胰高血糖素样肽-1在胰腺中作用机制的研究进展

胰高血糖素样肽-1（GLP-1）是胰高血糖素原基因编码的一种激素,主要由肠道L细胞产生并分泌进入血液。GLP-1能激活胰腺、肾脏、肺、胃、心脏和脑等组织中存在的特异性G蛋白偶联受体（GPCR）。通过GLP-1受体（GLP-1R）的激活,活化腺苷酸环化酶,产生3＇,5＇-环腺苷酸,随后通过cAMP依赖性第二信使途径激活蛋白激酶A和鸟苷酸交换因子。大量围绕胰岛素产生细胞——β细胞开展的研究证明,GLP-1短期作用能够加强葡萄糖依赖性的胰岛素分泌作用,持续的GLP-1R激活也能增加胰岛素的合成,促进β细胞的增殖和新生,抑制β细胞凋亡。GLP-1在胰岛素和胰高血糖素分泌方面的独特作用引发了大量针对GLP-1受体激动剂的研究。我们对胰腺中GLP-1R激活所产生作用的机制进行简要综述。     

胰高血糖素样肽1受体--治疗糖尿病新药的研究热点

胰高血糖素样肽l(glucagon—like peptide—l,GLP-1)与胰岛素分泌和糖代谢调节密切相关。GLP-1与其受体(GLP-1receptor,GLP-1R)结合后,主要通过cAMP和P13K两条信号途径,促进胰岛素的分泌,刺激胰岛β细胞的增殖和分化。对GLP-1R结构和信号传导机制的研究,有助于了解其在糖尿病病理进程中的作用,为开发新型糖尿病治疗药物指明方向。     

胰高血糖素样肽-1保护胰岛β细胞相关分子机制的研究进展

胰高血糖素样肽-1(Glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)是肠道L细胞分泌的一种重要的肠促胰岛素.大量研究表明,除刺激胰岛素分泌外,GLP-1可通过促进胰岛β细胞增殖,抑制β细胞凋亡而增加胰岛β细胞量,本文就其相关分子信号转导机制进行综述.     

胰高血糖素样肽-1与Ⅰ型糖尿病治疗

近年来研究表明,胰高血糖素样肽-1（GLP-1）对胰岛β细胞的分化、增殖均起重要作用,包括抑制β细胞凋亡、刺激β细胞增生、诱导干细胞分化为胰腺内分泌细胞,从而使被破坏的胰岛细胞恢复分泌胰岛素的功能,这些作用为其治疗Ⅰ型糖尿病提供了证据,使其成为Ⅰ型糖尿病治疗领域研究的热点。     

胰高血糖素样肽-2研究的新进展

胰高血糖素样肽-2(glucagon-like peptide-2,GLP-2)是胰高血糖素原基因转录、翻译后处理加工的33氨基酸的多肽,GLP-2经二酰肽酶Ⅳ水解后,则失去生物学活性。GLP-2作为一种肠上皮特异性生长因子,能促进正常肠黏膜的生长及损伤肠上皮的修复。GLP-2通过作用于GLP-2受体(GLP-2R)来发挥生物学作用。GLP-2R在肠道的广泛分布(肠上皮细胞、肠内在神经元、肠内分泌细胞、肠黏膜下的肌纤维母细胞),提示GLP-2可能通过直接、间接等多条途径发挥生物学作用。本文概括介绍GLP-2的特性、生理作用及机制等方面的研究进展。     

新型降糖药物Exenatide研究进展及前景展望

Exenatide是胰高血糖素样肽-1（GLP-1）受体的一种激动剂，可模拟人体自身激素GLP-1的功能，具有促进胰腺p-细胞增殖、改善其功能，以及促进胰岛素分泌，增加机体对胰岛素的敏感性和延缓胃排空等作用，因而有着传统治疗糖尿病药物不可比拟的优点，近年来已经成为糖尿病治疗领域的研究热点，应用前景非常广阔。简要介绍了Exenatide的生物活性、作用机理和临床应用现状，并对Exenatide长效降糖方面的研究进行了展望。     

Exendin-4的研究进展

Exendin-4是从希拉毒蜥唾液中分离的一种多肽激素,由39个氨基酸残基组成,与胰高血糖素样肽1（GLP-1）有53%的同源性.Exendin-4具有高度的组织特异性,仅在希拉毒蜥的唾液腺中表达.Exendin-4首先翻洋成N端多余45个氨基酸残基的前体,然后在激素原转化酶催化下分解产生具有生物活性的Exendin-4.Exendin-4的N端是一段不规则卷曲,第7～28氨基酸残基形成α螺旋,C端是不规则亲水片段.Exendin-4的受体是G蛋白,N端是激活受体信号转导途径的关键区域,中间部位和C端是受体结合域.Exendin-4与GLP-1类似,可提高胰岛素基因的转录水平,刺激胰岛素的释放,从而控制血糖浓度,但GLP-1的半衰期2分钟,Exendin-4半衰期却长达9.57小时,因而在治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病方面具有广阔的前景.     

GLP-1类似物蛋白结构及功能研究进展

基于胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)结构改变得到的GLP-1类似物,能迅速、高效、持久地降低血糖及糖化血红蛋白,具有改善胰岛β细胞功能、调节收缩压、保护心血管、降低血脂、减轻体重、延迟胃排空、增加饱腹感等作用,成为近年来2型糖尿病治疗领域研究的热点。本文对GLP-1及其类似物的结构、功能、不良反应、蛋白质结构研究的方法作一综述。     

胰高血糖素样肽-1及其类似物抗胰岛β细胞凋亡作用及机制的研究进展

胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)及其类似物通过提高增殖、减少凋亡,从而有效地保护β细胞数量及功能。该文综述了GLP-1及其类似物能够对抗引起β细胞凋亡的多种有害因素——如细胞因子(IL-1β、TNF-α和IFN-γ等)、高游离脂肪酸血症、高血糖或低血糖等——进而降低胰岛β细胞的凋亡率,并探讨了相关的作用机制。     

长效GLP-1受体激动剂的研发进展

胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon-like Peptide-1,GLP-1)是机体在葡萄糖等刺激下释放的一类肠促胰岛素。GLP-1具有促进葡萄糖依赖性胰岛素分泌,促进胰岛β细胞增殖并抑制其凋亡、抑制摄食、减慢胃排空和减轻体重等作用。GLP-1在体内极不稳定,易被二肽基肽酶-IV(dipeptidyl peptidase-IV,DPP-IV)降解,半衰期短。从墨西哥巨蜥蜴唾液中分离得到GLP-1的天然类似物Exendin-4与其有着相似的作用,且不易被DPP-IV降解。以GLP-1及Exendin-4为基础,研发长效GLP-1受体激动剂,已成为研发新型糖尿病治疗药物的热点之一。本文就长效GLP-1受体激动剂的研发现状予以综述。     

Loureirin B activates GLP-1R and promotes insulin secretion in Ins-1 cells

Loureirin B (LB) is a natural product derived from Sanguis draconis, which has hypoglycaemic effects. In order to research the possible target of LB in the treatment of diabetes, molecular docking was used to simulate the interaction between LB and potential targets, and among them, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) had the optimal results. Further, spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments were applied to detect the interaction between LB and GLP-1R. Ultimately, after GLP-1R siRNA interfering the expression of GLP-1R in Ins-1 cell, the promoting insulin secretion of LB was weaken, which directly proved that GLP-1R plays an important role. These results show that LB promotes insulin secretion of Ins-1 cells through GLP-1R. Hence, the strategy of LB as a prodrug will provide a potential approach for non-peptide GLP-1R agonist.     

GLP-1 receptor signaling protects pancreatic beta cells in intraportal islet transplant by inhibiting apoptosis

To clarify the cytoprotective effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) signaling in conditions of glucose toxicity in vivo, we performed murine isogenic islet transplantation with and without exendin-4 treatment. When a suboptimal number of islets (150) were transplanted into streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, exendin-4 treatment contributed to the restoration of normoglycemia. When 50 islets expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) were transplanted, exendin-4 treatment reversed loss of both the number and mass of islet grafts one and 3 days after transplantation. TUNEL staining revealed that exendin-4 treatment reduced the number of apoptotic beta cells during the early posttransplant phase, indicating that GLP-1R signaling exerts its cytoprotective effect on pancreatic beta cells by inhibiting their apoptosis. This beneficial effect might be used both to ameliorate type 2 diabetes and to improve engraftment rates in clinical islet transplantation.     

胰升血糖素样肽-1及其受体与 2 型糖尿病的治疗

胰岛素对治疗 2 型糖尿病有一定效果,但长期使用会引起低血糖反应;双胍类药物降糖疗效显著,但会引起消化道不良反应 . 因此,寻找一种安全有效的药物是 2 型糖尿病治疗的当务之急 . 胰升血糖素样肽-1 作为一种胰岛素分泌促进剂和胰岛素增敏剂越来越受人们的关注,将它用于治疗糖尿病不会产生低血糖,对 1 型和 2 型糖尿病都有疗效 . 讨论胰升血糖素样肽-1及其受体的最新研究状况 .     

取代环丁烷结构的非肽类胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂

应用胰高血糖素样肽-1（glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1）及其类似物治疗2型糖尿病是代谢性疾病研究领域近年来的热点,尤其是胰高血糖素样肽-1独特的作用机制倍受业界的关注。它能同时作用于2型糖尿病的多个发病环节,在有效降低血糖的同时,避免低血糖的发生并能减轻体重。但这类药物因其多肽性质而存在诸多的使用限制（如需反复注射）。简要介绍一类取代环丁烷结构的新型非肽类胰高血糖素样肽-1受体小分子激动剂的发现过程、基本药理学特征和体内抗糖尿病和抗肥胖症效应。     

The putative signal peptide of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor is not required for receptor synthesis but promotes receptor expression

GLP-1R (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor) mediates the ‘incretin effect’ and many other anti-diabetic actions of its cognate ligand, GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1). It belongs to the class B family of GPCRs (G protein-coupled receptors) and possesses an N-terminal putative SP (signal peptide). It has been reported that this sequence is required for the synthesis of GLP-1R and is cleaved after receptor synthesis. In the present study, we conducted an in-depth exploration towards the role of the putative SP in GLP-1R synthesis. A mutant GLP-1R without this sequence was expressed in HEK293 cells (human embryonic kidney 293 cells) and displayed normal functionality with respect to ligand binding and activation of adenylate cyclase. Thus the putative SP does not seem to be required for receptor synthesis. Immunoblotting analysis shows that the amount of GLP-1R synthesized in HEK293 cells is low when the putative SP is absent. This indicates that the role of the sequence is to promote the expression of GLP-1R. Furthermore, epitopes tagged at the N-terminal of GLP-1R are detectable by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting in our experiments. In conclusion, the present study points to different roles of SP in GLP-1R expression which broadens our understanding of the functionality of this putative SP of GLP-1R and possibly other Class B GPCRs.