水稻空间技术育种的研究

为探讨空间条件对水稻育种的影响,利用返回式卫星搭载水稻干种子,返地种植,考察分析了12个亲本品种后代的性状表现及遗传与变异情况。结果表明：空间条件诱变的后代性状具有多样性变异和多向性遗传,且能稳定遗传,并有超亲遗传现象,诱变后代具有变异类型多、变异频率高、特殊突变体、育种周期短等特点。为进一步开发利用空间技术育种,在研究实践的基础上,提出了程序化、规范化、可操作性强的水稻空间育种技术规范。 Abstract:In order to inquire into the influences of space conditions on rice breeding,the dry seeds of 12 rice varieties were carried by recoverable satellite.After recovery,these seeds were sowed in the yield,the inheritance and variation of the characters of their progenies were observed and analysed.The results showed that the characters of the progenies mutated under space conditions segregated and varied in many adpects and directions,and the segregated and varied characters were heritable.These progenies posoessed significant transgressive inheritance,a plenty of variation types.and variation.was characterized by short breeding period.The resulfs in this study indicated that space technology breeding could be developed and used as a new method of mutation breeding.     

辐射诱变创制水稻新种质研究进展及浙粳99突变体库的建立

辐射诱变育种所需年限短、变异率高、后代性状稳定快,在作物遗传育种中已广泛应用。本文统计了我国近10年来利用辐射诱变技术培育的在生产应用上发挥重要作用的部分优良新品种18个,说明通过辐射诱变可加速水稻变异,丰富水稻遗传图谱,为培育高产、优质、抗病水稻新品种提供更多类型种质资源。此外总结了利用辐射诱变获得的各种类型突变,包括茎秆突变体如高秆、矮秆、粗秆、茎扭曲等;叶部性状突变体如叶色、叶长、条纹、叶斑等;穗部性状突变体如穗型、穗色、籽粒大小、籽粒形状等;生理性状相关突变体如早衰、不育、晚熟、不抽穗等。系统介绍了产量相关突变体、茎秆相关突变体、叶形相关突变体、穗部相关突变体、抗性相关突变体和稻米品质突变体等各类水稻突变体及其基因定位、作用机理研究进展,并通过辐射技术诱变浙粳99水稻种子,初步研究了获得的多种类型突变体,进行了相关表型分析,为水稻功能基因克隆奠定了基础,同时为水稻育种提供了优异种质资源。     

作物育种知识讲座（五）：诱变育种与倍数性育种

作物育种知识讲座（五）──诱变育种与倍数性育种金清波（河南师范大学生物学系４５３００２）（续１９９５年第３０卷第１２期第２３页）１诱变育种诱变育种是指利用物理和比学的方法诱发作物产生突变,然后按照育种目标,在变异的后代中进行选择和培育,从而获得新品种...     

植物空间诱变育种的现状与展望

本文在简要回顾植物空间诱变育种历史的基础上,论述了植物空间诱变育种的机理,植物在高真空、微重力、强辐射、交变磁场及其他因素的综合作用下产生变异和植物空间诱变育种效应以及突变性状的遗传;全面综述了空间诱变育种在中国作物新品种、特异优良种质材料的创新中取得的成就.最后对未来植物空间诱变育种的应用前景进行了展望,并指出空间诱变技术开创了植物育种的又一新途径.     

2011年第2期《遗传》封面说明

空间诱变育种是指利用返回式卫星或高空气球将作物种子带到太空,利用太空特殊的环境使生物体产生变化,引起生物体DNA序列结构变化和染色体畸变,进而导致生物体性状发生改变,培育作物新品种的诱变育种新技术。它具有诱变效率高、变异幅度大、育种周期短、无环境污染等特点,在当今作物育种中发挥着重要的作用。空间诱变育种开辟了玉米育种的新途径,丰富了玉米育种学的内容。     

高能电子束对水稻的诱变效应

为提高水稻诱变育种的突变频率及效果,本研究采用新型诱变源高能电子束(EB)辐照2种不同基因型水稻品种产生突变效应,并与传统~(60)Co-γ射线处理相比较,探索了高能电子束应用于水稻诱变育种的最适辐照剂量,分析了其M1代的生物损伤特点并统计了M2代部分可见农艺性状表型突变频率,探讨了高能电子束处理不同基因型水稻品种的损伤效应和诱变效应。本研究为水稻的高能电子束诱变育种工作提供了参考。     

“卫星灵芝”让人类更健康

1什么是太空诱变育种 自1987年以来,我国利用返回式卫星和飞船搭载了各种植物种子、微生物菌种、动物等生物材料进行太空生命科学的研究。太空诱变育种是利用返回式卫星等所能到达的空间环境对生物体诱变作用产生的变异,在地面选育新种质、新材料,培育新品种的一种新型的诱变育种方法,称为航天诱变育种或空间诱变育种也称太空诱变育种。     

空间诱变创造高粱新种质研究

1996年,利用我国发射的返回式科学实验卫星搭载高粱恢复系唐恢28(TR28)干种子,回收后田间种植,对诱变后代的遗传变异进行相关研究,并进行生物化学和分子生物学技术验证,探索灰色理论对变异后代选择的有效性.结果表明:高粱空间诱变处理可获得丰富的变异类型,变异向有利和不利两个方向发展,通过选择可获得符合需要的各种变异类型.除黄化苗、不结实、结实后不出苗外,其他变异类型是可遗传的,并且其变异后代的稳定时间比常规杂交后代可提早2～3个世代.生物化学和分子生物学证实诱变选系之间及其与对照之间存在着遗传差异.获得了优质、高产、抗病性表现突出的高粱新种质.灰色理论应用于变异后代选择可提高育种效率.     

外源DNA直接导入小麦及其在育种上的应用

本研究选用两个白粒小麦品种作供体,提取其总ＤＮＡ,采用花粉管直接携带法导入７５（１９８）红粒品种受体植株。ＤＮＡ导入的第一代（Ｄ１）,目的性状的转化频率为１．７５％和２．９４％。Ｄ２代变异率显著低于Ｄ１代。对Ｄ１,Ｄ２代所得目的性状变异后代,按照常规育种程序进行Ｄ３代观察与鉴定,得到已稳定遗传的后代,从中选取保持原品种其它优良性状而籽粒为的白色的变异类型混合脱粒,获得７５（１９８）改良新品系。     

水稻基因设计育种

本书系统地介绍了水稻转基因技术、花药培养、分子标记辅助育种和基因组辅助育种的基本原理和方法，阐述了水稻产量性状、抗病虫性、抗逆性状、营养品质和特异种质的遗传研究及分子育种的最新进展、水稻基因设计育种数据库建设和水稻基因设计育种的展望，反映了在水稻分子育种方面获得的成果。全书共分12章，各章节前后呼应，     

空间搭载诱导水稻种子突变的分子标记多态性分析

以卫星空间搭载广东水稻品种特籼占13干种子,返地种植后经5代选择、培育,获得一批形态及育性变异的突变体及品系（种）,如株高变矮,稻穗变大,雄性不育等。为了探索空间诱变的本质,对选出的6个突变体及2个优良品系,选用了130个10－mer随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD经物和17对扩增片段长度多态性（AFLP）引物组合,分别对其基因组DNA进行多态性位点扫描分析,两种方法的结果均显示：不同的突变体与原种DNA之间存在不同程度的多态性差异,且由两法得到的结果较接近,为6％－12％。此结果从分子水平上进一步证明了空间环境确实对植物种子存在诱变作用。     

苎麻疫霉生物学性状遗传与变异研究

在实验室条件下研究了不同地区和不同寄主来源的苎麻疫霉（PhytophthoraboehmeriaeSawada）的菌落形态、菌丝线性生长速率（以下简称为生长速率）及同宗配合性状的遗传与变异,结果指出苎麻疫霉菌落形态和生长速率的遗传存在3种类型：（1）在单游动孢子后代和自交后代均可稳定遗传;（2）在单游动孢子后代稳定遗传而在自交后代发生变异;（3）在单游动孢子后代和自交后代均发生变异。结果表明,该菌菌落形态和生长速率的遗传具有多样性,上述两性状可以由细胞核杂合基因控制,也可以由细胞核纯合基因控制,还可能由细胞质因子控制。试验结果还指出,苎麻疫霉的同宗配合性状在单游动孢子和单卵孢后代均可稳定遗传,表明在供试的苎麻疫霉菌株中控制该性状的遗传因子是纯合的。     

苎麻疫霉生物学性状遗传与变异研究*

在实验室条件下研究了不同地区和不同寄主来源的苎麻疫霉（PhytophthoraboehmeriaeSawada）的菌落形态、菌丝线性生长速率（以下简称为生长速率）及同宗配合性状的遗传与变异,结果指出苎麻疫霉菌落形态和生长速率的遗传存在3种类型：（1）在单游动孢子后代和自交后代均可稳定遗传;（2）在单游动孢子后代稳定遗传而在自交后代发生变异;（3）在单游动孢子后代和自交后代均发生变异。结果表明,该菌菌落形态和生长速率的遗传具有多样性,上述两性状可以由细胞核杂合基因控制,也可以由细胞核纯合基因控制,还可能由细胞质因子控制。试验结果还指出,苎麻疫霉的同宗配合性状在单游动孢子和单卵孢后代均可稳定遗传,表明在供试的苎麻疫霉菌株中控制该性状的遗传因子是纯合的。     

Characteristics of genetic variation in the progenies of protoplast-derived plants of rice, Oryza sativa cv Nipponbare

Genetic variation in protoplast-derived rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants was characterized using first and second generation selfed progenies. A total of 133 regenerated plants were obtained from ten protoplasts of the japonica rice cultivar Nipponbare. Sixty two regenerated plants which set enough seeds for the subsequent field tests at the next generation and were derived from five protoplasts were selected, and their selfed seeds were used as the first selfed-seed progeny generation). Fifteen plants were selected from each of the 15 lines, and their selfed seeds were used for tests at the generation. Thirty seven lines (60%) segregated plants with detrimental mutant characters of yellow-green phenotype, dwarf stature, dense and short panicle, or low seed fertility. According to the segregation patterns in the lines having mutated plants among those originated from the same protoplasts, the stages of mutation induction were estimated. Additionally, five quantitative traits were changed in almost all and lines. Varied quantitative traits of heading date, number of spikelets per panicle, and seed fertility, were in a heterozygous state. However, culm and panicle lengths showed high uniformity, whereas reduced culm and panicle lengths were caused by mutational changes in polygenes and/or multiple genes. Received: 20 March 1996 / Accepted: 21 June 1996     

不同寄主来源的串珠镰孢生物学性状及其在无性后代的遗传与变异

自安徽、山东、湖北、江苏等地多点采集棉花红腐病、水稻恶苗病、玉米穗腐病的病组织,经分离、鉴定和纯化,获得107个串珠镰孢（Fusarium monilifoFine）菌株。对上述来源于棉花、水稻、玉米的串珠镰孢的菌落形态、生长速率和产孢量等生物学性状及其在无性后代的遗传与变异进行了研究。结果表明,不同寄主来源的串珠镰孢菌株的菌丝生长温度范围和最适温度大致相同,但在菌落形态特别是色素方面存在明显差异,生长速率和产孢量也存在显著差异。棉花菌株的平均生长速率最大,玉米菌株生长速率最小,水稻菌株生长速率居中,相同群体的不同菌株间生长速率有极显著差异;玉米菌株产孢量最大,棉花菌株产孢量最小,水稻菌株产孢量居中。方差分析显示,不同寄主菌株群体间产孢量存在显著差异,而同一寄主群体的不同菌株间产孢量均无显著差异,说明菌株产孢量大小主要与其寄主种类有关,而与地区来源关系不大。遗传测定结果表明,分离自棉花、玉米和水稻的串珠镰孢的菌落形态和生长速率在单分生孢子后代均可稳定遗传;产孢量性状遗传有两种情况：分离自棉花和水稻的串珠镰孢菌株Fm1和Fm31的产孢量性状在单分生孢子后代均可稳定遗传,而分离白玉米的串珠镰孢菌株Fm19的产孢量性状在单分生孢子第一代（CG1）发生变异。     

Bt水稻杂交育种中转基因的遗传分析

利用PCR、GUS染色和Western印迹杂交技术检测了Bt水稻杂交后代群体,发现在394株GUS阳性株中,共有392株表达Bt蛋白,协同表达株率达99.49%。由此表明,在杂交后代中报告基因Gus和目的基因crylAb紧密连锁遗传与表达。本试验还发现,在BC1、BC1F2和粳粳交F2群体中转基因呈单基因显性遗传,而在籼粳交F2群体中偏离3:1分离。 Abstract:Improved histochemical staining for GUS activity,PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the population of Bt rice crossed to conventional rice varieties.A total of 392 plants expressing Bt toxin protein were found in 394 GUS positive plants.The result demonstrated that cry1Ab gene closely inherited and expressed with reporter gene gus.Therefore,it is possible to develop GUS-assisted-selection to preliminarily identify the Bt gene and study the inheritance of transgenes in (back)cross breeding.Mendelian segragation of reporter gene Gus was observed in F2,BC1 and BC1F2 progenies.Thus indicated that transgenes inherited as a single dominant gene in the progenies of Bt rice crossed to conventional rice varieties.     

Producing commercially attractive,uniform true potato seed progenies: the influence of breeding scheme and parental genotype

The production of attractive, uniform true potato seed (TPS) progenies was investigated. Four breeding schemes were compared: intercrossing tetraploid cultivars (cv x cv); doubled dihaploids x cultivars (ddh x cv); cultivars x diploid unreduced-gamete producers (cv x FDR) and doubled dihaploids x diploid unreduced-gamete producers (ddh x FDR). Fifty three progenies and five clones were grown in a glasshouse in a randomised complete block design with three replicates of 25 plants per progeny and clone. Each plant's tubers were counted and the colour, shape, quality of skin finish, flesh colour, and commencai attractiveness (which includes yield) recorded. The most uniform progenies were also selected by visual comparison with the clones. For mean attractiveness, differences (P < 0.001) between breeding schemes and between progenies within breeding schemes were detected. The cv x cv and cv x FDR progenies were more attractive than clonal controls. There were significant additive and non-additive effects for attractiveness in all breeding schemes except cv x FDR. There were between-progeny differences (P < 0.001) for uniformity for all characters. Progenies uniform for one character could be variable for other traits. Breeding schemes gave different levels of uniformity (P < 0.001) for all characters except shape and flesh colour, but none gave low levels of variation for all traits. Doubled-dihaploid parents increased the variation in progenies. There were uniformity differences (P < 0.001) between progenies within breeding schemes for all characters. Evidence of additive and nonadditive genetic variation for uniformity in all traits was detected. In each breeding scheme, parents with good general combining ability (GCA) for uniformity in several characters were identified. Visually selected uniform progenies had parents with good GCAs for uniformity in a range of traits and high specific combining abilities (SCAs) for several traits. A desynaptic first-division restitution (FDR) clone and a male-sterile doubled-dihaploid clone had the best GCAs for tuber uniformity in TPS progenies. Achieving multitrait uniformity in TPS is problematic but may be aided by the selection of parents with GCAs for uniformity coupled with progeny testing to allow for non-additive effects.     

Stable inheritance and expression of the CMS traits introduced by asymmetric protoplast fusion

The donor-recipient protoplast fusion method was used to produce cybrid plants and to transfer cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) from two cytoplasmic male-sterile lines MTC-5A and MTC-9A into a fertile japonica cultivar, Sasanishiki. The CMS was expressed in the cybrid plants and was stably transmitted to their progenies. Only cytoplasmic traits of the male-sterile lines, especially the mitochondrial DNAs, were introduced into the cells of the fertile rice cultivar. More than 80% of the cybrid plants did not set any seeds upon selfing. Sterile cybrid plants set seeds only when they were fertilized with normal pollen by hand and yielded only sterile progenies. This maternally inherited sterility of the cybrid plants showed that they were characterized by CMS. The CMS of cybrid plants could be restored completely by crossing with MTC-10R which had the single dominant gene Rf-1 for restoring fertility. These results indicated that CMS was caused by the mitochondrial genome introduced through protoplast fusion. The introduced CMS was stably transmitted to their progenies during at least eight backcross generations. These results demonstrate that cybrids generated by the donor-recipient protoplast fusion technique can be used in hybrid rice breeding for the creation of new cytoplasmic male-sterile rice lines.     

Organ-specific and ploidy-dependent somaclonal variation; a new tool in breeding

The organ-specific somaclonal variation means the differences between the variability of somaclones originated from different somatic tissue of plant. Significant differences in some agronomical characters were achieved among somaclones of seed and plumule meristem origin. The ploidy-dependent somaclonal variation means the differences between the variability of somaclones originated from different ploidy-level tissue. Increased variation among regenerated plants was postulated by origin from cultured cells of reduced ploidy level. The comparison of somaclonal variation in the progenies of diploid plants regenerated from callus of haploid and diploid origin supported the ploidy dependent theory. The pollenhaploid somaclone method (PHS-method) was developed and tested for utilization somaclonal variation in rice breeding. The PHS-method comprises the two well-known and widely applied in vitro methods which are the androgenesis (another culture) and genetic instability of cultured haploid somatic cells (callus cultures). Developmental varieties produced by this breeding sheme are under certification in Hungary.     

Variable T-DNA linkage configuration affects inheritance of carotenogenic transgenes and carotenoid accumulation in transgenic indica rice

Transgenics for the expression of β-carotene biosynthetic pathway in the endosperm were developed in indica rice background by introducing phytoene synthase (psy) and phytoene desaturase (crtI) genes through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, employing non-antibiotic positive selectable marker phosphomannose isomerase (pmi). Twenty-seven transgenic lines were characterized for the structural organization of T-DNA inserts and the expression of transgenes in terms of total carotenoid and β-carotene accumulation in the endosperm. Ten lines were also studied for the inheritance of transgenic loci to the T₁ progenies. Copy number and sites of integration of the transgenes ranged from one to four. Almost 50% of the transgenic lines showed rearrangement of T-DNA inserts. However, most of the rearrangements occurred in the crtI expression cassette which is adjacent to the right T-DNA border. Differences in copy numbers of psy and crtI were also observed indicating partial T-DNA integration. Beyond T-DNA border transfer was also detected in 25% of the lines. Fifty percent of the lines studied showed single Mendelian locus inheritance, while two lines showed bi-locus inheritance in the T₁ progenies. Some of the lines segregating in 3:1 ratio showed two sites of integration on restriction digestion analysis indicating that the T-DNA insertion sites were tightly linked. Three transgenic lines showed nonparental types in the segregating progenies, indicating unstable transgenic locus. Evidences from the HPLC analysis showed that multiple copies of transgenes had a cumulative effect on the accumulation of carotenoid in the endosperm. T₁ progenies, in general, accumulated more carotenoids than their respective parents, the highest being 6.77 μg/g of polished seeds. High variation in the carotenoid accumulation was observed within the T₁ progenies which could be attributed to the variation in the structural organization and expression of transgenes, minor variations in the genetic background within the progeny plants, or differences in the plant microenvironments. The study identified lines worthy of further multiplication and breeding based on transgene structural integrity in the segregating progeny and high expression levels in terms of the β-carotene accumulation.