0.4μm～0.6μm×3μm～15μm,严格厌氧,不还原硫酸盐,形成芽孢。多数芽孢着生于菌体顶端。分离菌株能利用纤维素滤纸、纤维素粉Whatman CFII、微晶纤维素、纤维素粉MN300和未经处理的玉米秆芯、甘蔗渣、水稻秸杆。分离菌株在pH6.2～8.9、温度45℃～65℃范围内利用纤维素,最适pH为7.0～7.5,最适温度为55℃～60℃,发酵纤维素产生乙醇、乙酸、H2和CO2。分离菌株还可利用纤维二糖、葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖、山梨醇作为碳源。部分长度的16S rDNA序列分析表明,分离菌株EVAI与Clostridium thermocellum具有99.8%相似性。     

一株碱性淀粉酶产生菌Bacillus flexus XJU-3的分离鉴定及酶学特性分析

[目的]从新疆石河子市一处碱性工业污水(pH11.0)分离﹑鉴定高产碱性淀粉酶菌株,并对其所产酶酶学特性进行研究.[方法]在碱性淀粉酶分离培养基上对所分离菌株进行筛选,分离到一株高产碱性淀粉酶菌株,并将其编号XJU-3.应用生理生化试验,脂肪酸含量,16S rDNA序列以及(G C) mol%含量等方法对菌株进行鉴定,同时对XJU-3所产碱性淀粉酶的生物学特性进行研究.[结果] XJU-3可在pH4.0～12.5的LB培养基上生长,最适生长温度37℃.16S rDNA序列构建的系统进化树表明XJU-3与Bacillus flexus类聚在一起,且序列同源性为99%.该菌产生的淀粉酶最适pH10.0,最适温度40℃,且在pH9.0～13.0内有较高活性和稳定性.Co2 和Mg2 能明显提高酶的活性.[结论] XJU-3被鉴定为Bacillus flexus,由于XJU-3与B. flexus DSM 1320T在尿素水解和优势脂肪酸含量上有差异,且具有宽范围pH耐受性,因此XJU-3被认为是B.flexus的一个新菌株.XJU-3所产的碱性淀粉酶酶学特性良好,具有极大的工业应用潜力.