EBV LMP1通过诱导c-myc表达活化端粒酶hTERT

利用原代人胚鼻咽上皮细胞和Tet on LMP1HNE2等良好的细胞体系,采用报道基因法和Westernblot法等,分别检测Epstein Barr病毒(EBV)潜伏膜蛋白1(LMP1)诱导的c myc反式激活活性和蛋白表达水平,从LMP1诱导细胞内c myc表达的角度,探讨LMP1诱导端粒酶表达的分子机制。结果表明,LMP1促使细胞内c myc反式激活活性增强,c Myc蛋白表达量升高;导入反义LMP1表达质粒阻断LMP1表达后,c myc反式激活活性下降。将端粒酶hTERT启动子上c myc结合位点突变后,LMP1不能诱导端粒酶hTERT表达。因而认为,EB病毒LMP1通过诱导c myc表达而活化端粒酶hTERT。     

EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白1通过结合TRAFs调控NF-κB

为了探讨EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白1(LMP1)的致瘤机制,对鼻咽癌中LMP1激活重要的核转录因子NF-κB机制进行了研究.首先,采用免疫共沉淀-蛋白质印迹在稳定表达LMP1的鼻咽癌细胞系HNE2-LMP1中证实LMP1与TRAF1,2,3结合形成免疫共沉淀复合物,进一步以野生型LMP1及其三种突变体的鼻咽癌细胞系LMP1（野生型,wt）、HNE2-LMP1 del187～351(CTAR1缺失型)、HNE2-LMP1(1～231)(CTAR2缺失型)、HNE2-LMP1(1～187)(羧基端胞浆区缺失型)、HNE2-pSG5(空白载体型)为材料,结合NF-κB报道基因质粒（pGL2-NF-κB-luc）的荧光素酶活性表达分析NF-κB的活性,证实:较之母细胞, 野生型LMP1活化NF-κB达13.8倍, LMP1(1～187)几乎不活化NF-κB,LMP1(1～231)活化NF-κB达4.9倍, LMP1(del187～351)活化NF-κB达9.1倍;TRAF1过表达升高LMP1(wt)及LMP1(1～231)介导的NF-κB活性,而对LMP1(del 187～351)活化NF-κB无影响;TRAF3过表达或TRAF3负显性突变体抑制LMP1(wt)及LMP1(1～231)介导的NF-κB活性,而不影响LMP1(del 187～351)活化NF-κB; TRAF2过表达升高LMP1(wt)、LMP1 (1～231)及LMP1(del 187～351)介导的NF-κB活性.这些结果表明：鼻咽癌中LMP1通过TRAF1、TRAF2或TRAF3调控NF-κB,TRAF1和TRAF3主要通过CTAR1发挥作用,TRAF2的作用主要是通过CTAR1和CTAR2介导的.     

EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白1通过结合TRAFs调控NF-κB

为了探讨EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白1（LMP1）的致瘤机制,对鼻咽癌中LMP1激活重要的核转录因子NF－κB机制进行了研究,首先,采用免疫共沉淀－蛋白质印迹在稳定表达LMP1的鼻咽癌细胞系HNE2－LMP1中证实LMP1与TRAF1,2,3结合形成免疫共沉淀复合物,进一步以野生型LMP1及其三种突变体的鼻咽癌细胞系LMP1（野生型, wt),HNE2－LMP1 del187-351(CTAR1缺失型）,HNE2－LMP1（1－231）,（CTAR2缺失型）,HNE2－LMP1（1－187）（羰基端胞浆区缺失型）,HNE2－pSG5(空白载体型）为材料,结合NF－κB报道基因质粒（pG12-NF-B-luc)的荧光素酶活性表达分析NF－κB的活性,证实：较之母细胞,野生型LMP1活化NF－B达13．8倍,LMP1（1－187）几乎不活化NF－kb,LMP1(1-231)活化NF－kB 达4．9倍,LMP1（del187-351)活化NFκB达9．1倍,TRAF1过表达升高LMP1（ wt)及LMP1（1－231）介导的NF－κB活性,而对LMP1（del187-351)活化NFκB无影响,TRAF3过表达或TRAF3负显性突变体抑,制LMP1（wt)及LMP1（1－231）介导的NF－κB活性而不影响LMP1（del187－351）活化NF－κB,TRAF2过表达升高LMP1（wt),LMP1(1-231)及LMP1（del 187-351)介导的NF－kB活性,这些结果表明：鼻咽癌中LMP1通过TRAF1,TRAF2或TRAF3调控NF－kB,TRAF1和TRAF3主要通过CTAR1发挥作用,TRAF2的作用主要是通过CTAR1和CTAR2介导的。     

EBV LMPl通过诱导c-myc表达活化端粒酶hTERT

利用原代人胚鼻咽上皮细胞和Tet—on—LMP1 HNE2等良好的细胞体系,采用报道基因法和Western blot法等,分别检测Epstein—Barr病毒(EBV)潜伏膜蛋白1(LMPl)诱导的c—myc反式激活活性和蛋白表达水平。从LMPl诱导细胞内c—myc表达的角度,探讨LMPl诱导端粒酶表达的分子机制。结果表明,LMPl促使细胞内c-myc反式激活活性增强,c-Myc蛋白表达量升高;导入反义LMPl表达质粒阻断LMPl表达后。c—myc反式激活活性下降。将端粒酶hTERT启动子上c—myc：结合位点突变后,LMP1不能诱导端粒酶hTERT表达。因而认为,EB病毒LMPl通过诱导c—mvc表达而活化端粒酶hTERT。     

EB病毒LMP1及其CTAR1、CTAR2导入人HNE2鼻咽癌细胞的研究

用电穿孔转染法,建立稳定表达野生型LMP1及其不同突变体的鼻咽癌细胞系,并以这些细胞系为材料,用MTT法检测增殖期活细胞,观察LMP1及其不同的结构域对鼻咽癌细胞生长的影响。结果得到了LMP1及其三种突变体、空白载体表达的鼻咽癌细胞系;HNE2－LMP1（野生型）、HNE2－LMP1△185-351(CTAR1缺失型）、HNE2－LMP1（1－231）（CTAR2缺失型）、HNE2－LMP1（1－185）（羧基端胸浆区缺失型）、HNE2－pSG5(空载体型）。进一步证实HNE2－LMP1、HNE2－LMP1（1－231）、HNE2－LMP1△185－351平均吸光度（A）比值高于对照组HNE2－pSG5及HNE2（P＜0.01）。这提示：EB病毒LMP1及其LMP1（1－231）和LMP1△185－351在体外明显促进HNE2细胞增殖。结果表明EB病毒LMP1可能在鼻咽癌中发挥着重要的作用。     

EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白1通过TRAF/TRADD激活JNK信号途径

为了探讨在鼻咽癌细胞中EB病毒编码的潜伏膜蛋白1(LMP1)激活c-Jun氨基端激酶(JNK)信号途径的分子机制,利用可调控表达LMP1的鼻咽癌细胞系L7,蛋白质印迹检测,发现LMP1能够促进JNK的活化;利用稳定表达LMP1的鼻咽癌细胞系HNE₂-LMP1及其三种突变体HNE₂-LMP1ΔCTAR1、HNE₂-LMP1ΔCTAR2、HNE₂-LMP1ΔCTAR1,2及LMP1阴性的HNE₂为材料,采用蛋白质印迹和报告基因法分析JNK和活化蛋白1(AP1)活化情况,结果显示HNE₂-LMP1和HNE₂-LMP1ΔCTAR1中磷酸化JNK蛋白表达量和AP1活性都无显著差异,而与HNE₂-LMP1ΔCTAR2、HNE₂-LMP1ΔCTAR1,2、阴性对照HNE2及空白载体转染细胞的JNK蛋白表达和AP1活性具有显著差异;进一步比较转染TRAF、TRADD显性负性突变体鼻咽癌细胞系HNE₂-LMP1中磷酸化的JNK量和AP1活性,结果显示：TRAF-DN和TRADD-DN的导入使活化的JNK蛋白和AP-1活性显著降低,二者间无显著差异,提示TRAF和TRADD可能参与了LMP1对JNK和AP-1的活化.以上结果提示在鼻咽癌细胞系中LMP1功能结构域CTAR2通过结合TRAF/TRADD激活JNK从而活化重要的转录因子AP1.     

Epstein-Barr病毒潜伏蛋白1通过核转录因子κB诱导鼻咽上皮细胞表达端粒酶活性

利用已建立的原代人胚鼻咽上皮细胞和Tet-on-LMP1系统等良好的实验模型,采用荧光酶报道基因分析法和端粒酶TRAP-ELISA技术,分别检测EB病毒潜伏蛋白1(LMP1)诱导的核转录因子κB(NFκB)活性和端粒酶活性,从LMP1介导NFκB信号传导途径角度,探讨LMP1诱导端粒酶表达的分子机制.结果表明,LMP1可诱导鼻咽上皮细胞表达端粒酶活性,将LMP1羧基端胞浆区突变后,可同时下调NFκB活性和端粒酶活性.在Doxycycline诱导LMP1表达状态下,NFκB反式激活活性增强,同时端粒酶活性升高;进一步应用硫代磷酸化修饰的反义NFκB p65寡脱氧核苷酸和IκBα的显性负性突变体分别阻断NFκB活性,可降低由LMP1诱导的端粒酶活性.因此,NFκB作为LMP1信号传导途径上的枢纽,可能介导了LMP1对端粒酶的表达调控.     

EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白1通过Survivin介导细胞增殖和抑制细胞凋亡

利用间接免疫荧光、基因转染、抗体剔除 (Ab knock out)、细胞平板集落形成、流式细胞术以及半胱氨酸天冬酰胺酶 (caspase3)活性检测等方法 ,从survivin核移位、Rb磷酸化、细胞周期演进、细胞克隆形成和细胞凋亡等方面 ,探讨EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白 1(LMP1)调控细胞增殖和细胞凋亡双重效应的分子机制 .结果发现 ,LMP1表达介导survivin核移位 ,促进细胞Rb磷酸化增加 ,S期细胞数显著增加 ;LMP1通过survivin促进细胞克隆形成 .用Ab knock out阻断survivin核移位和survivin反义核酸抑制survivin表达时 ,Rb磷酸化水平降低 ,S期细胞减少 ,抑制LMP1介导的细胞增殖 ,活化细胞caspase 3,诱导细胞凋亡 .结果提示 ,EB病毒LMP1通过survivin促进细胞增殖和抑制细胞凋亡     

p16、cyclin D1在消化道癌细胞周期调控中的关系探讨

P16和cyclinD1是参与细胞周期调控及维持细胞正常增殖的关键蛋白,通过G1/S监测点即R点（restriction point）发挥调控作用。cyclinD1与CDK4/6（细胞周期依赖性激酶）结合形成cyclinD1/CDK4/6复合物,促使CDK4/6活化,细胞越过G1/S监测点进入细胞分裂周期。P16可重复地和特异性地与cyclinD1竞争调控CDK4/6,抑制两者的激酶活性,使细胞不能快速通过G1/S转换。由此可见,两者相辅相成、相互制约,其适时适度的表达是细胞周期得以正常运转的前提。近年来,大量的研究结果显示,P16基因的缺失及cyclinD1过度表达与恶性肿瘤发生、发展、及恶化关系密切。因此,对P16和cyclinD1的深入研究将有助于胃肠道肿瘤的分期、疗效判断、预后、转移、复发和治疗。     

EB病毒潜伏性膜蛋白CTAR—2突变体的构建及功能分析

为了探讨EB病毒潜伏性膜蛋白 1(LMP1)的活性部位及细胞转化作用机制 ,采用PCR方法构建LMP1羧基末端活化区 2 (CTAR 2 )中 3 84～ 3 86位密码子对应的氨基酸YYD→ID突变的重组体 ,将此重组突变型LMP1(mt LMP1)与野生型LMP1(wt LMP1)分别与含有转录因子NF κB或AP 1启动子序列的荧光素酶表达质粒共转染 2 93细胞 ,单光子检测仪测定比较二者活化转录因子的功能 ;同时将mt LMP1和wt LMP1分别导入Rat 1细胞 ,接触抑制试验比较二者对细胞的转化作用。发现 :( 1)与wt LMP1相比 ,mt LMP1对转录因子NF κB的活化作用降低了 80 %左右 ,对AP 1的活化作用全部消失 ;( 2 )mt LMP1表达的Rat 1细胞集落形成数比wt LMP1表达的细胞显著降低[( 2 3± 3 ) /皿对 ( 3 5 7± 19) /皿 ;( 64± 8) /皿对 ( 40 8± 40 ) /皿 ;n =3 ,P <0 .0 0 1]。这些结果表明CTAR 2中最后 3位氨基酸 ( 3 84～ 3 86)是EB病毒LMP1的重要活性部位之一 ;LMP1致Rat 1细胞转化作用主要与其活化转录因子NF κB或 /和AP 1的功能有关     

Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1 modulates cyclin D1 by c-Jun/Jun B heterodimers

In our recent studies, we found that LMP1 encoded by Epstein-Barr virus could accelerate the formation of active c-Jun/Jun B heterodimer. We studied the regulation of cyclinD1 by c-Jun/Jun B heterodimers by laser scanning confocal influorescence microscopy, Western blot, luciferase activity assay, super-EMSA and flow cytometry in the Tet-on-LMP1 HNE2 cell line, in which LMP1 expression was regulated by Tet-on system. c-Jun/Jun B heterodimers induced by LMP1 could up regulate cyclin D1 promoter activity and expression. Overexpression of cyclinD1 accelerated the progression of cell cycle.     

Epstein–Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 induces the chemotherapeutic target,thymidine phosphorylase,via NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways

High thymidine phosphorylase (TP) expression is significantly correlated with poor prognosis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). NPC is an Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-associated cancer in which the EBV-encoded oncogene product, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), is expressed in approximately 60% of tumor tissues. However, no previous study has examined whether LMP1 is involved in up-regulating TP expression in NPC tissues. We herein show that LMP1 expression is correlated with TP expression in tumor cells, as examined by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining. We further show that the CTAR1 and CTAR2 domains of LMP1 mediate TP induction, as demonstrated by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analyses using LMP1 deletion and site-specific mutants. Mechanistically, LMP1-mediated TP induction is abolished by inhibitors of NF-κB and p38 MAPK, dominant-negative IκB and p38, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of p38 MAPK. Clinically, there were significant correlations among the expression levels of TP, activated p65, and phospho-p38 MAPK in NPC biopsy samples. Functionally, LMP1-mediated induction of TP expression enhanced the sensitivity of NPC cells to the chemotherapeutic prodrug, 5'-DFUR. Our results provide new insights into the roles of LMP1-mediated NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling pathways in TP induction, potentially suggesting new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of NPC.     

Tet调控的EB病毒LMP1基因导入鼻咽癌细胞系表达的研究

本文利用Ｔｅｔ－ｏｎ基因表达系统建立了一株可诱导ＥＢ病毒ＬＭＰ１基因表达的鼻咽癌细胞株。首先将Ｔｅｔ－ｏｎ基因调控系统的调节质粒ｐＴｅｔ－ｏｎ导入鼻咽癌细胞系ＨＮＥ２中,用ｒｔＴＡ反应性芝光素酶报道基因ｐＴＲＥ－ｌｕｃ挑选高诱导、低背景的克隆,第二轮转染将构建的反应质粒ｐＴＲＥ－ＬＭＰ１导入得到稳定转染的阳性克隆,对各克隆用Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹方法进行强力霉素诱导效应检测,其中Ｌ７对Ｄｏｘ具有良好的     

Unique signaling properties of CTAR1 in LMP1-mediated transformation

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) gene is considered the EBV oncogene as it is necessary for EBV-mediated transformation of B lymphocytes and itself transforms rodent fibroblasts. LMP1 activates the NF-kappaB, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Jun N-terminal protein kinase signaling pathways through its two signaling domains, carboxyl-terminal activating regions 1 and 2 (CTAR1 and CTAR2). CTAR1 and CTAR2 induce signal transduction pathways through their direct (CTAR1) or indirect (CTAR2) recruitment of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFs). CTAR1 is necessary for LMP1-mediated transformation as well as activation of PI3K signaling and induction of cell cycle markers associated with G(1)/S transition. In this study, activation of PI3K-Akt signaling and deregulation of cell cycle markers were mapped to the TRAF-binding domain within CTAR1 and to the residues between CTAR1 and CTAR2. LMP1 CTAR1 also activated the MEK1/2-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway, and this activation was necessary for LMP1-induced transformation of Rat-1 fibroblasts. Dominant-negative forms of TRAF2 and TRAF3 inhibited but did not fully block LMP1-mediated transformation. These findings identify a new signaling pathway that is uniquely activated by the TRAF-binding domain of LMP1 and is required for transformation.     

Two carboxyl-terminal activation regions of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 activate NF-kappaB through distinct signaling pathways in fibroblast cell lines

Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), an Epstein-Barr virus transforming protein, is able to activate NF-kappaB through its carboxyl-terminal activation region 1 (CTAR1) and 2 (CTAR2), but the exact role of each domain is not fully understood. Here we show that LMP1 activates NF-kappaB in different NF-kappaB essential modulator (NEMO)-defective cell lines, but not in cells lacking both IkappaB kinase 1 (IKK1) and 2 (IKK2). Mutational studies reveal that CTAR1, but not CTAR2, mediates NEMO-independent NF-kappaB activation and that this process largely depends on IKK1. Retroviral expression of LMP1 mutants in cells lacking either functional NF-kappaB inducing kinase (NIK), NEMO, IKK1, or IKK2 further illustrates distinct signals from the two activation regions of LMP1 for persistent NF-kappaB activation. One originates in CTAR2, operates through the canonical NEMO-dependent pathway, and induces NFKB2 p100 production; the second signal originates in CTAR1, utilizes NIK and IKK1, and induces the processing of p100. Our results thus help clarify how two functional domains of LMP1 persistently activate NF-kappaB through distinct signaling pathways.     

Nuclear accumulation of epidermal growth factor receptor and acceleration of G1/S stage by Epstein-Barr-encoded oncoprotein latent membrane protein 1

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is considered to be the major oncogenic protein of EBV-encoded proteins and has always been the core of the oncogenic mechanism of EBV. Advanced studies on nuclear translocation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family have greatly improved our knowledge of the biological function of cell surface receptors. In this study, we used the Tet-on LMP1 HNE2 cell line as a cell model, which is a dual-stable LMP1-integrated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell line and the expression of LMP1 which could be regulated by the Tet system. We found that LMP1 could regulate the nuclear accumulation of EGFR in a dose-dependent manner quantitatively and qualitatively. We also demonstrated that the nuclear localization sequence of EGFR played some roles in the location of the protein within the nucleus under LMP1 regulation and EGFR in the nucleus could bind to the promoters of cyclinD1 and cyclinE, respectively. We further demonstrated that EGFR is involved in the acceleration of the G1/S phase transition by LMP1 through binding to cyclinD1 and cyclinE directly. These findings provided a novel view that the acceleration of LMP1 on the G1/S transition via the nuclear accumulation of EGFR was critical in the process of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.     

Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded Latent Membrane Protein 1 Activates the JNK Pathway through Its Extreme C Terminus via a Mechanism Involving TRADD and TRAF2

The transforming Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) activates signalling on the NF-κB axis through two distinct domains in its cytoplasmic C terminus, namely, CTAR1 (amino acids [aa] 187 to 231) and CTAR2 (aa 351 to 386). The ability of CTAR1 to activate NF-κB appears to be attributable to the direct interaction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), while recent work indicates that CTAR2-induced NF-κB is mediated through its association with TNF receptor-associated death domain (TRADD). LMP1 expression also results in activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) (also known as stress-activated protein kinase) cascade, an effect which is mediated exclusively through CTAR2 and can be dissociated from NF-κB induction. The organization and signalling components involved in LMP1-induced JNK activation are not known. In this study we have dissected the extreme C terminus of LMP1 and have identified the last 8 aa of the protein (aa 378 to 386) as being important for JNK signalling. Using a series of fine mutants in which single amino acids between codons 379 and 386 were changed to glycine, we have found that mutations of Pro³⁷⁹, Glu³⁸¹, Ser³⁸³, or Tyr³⁸⁴ diminish the ability of LMP1 CTAR2 to engage JNK signalling. Interestingly, this region was also found to be essential for CTAR2-mediated NF-κB induction and coincides with the LMP1 amino acid sequences shown to bind TRADD. Furthermore, we have found that LMP1-mediated JNK activation is synergistically augmented by low levels of TRADD expression, suggesting that this adapter protein is critical for LMP1 signalling. TRAF2 is known to associate with TRADD, and expression of a dominant-negative N-terminal deletion TRAF2 mutant was found to partially inhibit LMP1-induced JNK activation in 293 cells. In addition, the TRAF2-interacting protein A20 blocked both LMP1-induced JNK and NF-κB activation, further implicating TRAF2 in these phenomena. While expression of a kinase-inactive mutated NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK), a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase which also associates with TRAF2, impaired LMP1 signalling on the NF-κB axis, it did not inhibit LMP1-induced JNK activation, suggesting that these two pathways may bifurcate at the level of TRAF2. These data further define a role for TRADD and TRAF2 in JNK activation and confirm that LMP1 utilizes signalling mechanisms used by the TNF receptor/CD40 family to elicit its pleiotropic activities.